Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:52:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GrazihelyBereniceFernandesSPaulon.pdf: 2103917 bytes, checksum: 405774d1b43b8fdf9f7a8bf18d912f63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-19 / This thesis aims to study women contribution to the Rede de Economia Solidária (the Solidarity Economy Network) of Dourados-MS since the year 2000. This discussion is guided on the theoretical framework of gender, which allows reflection on power relations and social inequalities based on gender. Stereotypes historically created from women biological definitions are those that represent delicacy, sensitivity, the female essence, a fragile body, delegating it to the domestic sphere and as a tool for reproduction, while the man represents the strength, the intellectual, the head of the family and politics. Such assumptions are challenged daily and reveal new arrangements, they result in the restructuring of behaviors and ways of living the gender identities and social roles. The study of the arise and development of the Economia Solidária in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, aims to understand the historical process, the collective motivations that led these excluded groups to position themselves as subjects in theirs history, as well as effective changes in lives of women involved. In order to achieve that, it is used a qualitative methodology, based on the dialogue between the fields of history and sociology and on the use of certain procedures, including: documentary analysis and interviews. The written sources consist of official documents granted by Dourados City Hall, through its Social Assistance and Solidarity Economy Secretariat, the NGO Mulheres em Movimento, Banco Pirê and other government agencies. The other sources, non-written ones, are semi-structured interviews with women who participated directly or indirectly of the historical process of structuring the Solidarity Economy in Dourados. This group is composed of enterprising women and representatives of public agencies involved in the enactment of public policies since the period determined in this research. As the research developed it was possible to reach a theoretical reflection on the concept of Solidarity Economy and Gender. This is necessary to understand the working relations and gender in the context of an alternative economic model, its historical trajectory and its reality in the city context. This development allowed us to consider how the development of Solidarity Economy has become instrument for social inclusion and empowerment of low-income communities. It has contributed to the affirmation of these social actors in the uneven and dysfunctional social context. Furthermore, it was observed the progress and setbacks in the process of female emancipation, towards not only economic autonomy but in the context of decisions regarding their own lives. The social and political consequences of their actions enable new questions and provide solutions, reinforcing the need to hear these actors. History and Sociology play a fundamental role to demonstrate how people are part of a social dynamic in which there are constant dialogues and conflicts among different groups in society / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a participação das mulheres na Rede de Economia Solidária de Dourados-MS, a partir do ano 2000. Para tanto, a discussão está pautada no arcabouço teórico de gênero, o qual permite reflexões sobre as relações de poder e as desigualdades sociais fundamentadas no sexo. Os estereótipos criados historicamente a partir de definições biológicas para as mulheres são aqueles que simbolizam a delicadeza, a sensibilidade, a essência feminina, um corpo frágil, delegando-a ao espaço doméstico e como instrumento para a reprodução da espécie humana, enquanto o homem representa a força, o intelectual, o chefe de família e a política. No entanto, tais pressupostos são questionados cotidianamente e demonstram novas configurações. Estas resultam em reestruturações de comportamentos e modos de viver as identidades de gênero e os papéis sociais. A análise do surgimento e desenvolvimento da Economia Solidária em Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, tem o propósito de perceber no processo histórico, as motivações coletivas que levaram estes grupos excluídos a se posicionarem como sujeitos participantes de sua história, bem como as mudanças efetivadas nas vidas de mulheres envolvidas. Utiliza-se neste trabalho uma metodologia qualitativa, estruturada no diálogo entre os campos da História e da Sociologia e na utilização de alguns procedimentos, dentre eles: análise documental e entrevistas. As fontes escritas compõem-se dos documentos oficiais cedidos pela a Prefeitura Municipal de Dourados, através da Secretaria de Assistência Social e Economia Solidária, ONG Mulheres em Movimento, Banco Pirê e demais órgãos governamentais. As fontes orais são as entrevistas semi-estruturadas com as mulheres que participaram direta ou indiretamente do processo histórico de estruturação da Economia Solidária no município de Dourados, objetivando compreender as interfaces deste processo, seus avanços e recuos, além de analisar a relação com as políticas públicas efetivadas em âmbitos municipal, estadual e federal. Fazem parte deste grupo, as empreendedoras solidárias e também, os/as representantes dos órgãos públicos envolvidos na efetivação de políticas públicas a partir do período delimitado para esta pesquisa. Com o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi possível chegar a uma reflexão teórica referente à conceituação de Economia Solidária e Gênero, necessária para compreender as relações de trabalho e gênero no contexto do modelo econômico alternativo, sua trajetória histórica e sua realidade no contexto douradense. Esse processo permitiu analisar como os empreendimentos de Economia Solidária, considerando o período de sua criação em Dourados, a partir de 2000, se transformaram em instrumentos de inclusão social e empoderamento das comunidades de baixa renda especialmente das mulheres que participam em maior número , contribuindo para a afirmação destes/as atores/atrizes sociais no contexto social desigual e conflituoso. Além disso, observou-se os avanços e os recuos no processo de emancipação feminina, rumo à autonomia não somente econômica mas no âmbito das decisões referentes aos rumos de sua vida. Cada vez mais as conseqüências sociais e políticas de sua atuação possibilitam novos questionamentos e trazem soluções, fortalecendo a necessidade de ouvir estes/as atores/atrizes. A História e a Sociologia, neste sentido, possuem papel fundamental para demonstrar como as pessoas fazem parte de uma dinâmica social, na qual há diálogos e conflitos constantes entre os diferentes grupos na sociedade

This thesis analysed the effect of female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) on economicgrowth and included changes in male labor force participation rate (MLFPR) to help improve thepower of the model. Here, three robust regressions were used on the sample of 16 Latin Countries(Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala,Honduras, Venezuela, RB, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, El Salvador) for theperiod of 1995-2015 in order to identify the effect of each key variable when tested separately andwhen tested together. According to the results, the coefficients of FLFPR and MLFPR are differentand also the addition of MLFPR to the model that has an explanatory variable FLFPR anddependent variable economic growth clearly improves the predicting power of the model and helpsobtain better coefficients. It was also identified that FLFPR has a strong positive relationship witheconomic growth, while MLFPR has a negative effect on the latter. Finally, the existence of u-shape relationship between FLFPR and economic growth was reaffirmed in this thesis, while itwas also shown that MLFPR does not have a u-shape relationship with the economic growth.

This dissertation contains three chapters in the field of family and development economics. The first two chapters study the effects of traditional gender roles on economic outcomes. The last chapter discusses the effects of a spatial development policy in India. Chapter 1 examines the dynamics of intra-household time allocation in response to economic incentives, and the role of traditional gender norms. Using unique longitudinal data on Japanese households, it finds that spouses in dual-income households adjust their market hours but not home hours as own wages change. In addition, per earthquake-induced changes in market hours, wives make little or no change in home hours while husbands show significant, yet small in magnitude, responses. The responses are driven by individuals with less traditional gender role attitudes. Traditional gender roles exacerbate not only the asymmetry but also the rigidity of gendered division of intrafamily labor. Chapter 2 studies whether the effects of traditional gender roles on female labor supply are greater in endogamous marriage by examining the labor supply pattern of immigrant women in the United States. The endogenous formation of marriage is addressed by incorporating local marriage market conditions. Using survey responses on gender roles in source countries as cultural proxies, it finds that the negative effects of traditional gender roles on female labor supply are amplified in endogamous marriage at the extensive and intensive margins of labor market. Differential patterns of immigrant assimilation by marriage type fail to fully explain the asymmetry, supporting the hypothesis that culture is more relevant within endogamous marriage. Chapter 3 (with Shree Ravi) analyzes the aggregate and distributional effects of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India. It investigates the influence of Indian SEZs by exploiting spatial variations in the timing of zonal operations. Using satellite and survey data, it establishes that SEZs boosted economic activity within areas several times the size of the zones. The zones also drove a structural change in the local economy with resources shifting away from the informal sector and the formal sector growing in size and productivity. This growth, however, differently benefits workers across income and skill distributions.

Thesis advisor: Christopher Maxwell / The questions that this paper intends to answer are: 1) Is there a U-shaped relationship between the female labor force participation (FLFP) rate and development in the present day? And 2) If we group countries geographically, will we see the U-shaped function outlined as development occurs over time? The U-shaped function is important because it allows us to predict the direction that the FLFP rate will move, dependent on a country's level of development. This prediction is crucial because there are endless gains of increased FLFP to both women and to society at large. Previous research has shown that in a snapshot in time (1985), there was evidence of the U-shaped function. However, there has been little research on how the function has played out throughout the past 30+ years. This paper finds that the U- shaped function remains robust to present day data. However, grouping countries geographically does not always produce results that support movement along the U-shaped function. Having a clearer understanding of the trends that FLFP follows through development will allow us to more successfully monitor and create policy to help women and society at large reap the benefits of increased women in the workforce. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.

The state of Virginia has been a leader in the design and implementation of welfare reform measures. State welfare reforms were enacted in 1996 and federal reforms followed shortly after in 1996. Initial decreases in program caseloads and the movement of former recipients from unemployment to employment have led initial reform measures to be widely heralded as successes. Significant concerns remain, however, about the ability of non-metropolitan labor markets to absorb female household heads currently on welfare. This thesis addresses potential differences in the impact of welfare reform measures in non-metropolitan and metropolitan labor markets by estimating wage and reservation wage equations for female household heads in Northern and Southwest Virginia. The results suggest young children and lack of access to automobiles create significantly greater barriers to employment in non-metropolitan than metropolitan labor markets. Estimated potential earnings in Southwest Virginia were lower than in Northern Virginia and suggest that female household heads will have trouble escaping poverty through employment. In fact, initial reported earnings for both areas have fallen below estimates of living wages needed to escape poverty. The results also suggest traditional labor market characteristics do not explain all of the differences in earnings, particularly the differences in the observed wages of persons exiting welfare as compared to the general population. If this is the case, policies that only address child care and transportation costs may have little impact as to the ability of welfare recipients to get and keep jobs that enable them to become economically self-sufficient. / Master of Science

This dissertation consists of three essays studying the determination and evolution of labor supply in China. The analysis especially focuses on the labor market behavior of the wage workers with urban registration (Hukou). The first chapter outlines the dissertation by briefly discussing the motivations, methods, and main findings in each of the following chapters. Chapter two examines the evolution of female labor supply in urban China. Female labor force participation rate in China has been declining rapidly over the last three decades. Using a time series of cross-sections from the Chinese Household Income Project Series (CHIPS), this chapter attempts to systematically relate the decrease in female labor force participation to the socio-economic changes happening in China during the same period, and assess their respective contributions. Adopting both linear and non-linear decomposition techniques, the results show that during 1988-1995, changes in population age distribution and family size both contribute, during 1995-2002, age effect dominates, and during 2002-2007, non-labor income effect dominates in explaining the decreasing trend in female labor force participation. Chapter three investigates the impact of social norms on married women's labor supply decision in China. Using data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we find a strong and robust positive correlation between the labor supply behavior of a married woman and the former work experience of her mother-in-law. Our estimation results indicate that being raised by a working mother influences both a man's attitude toward gender roles and his household productivity, and therefore married women whose mothers-in-law were not working are themselves significantly less likely to participate in the labor force. The last chapter evaluates the labor market consequence of rural-to-urban migration in China. Starting from the mid-1990s, there is a remarkable increase in the number of migrant workers in cities, from around 39 million in 1997 to 145 million by 2009 (Meng et al. 2013). Chapter four intends to explore how does this important economic event affect the labor market conditions of urban residents. Specifically, we estimate the possible employment and earnings displacement effects of rural-to-urban migration on urban residents by exploiting regional variation in the rural migrant share of education-experience cells. We use multiple sets of instrumental variable to address the potential endogeneity problems associated with the rural migrant ratio in a city. The estimation results are consistent with the predictions of the textbook model of a competitive labor market, indicating the inflow of rural migrants reduces the wage and labor supply of competing urban residents. / Ph. D.

This thesis seeks to explore the social, cultural, economic and political factors that influence female labor force participation rates. Specifically, this research will focus on female economic activity in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. MENA is often understood as being monolithic in its treatment of women. This study aims to challenge this rhetoric by evaluating the factors that impact female labor in MENA. Upon considering multiple social, cultural, economic and political factors, this thesis will focus on the role of oil and religion in influencing female labor rates. Finally, this study will explore these influences on a micro-level and the role of oil and religion will be examined as to how they apply to female economic activity in both Tunisia and Saudi Arabia.

A inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, constitui-se em uma das mais importantes transformações econômicas e sociais nas últimas décadas. A taxa de participação feminina no mercado de trabalho nos países desenvolvidos chega a 70%, enquanto em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, essa taxa é de 47,2%. O número de filhos está entre os fatores que mais interferem na inserção feminina, pois afeta negativamente a participação das mães no mercado de trabalho. Nesse contexto, a educação infantil constitui-se em fator primordial para elevar a empregabilidade das mães, uma vez que as libera para o mercado de trabalho. Além disso, a freqüência escolar das crianças traz efeitos positivos sobre o desenvolvimento intelectual e psíquico da criança, pois melhora o desenvolvimento das capacidades cognitivas, que por sua vez eleva o nível de escolaridade e os salários dessas crianças na vida adulta. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar qual o efeito da frequência pré-escolar dos filhos sobre os resultados do trabalho das mães para o Brasil. As estimativas são feitas utilizando o instrumental econométrico de regressão descontínua. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o dia de nascimento interfere na freqüência pré-escolar, pois crianças que tenham data de nascimento após o dia 1º de março têm 3% a menos de chances de frequentar pré-escola. Além disso, a frequência pré-escolar dos filhos eleva a participação das mães em aproximadamente 28% e aumenta em cerca de 19 horas a jornada de trabalho semanal. Contudo, a frequência pré-escolar não tem impacto nos salários, pois outras variáveis como educação podem ter um peso maior na elevação dos salários. Verificar este tipo de impacto é relevante no sentindo de fornecer subsídios aos gestores públicos para viabilizar políticas voltadas tanto para a questão de igualdade de gênero no mercado de trabalho quanto para a educação infantil. / The female insertion on labour market, as of the second half of the nineteenth century, became one of the most important social and economic transformations of the last decades. The rate of female participation on labor market in developed countries reaches 70%, while in developing countries, like Brazil, this rate is 47.2%. Number of children is amongst the factors that influence the most womens insertion, especially small, affects in a negative way the mothers\' participation on labor market. In this context, early childhood education is a key factor in raising the employability of mothers, since it releases them to labor market. In addition, children\'s school attendance has positive effects on their intellectual and psychological developments, because it improves the development of cognitive abilities, which in turn raises their school level and wages in adulthood. Thus, the objective is to assess the effect of childrens preschool frequency on the results of mothers work to Brazil. Estimates are made using the econometric instrumental of discontinuous regression. The results show that the date of birth often interferes with preschool frequency, for children who were born after the March 1st are 3% less likely to attend preschool. Moreover, children preschool frequency raises the employability of mothers in approximately 28% and increases in about 19 hours the weekly work hours. However, preschool attendance has no impact on wages, because other variables like education may have greater weight at the increase of wages. To verify this kind of impact is relevant in the sense of providing subsidies for public managers to enable policies aimed at both gender equality in labor market and child education.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-15T13:32:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicolau Rafael Guimarães Coelho.pdf: 528512 bytes, checksum: 132075b0ad02b8127de4e84ea16dead3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-15T13:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicolau Rafael Guimarães Coelho.pdf: 528512 bytes, checksum: 132075b0ad02b8127de4e84ea16dead3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / The objective of the present study is the analysis of a current topic of great relevance, namely, women's work and maternity, according to the current legal system. For this approach, it is necessary to highlight the dual role that women play in society, either as a worker in search of capital for the support of her family and as administrator of the home, and to provide means of subsistence in the first moments of the new life that was Conceived. Thus, there is no denying the need to reassess the role of motherhood, given the increased participation of women in the labor market. Including women in the labor market goes far beyond their qualification, just as men do. It means respecting their hormonal, personal and family characteristics, where maternity is highlighted, as it is a general knowledge of the difficulty of reconciling responsibilities arising from the labor market and the obligations arising from maternity. Despite the adverse scenario of maternity and the economic crisis in Brazil, the transition and increase in the number of women entering and remaining in the Brazilian labor market is perceptible. It should be noted that a brief analysis of statistics reveals that men still have higher wages, which demonstrates a discriminatory nature of the insertion of women into the labor market. On the other hand, there is an increase in female employment in middle-level qualification occupations, with relatively more compensated income, with labor benefits extended by the Federal Constitution of 1988, and supported by the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT) As in several activities that historically have always been occupied by the male sex, such as, engineering, drivers, among others / O objetivo do presente estudo é a análise de um tema atual e de grande relevância, qual seja, o trabalho da mulher e a maternidade, conforme o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Para essa abordagem, se faz necessário destacar o duplo papel que a mulher exerce na sociedade, seja como trabalhadora em busca do capital para o sustento de sua família e como administradora do lar, devendo prover meios de subsistência nos primeiros momentos da nova vida que foi concebida. Dessa forma, não há como negar a necessidade de reavaliar o papel da maternidade, perante o aumento da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. Incluir a mulher no mercado de trabalho vai muito além de sua qualificação, tal como ocorre com os homens. Significa respeitar suas características hormonais, pessoais e familiares, onde destaca-se a maternidade, eis que é de conhecimento geral a dificuldade de conciliar as responsabilidades oriundas do mercado de trabalho e as obrigações decorrentes da maternidade. Em que pese o cenário adverso decorrente da maternidade e a crise econômica que o Brasil atravessa, é perceptível a transição e o aumento do número de mulheres que ingressam e permanecem cada vez mais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Importante salientar, que uma breve análise das estatísticas, revela que os homens ainda possuem maiores salários, o que demonstra um caráter discriminatório da inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho. Por outro lado, observa-se o aumento da atividade feminina em ocupações de nível médio de qualificação, com rendimentos relativamente mais compensadores, com benefícios trabalhistas ampliados pela Constituição Federal de 1988, e sendo amparadas pela Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), bem como em diversas atividades que historicamente sempre foram ocupadas pelo sexo masculino, tais como, engenharia, motoristas, entre outras

A inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, constitui-se em uma das mais importantes transformações econômicas e sociais nas últimas décadas. A taxa de participação feminina no mercado de trabalho nos países desenvolvidos chega a 70%, enquanto em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, essa taxa é de 47,2%. O número de filhos está entre os fatores que mais interferem na inserção feminina, pois afeta negativamente a participação das mães no mercado de trabalho. Nesse contexto, a educação infantil constitui-se em fator primordial para elevar a empregabilidade das mães, uma vez que as libera para o mercado de trabalho. Além disso, a freqüência escolar das crianças traz efeitos positivos sobre o desenvolvimento intelectual e psíquico da criança, pois melhora o desenvolvimento das capacidades cognitivas, que por sua vez eleva o nível de escolaridade e os salários dessas crianças na vida adulta. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar qual o efeito da frequência pré-escolar dos filhos sobre os resultados do trabalho das mães para o Brasil. As estimativas são feitas utilizando o instrumental econométrico de regressão descontínua. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o dia de nascimento interfere na freqüência pré-escolar, pois crianças que tenham data de nascimento após o dia 1º de março têm 3% a menos de chances de frequentar pré-escola. Além disso, a frequência pré-escolar dos filhos eleva a participação das mães em aproximadamente 28% e aumenta em cerca de 19 horas a jornada de trabalho semanal. Contudo, a frequência pré-escolar não tem impacto nos salários, pois outras variáveis como educação podem ter um peso maior na elevação dos salários. Verificar este tipo de impacto é relevante no sentindo de fornecer subsídios aos gestores públicos para viabilizar políticas voltadas tanto para a questão de igualdade de gênero no mercado de trabalho quanto para a educação infantil. / The female insertion on labour market, as of the second half of the nineteenth century, became one of the most important social and economic transformations of the last decades. The rate of female participation on labor market in developed countries reaches 70%, while in developing countries, like Brazil, this rate is 47.2%. Number of children is amongst the factors that influence the most womens insertion, especially small, affects in a negative way the mothers\' participation on labor market. In this context, early childhood education is a key factor in raising the employability of mothers, since it releases them to labor market. In addition, children\'s school attendance has positive effects on their intellectual and psychological developments, because it improves the development of cognitive abilities, which in turn raises their school level and wages in adulthood. Thus, the objective is to assess the effect of childrens preschool frequency on the results of mothers work to Brazil. Estimates are made using the econometric instrumental of discontinuous regression. The results show that the date of birth often interferes with preschool frequency, for children who were born after the March 1st are 3% less likely to attend preschool. Moreover, children preschool frequency raises the employability of mothers in approximately 28% and increases in about 19 hours the weekly work hours. However, preschool attendance has no impact on wages, because other variables like education may have greater weight at the increase of wages. To verify this kind of impact is relevant in the sense of providing subsidies for public managers to enable policies aimed at both gender equality in labor market and child education.