Na Província Jesuítica do Paraguai, entre os anos de 1609 e 1768, os jesuítas fundaram as reduções de índios com o objetivo de civilizar e converter ao cristianismo os gentios. Nesse processo de redução houve a necessidade de deslocar as mulheres de suas atividades tradicionais. A partir das prescrições de gênero ocidentais foram conferidos às mulheres indígenas espaços restritos de atuação com a finalidade de diminuir o seu prestígio junto aos grupos ameríndios. Apesar da tentativa dos padres de impor uma rotina, circunscrevendo as mulheres ao espaço doméstico e/ou de confinamento, houve apropriações e resistências a este ordenamento sugerido. O trânsito intenso das mulheres, na construção criativa dos espaços de sociabilidade, faz delas agentes de mediação muito além do papel idealizado pelos jesuítas, restrito à maternidade e ao lar. Neste trabalho analiso o protagonismo feminino a partir dos relatos jesuíticos evidenciando um cotidiano mais matizado do que as narrativas inacianas supõem. / In the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, between the years 1609 and 1768, the Jesuits founded the reductions of Indians in order to civilize and convert the heathen to Christianity. This reduction process was necessary to move women from their traditional activities. From the Western genre prescriptions were granted to indigenous women restricted spaces of operation in order to reduce its prestige among the Amerindian groups. Despite the attempts of priests to impose a routine circumscribing women's domestic and / or confinement of space, resistance and appropriation was suggested this order. The heavy traffic of women in the creative construction of spaces of sociability makes them agents of mediation beyond the role envisioned by the Jesuits, confined to motherhood and home. In this paper I analyze the female protagonist from the Jesuit reports showing a more nuanced everyday narratives assume that the Ignatian.

Na Província Jesuítica do Paraguai, entre os anos de 1609 e 1768, os jesuítas fundaram as reduções de índios com o objetivo de civilizar e converter ao cristianismo os gentios. Nesse processo de redução houve a necessidade de deslocar as mulheres de suas atividades tradicionais. A partir das prescrições de gênero ocidentais foram conferidos às mulheres indígenas espaços restritos de atuação com a finalidade de diminuir o seu prestígio junto aos grupos ameríndios. Apesar da tentativa dos padres de impor uma rotina, circunscrevendo as mulheres ao espaço doméstico e/ou de confinamento, houve apropriações e resistências a este ordenamento sugerido. O trânsito intenso das mulheres, na construção criativa dos espaços de sociabilidade, faz delas agentes de mediação muito além do papel idealizado pelos jesuítas, restrito à maternidade e ao lar. Neste trabalho analiso o protagonismo feminino a partir dos relatos jesuíticos evidenciando um cotidiano mais matizado do que as narrativas inacianas supõem. / In the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, between the years 1609 and 1768, the Jesuits founded the reductions of Indians in order to civilize and convert the heathen to Christianity. This reduction process was necessary to move women from their traditional activities. From the Western genre prescriptions were granted to indigenous women restricted spaces of operation in order to reduce its prestige among the Amerindian groups. Despite the attempts of priests to impose a routine circumscribing women's domestic and / or confinement of space, resistance and appropriation was suggested this order. The heavy traffic of women in the creative construction of spaces of sociability makes them agents of mediation beyond the role envisioned by the Jesuits, confined to motherhood and home. In this paper I analyze the female protagonist from the Jesuit reports showing a more nuanced everyday narratives assume that the Ignatian.

Na Província Jesuítica do Paraguai, entre os anos de 1609 e 1768, os jesuítas fundaram as reduções de índios com o objetivo de civilizar e converter ao cristianismo os gentios. Nesse processo de redução houve a necessidade de deslocar as mulheres de suas atividades tradicionais. A partir das prescrições de gênero ocidentais foram conferidos às mulheres indígenas espaços restritos de atuação com a finalidade de diminuir o seu prestígio junto aos grupos ameríndios. Apesar da tentativa dos padres de impor uma rotina, circunscrevendo as mulheres ao espaço doméstico e/ou de confinamento, houve apropriações e resistências a este ordenamento sugerido. O trânsito intenso das mulheres, na construção criativa dos espaços de sociabilidade, faz delas agentes de mediação muito além do papel idealizado pelos jesuítas, restrito à maternidade e ao lar. Neste trabalho analiso o protagonismo feminino a partir dos relatos jesuíticos evidenciando um cotidiano mais matizado do que as narrativas inacianas supõem. / In the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, between the years 1609 and 1768, the Jesuits founded the reductions of Indians in order to civilize and convert the heathen to Christianity. This reduction process was necessary to move women from their traditional activities. From the Western genre prescriptions were granted to indigenous women restricted spaces of operation in order to reduce its prestige among the Amerindian groups. Despite the attempts of priests to impose a routine circumscribing women's domestic and / or confinement of space, resistance and appropriation was suggested this order. The heavy traffic of women in the creative construction of spaces of sociability makes them agents of mediation beyond the role envisioned by the Jesuits, confined to motherhood and home. In this paper I analyze the female protagonist from the Jesuit reports showing a more nuanced everyday narratives assume that the Ignatian.

Advertisements reflect the reality in society. Or so they should. As a minimum, advertisements should resonate with the intended target audience. Advertisements targeting female consumers have been accused of continually depicting women in traditionally stereotypical roles, such as the housewife and the sex object. This is contrary to the many important roles women fulfil in reality; business-woman, mother, romantic partner, and socialite, to name but a few. The purpose of this study was to identify the roles that female models portrayed in South African consumer magazine advertisements, and the extent to which these models appeared in these roles. The numerous secondary objectives included, but were not limited to, an investigation into the ethnic representation of female models in South African magazine advertisements, the product and/or service categories advertised using female models, and the illustrative technique and advertising appeals most commonly used. Content analysis was used to analyse and capture data from magazine advertisements featuring one or more female models. Content analysis was seen to be the most appropriate research method for this study based on its applicability as a mass communication research method. A total of 258 full-page and double-page magazine advertisements were sampled from nine consumer magazines published in South Africa in November 2009 and February 2010. The research found that female models were predominantly portrayed as the decorative focal point (32%) in magazine advertisements for personal care products, apparel and accessories. Just over two-thirds of the models used were Caucasian (68%), albeit the magazines sampled targeted African, Caucasian, and to a slightly lesser degree Coloured and Indian readers. In addition, marketers seemed inclined to favour advertisements with photographs of female models (98%), rather than drawings or computer-generated images. Rational advertising appeals were used most often (46%) in the magazine advertisements analysed, followed by combination appeals (27%). Forty-four advertisements (17%) were considered not to have a distinctive appeal. These advertisements would simply illustrate the product or service together with a female model, without evoking feelings or providing any further information about the product or service, other than the brand or company name. Academically, this study adds to the limited knowledge on female role portrayal in South African magazine advertisements. Only two such studies have been completed in South Africa in the past, one in 1991 and the other in 2010. This study makes a unique contribution by investigating the roles in which female models from different ethnic groups are portrayed in South African magazine advertisements. From a practical perspective, the findings illustrate to South African advertisers the limited roles in which they portray women, which is contrary to the numerous roles women fulfil in reality. Female consumers are an important target market to any organisation, thus advertisers need to adapt advertisements to reflect the important and changing roles of women in the South African society. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Marketing Management / unrestricted

The problem for women in the work market has been and is still being widely studied from different domains and fields, there is however still countless fissures linked to it. Even though the gender equality has comprehensively increased in recent decades, it is still apparent in high responsibility positions. This situation caught our attention and stimulated us to analyse the women’s condition within organizations. Scholars have developed different theories linked to organizations, but our complex and fast developing society has surpassed most of these classical theories, making them either partially or totally irrelevant. For instance standards such as hierarchical organizations, individualism and aggressiveness are no longer considered as the most efficient values. This work investigates the barriers that women have to overcome in order to break though leading positions, as well as the identification of female and male leadership and their stereotypes’ consequences. Accordingly, we intend to propose solutions and new approaches liable to help integrating more women in high profile positions. We are aspiring to create a new trend representing successful leadership that is no longer correlated to the male stereotype. The theoretical part engages in theories surrounding female gender leadership as well as gender related barriers, while the empirical method involves the conduction of semi structured interview with women in high management positions, with the aim of setting up a solid ground for analysis and discussion. Due to this fact, we believe that the woman is the future of the organization, therefore we firstly call for the implementation and the reinforcement of the female “role model” and secondly encourage companies to adopt and promote our new concept of “the ecological organization” in order to achieve a more flexible, balanced and sane organizational culture in a foreseeable future.

<p>The problem for women in the work market has been and is still being widely studied from different domains and fields, there is however still countless fissures linked to it. Even though the gender equality has comprehensively increased in recent decades, it is still apparent in high responsibility positions. This situation caught our attention and stimulated us to analyse the women’s condition within organizations.</p><p>Scholars have developed different theories linked to organizations, but our complex and fast developing society has surpassed most of these classical theories, making them either partially or totally irrelevant. For instance standards such as hierarchical organizations, individualism and aggressiveness are no longer considered as the most efficient values.</p><p>This work investigates the barriers that women have to overcome in order to break though leading positions, as well as the identification of female and male leadership and their stereotypes’ consequences. Accordingly, we intend to propose solutions and new approaches liable to help integrating more women in high profile positions. We are aspiring to create a new trend representing successful leadership that is no longer correlated to the male stereotype.</p><p>The theoretical part engages in theories surrounding female gender leadership as well as gender related barriers, while the empirical method involves the conduction of semi structured interview with women in high management positions, with the aim of setting up a solid ground for analysis and discussion. Due to this fact, we believe that the woman is the future of the organization, therefore we firstly call for the implementation and the reinforcement of the female “role model” and secondly encourage companies to adopt and promote our new concept of “the ecological organization” in order to achieve a more flexible, balanced and sane organizational culture in a foreseeable future.</p>

En France, lorsque l’éducation primaire est devenue laïque, gratuite et obligatoire avec les lois Jules Ferry (1881-1882), les pédagogues républicains valorisaient un enseignement par l’émulation. À l’aide de grandes figures de l’histoire nationale, ces acteurs souhaitaient fournir aux jeunes écoliers et écolières des exemples moraux et patriotiques, lesquels incarnaient les grandes vertus républicaines. En général, les modèles exposés aux garçons et aux filles sur les bancs d’école reflétaient et perpétuaient la division des sexes dans la société française : les images montrées aux garçons illustraient un rôle public, militaire et politique tandis que celles présentées aux filles indiquaient plutôt un rôle privé, domestique et maternel. La plupart des études réalisées jusqu’à présent se sont concentrées uniquement sur le contenu des manuels scolaires officiels. Cependant, les exemples féminins mis en évidence dans la littérature jeunesse, en particulier dans les populaires biographies collectives, n’ont pas encore fait l’objet de recherches historiques approfondies. Ce genre littéraire prisé par le public français de la fin du XIXe siècle, mais déprécié dans les cercles universitaires, offre pourtant un riche éventail de modèles pour la jeunesse. Ce mémoire propose ainsi une analyse des icônes morales, civiques et patriotiques dans trois biographies collectives féminines publiées dans la décennie suivant les réformes scolaires (précisément entre 1886 et 1893). Cette étude permet de mettre en lumière, voire de redéfinir, l’identité « féminine » et « française » véhiculée par les auteurs de ces œuvres, lesquels soumettent des modèles alternatifs, moins figés dans les conventions, qui s’éloignent des exemples traditionnels axés sur la différence sexuelle et introduits dans les ouvrages scolaires à la même époque. / As Jules Ferry’s Laws (1881-1882) rendered French primary education secular, mandatory and free, most republican pedagogues designed educational lessons developed on the principle of emulation. By promoting national historical figures and heroes, they mostly sought to provide moral and patriotic models, embodying republican values, to all young boys and girls. Many examples offered in classrooms illustrated and perpetuated a vision of French society based on the sexual division of labor: masculine icons expressed public, military, and political roles while feminine icons revealed private, domestic, and maternal attributes or responsibilities. Previous academic studies on the subject explored almost exclusively the content of primary official textbooks. Meanwhile, feminine models presented in children’s literature, especially within popular collective biographies, have not yet been the object of extensive historical research. Although this literary genre was consumed in great numbers by the public in fin-de-siècle France, it has until recently always been sidelined in academic studies. However, it can be argued that collective biographies showed a significant diversity of role models to French youth. Thereby, this Master’s thesis proposes an analysis of moral, civic, and patriotic icons, which schoolgirls were meant to emulate, included in three collective feminine biographies published during the years following Ferry’s school system reforms (between 1886 and 1893). This study attempts to define the « feminine » and « French » identity shaped by the authors of these books, which recommended less conventional and alternative models, different from traditional examples usually seen in official textbooks of the period.