This dissertation compares the religious epistemology of Carl F. H. Henry and of Alvin Plantinga. Chapter 1 briefly examines the impact of the Enlightenment and its subsequent developments upon religious epistemology and provides an overview of the thought of Carl F. H. Henry and of Alvin Plantinga. Chapter 2 examines the religious epistemology of Carl F. H. Henry with specific attention to the development of his religious epistemology within the Augustinian tradition and his conception of the Logos doctrine as an essential component of religious epistemology. Chapter 3 examines the important critiques of Henry's religious epistemology. Chapter 4 examines the religious epistemology of Alvin Plantinga, with specific attention to the development of his religious epistemology within the Augustinian tradition and the development of the concept of warranted Christian belief. Chapter 5 examines several important critiques of Plantinga's religious epistemology. This dissertation concludes that the works of Henry and Plantinga are important for contemporary discussions of theological method and religious epistemology within evangelical theology. Specifically, the connection that is evident in Henry and Plantinga's work between the ability of humanity to know God and the special status of humanity as bearing the image of God could be the core idea which serves as the epistemological application of the ontological reality of God's existence. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-03-17T11:12:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_JOAO_HENRIQUE_CASARA_BORGES_COMPLETO.pdf: 1515462 bytes, checksum: 5a856dacdda82fc1ee619ed76bae7a4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T11:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_JOAO_HENRIQUE_CASARA_BORGES_COMPLETO.pdf: 1515462 bytes, checksum: 5a856dacdda82fc1ee619ed76bae7a4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-22 / The following paper intends to analyze the paradox, through the Theory of the Semantic Blocks, considering, mostly, the relations that occurs inside the four-sided figure that demonstrate how the meanings get along. In order to do that, will be studied the conceptions arising from the referred theory, as well as its conventional roots and theories from another theorists. Along the revision of the pertinent literature will be studies ideas from Ferdinand de Saussure, especially the ones about relation and linguistic values, because they are significant important to understand the linguistic meaning of any terms in the language. Another idea that will be developed at the following paper is the empty sign, studied by Benveniste, which will be explained and will be the object for new considerations, in order to study the presence of an emptiness inside every word. Also during the study of the literature, the ideas of meaning understood only by the linguistic relations among words will be object of thoughts. In order to do that, the ideas of Oswald Ducrot and Marion Carel will be very important, especially the linguistic orientation, linguistic relations, because they will demonstrate how the meaning is constructed. Other notions of those two theoretical authors are the idea of semantic block and argumentative four-sided figure. The paradox, according to the semantics, will be studied considering the ideas of Carel, Ducrot and Borges (2011), aiming its application in the argumentative figure. Specifically, the observation of the paradox in the figure can demonstrate how the normative and transgressive relations occurs. There were select a song and an advertisement to demonstrate those kind of relations, by using a methodology that focus in the particular cases. At the end, the results will be shown and the final considerations will be constructed, based on the premise of analyzing the paradox in the argumentative four-sized figure. / A presente tese estuda o paradoxo, do ponto de vista da Teoria dos Blocos Sem?nticos, observando, fundamentalmente, as rela??es que ocorrem no quadrado argumentativo. Para isso, estudam-se os conceitos da teoria mencionada, bem como seus fundamentos precursores e as ra?zes advindas de outros te?ricos. Ao longo da fundamenta??o te?rica s?o estudados os conceitos de Ferdinand de Saussure, principalmente a no??o de rela??o e valor lingu?stico, pois fundamentais para a constru??o do sentido. Ademais, o conceito de signo vazio de Benveniste ? explicitado e serve de base para novas reflex?es, que observam a ocorr?ncia de uma parte vazia nas palavras. Ainda, dentro dos pressupostos te?ricos, s?o estudadas as no??es iniciais de argumenta??o na l?ngua, atrav?s dos escritos de Oswald Ducrot, visando a obten??o do entendimento necess?rio para uma compreens?o adequada da Teoria dos Blocos Sem?nticos, atualmente desenvolvida por Marion Carel. Dentre os conceitos mais importantes para o estudo em pauta, est?o a orienta??o lingu?stica, as rela??es lingu?sticas, que demonstrar?o como o sentido ? constru?do, bem como a no??o de bloco sem?ntico e quadrado argumentativo. O paradoxo sem?ntico ? abordado com a utiliza??o dos estudos de Carel e Ducrot, e de Borges (2011), mirando sua aplica??o dentro do quadrado argumentativo, ou seja, observa-se o comportamento das rela??es de normatividade e transgressividade entre os encadeamentos do quadrado, derivado de um bloco sem?ntico. O objeto das an?lises consiste em uma can??o nacional e uma propaganda, ambas contendo sentidos paradoxais. A metodologia utilizada ? a an?lise de cada objeto de forma ?nica, com etapas pr?prias. Concluiu-se que o paradoxo constitui aspectos normativos paradoxais, mas n?o aspectos transpostos e conversos.

Le but du présent travail, c’est de produire une lecture analytique du manuscrit Notes sur l’accentuation lituanienne de Ferdinand de Saussure afin d’identifier les procédures épistémologiques employés par le linguiste pendant la construction d’une nouvelle manière de faire de la science. Telle entreprise est basée sur l’établissement d’une alliance théorique entre l’historiographie de la linguistique et les études saussuriennes. Dans la première partie de la thèse, on présente le champ de recherche de l’historiographie de la linguistique comme un croisement des perspectives historique et épistémologique. Par l’articulation de ces deux axes, on expose les différentes façons comment le nom de Ferdinand de Saussure peut être situé dans une progression de développement de la linguistique en tant que science. Deuxièmement, on présente la manière dont la linguistique générale saussurienne a été identifiée avec une matrice épistémologique d’ordre aristotélicien, c’est-à-dire une production de connaissance dérivée de la manipulation de concepts ordonnés en axiomes indémontrables. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, le croisement entre histoire et épistémologie a été reproduit sur l’objet de cette étude-ci : le manuscrit Notes sur l’accentuation lituanienne. On présente donc, d’abord, un examen du contexte historique et scientifique dans lequel les études de Ferdinand de Saussure sur la langue lituanienne ont été réalisées. Après la localisation de ce matériel, c’est réalisée une lecture descriptive et analytique de quelques fragments du texte manuscrit. Finalement, on élabore une synthèse interprétative du matériel présenté. On conclue que les procédures épistémologiques dans ce manuscrit ne configurent pas d’épistémologie aristotélicienne dans d’autres parts du corpus saussurien. Ce manuscrit, spécifiquement, montre que la linguistique générale de Saussure dérive de pratiques analytiques spécifiques qui imposent la nécessité d’élaborer une science dont l’objet a des conditions d’existence distinctes de celles vérifiées dans d’autres sciences modernes. / O objetivo desta tese é produzir uma leitura analítica do manuscrito Notes sur l’accentuation lituanienne de Ferdinand de Saussure a fim de identificar os procedimentos epistemológicos empregados pelo linguista durante a construção de um novo modo de fazer ciência. Tal empreitada é realizada com base no estabelecimento de uma aliança teórica entre a historiografia da linguística e os estudos saussurianos. Na primeira parte da tese, apresenta-se o campo de pesquisas da historiografia da linguística enquanto um cruzamento de perspectivas histórica e epistemológica. Com base na articulação desses dois eixos, são expostos os diversos modos pelos quais o nome de Ferdinand de Saussure pode ser situado numa marcha de desenvolvimento da linguística enquanto ciência. Num segundo momento, apresenta-se como a linguística geral saussuriana foi identificada a uma matriz epistemológica de ordem aristotélica, ou seja, uma produção de conhecimento derivada da manipulação de conceitos ordenados em axiomas indemonstráveis. Na segunda parte da tese, o cruzamento entre história e epistemológica foi reproduzido sobre o objeto deste estudo: manuscrito Notes sur l’accentuation lituanienne. Portanto, apresenta-se inicialmente um exame do contexto histórico e científico no qual os estudos de Ferdinand de Saussure sobre a língua lituana foram realizados. Após a localização de tal material, é realizada uma leitura descritiva e analítica de alguns fragmentos do texto manuscrito. Por fim, elabora-se uma síntese interpretativa do material apresentado. Conclui-se que os procedimentos epistemológicos neste manuscrito não configuram uma epistemologia aristotélica, tal como a identificada em outras porções do corpus saussuriano. Este manuscrito em específico apresenta que a linguística geral de Saussure deriva de práticas analíticas específicas que impunham a necessidade de elaborar uma ciência cujo objeto tem condições de existência distintas das verificadas nas outras ciências modernas.

La relecture du Cours de Linguistique Générale (SAUSSURE, 1916) – une édition et compilation du programme linguistique développé par Ferdinand de Saussure dans des cours donnés à l’Université de Hautes Ètudes à Genève – sous le regard des sources manuscrites du Cours, ainsi que sous d’autres écrits du linguiste suisse (ENGLER, BOUQUET, 2002), nous apporte de nouvelles interprétations et manières de concevoir le travail développé par le maître genevois (BOUQUET, 1997 ; NORMAND, 2000 ; DEPECKER, 2010) lorsqu’il « essaie de montrer au linguiste ce que le linguiste fait. Malgré les avancées qui ont eu lieu dans la compréhension des conceptions saussuriennes et du contexte de ses contributions pour le domaine de la linguistique (DE MAURO, 1956), l’enseignement de la pensée linguistique saussurienne semble être basée sur des lectures réductrices de l’oeuvre du maître, telle que celle élaborée par le structuralisme nord-américain et diffusée jusqu’à nos jours, qui d’ailleurs exclut la parole et le sujet parlant du champ de l’étude de la langue (BLOOMFIELD, 1933). Lorsque l’on établit cette exclusion, l’on élimine aussi l’un des primitifs théoriques les plus importants de la théorie saussurienne : le rôle de l’aspect phonique dans le langage. Tel qu’observé dans des études précédentes (SORTICA, 2011), notre objectif est d’aller au-delà des constats concernant les courants de l’enseignement de la linguistique : nous souhaitons comprendre comment le programme saussurien pourrait être enseigné puisqu’il s’agit de l’une des bases nécessaires à comprendre la linguistique contemporaine (idem, ibidem), et ce, à partir de la compréhension de la base du développement de sa théorie : le phonique et ses relations de valeur. Pour ce faire, nous faisons une révision bibliographique du Cours (SAUSSURE, 1916) tout en le mettant en relation avec d’autres écrits saussuriens (ENGLER, BOUQUET, 2002 ; MARCHESE, 2002 ; TESTENOIRE, 2013 ; PARRET, 2014). Notre objectif est de décrire et d’explorer les extraits traitant des études sur l’aspect phonique, en spécial, les chapitres destinés à la phonétique, à la phonologie, à la conception de signe et à la théorie de la valeur. Ainsi, nous considérons que le champ des études du phonique est intrinsèquement lié avec la théorie de la valeur et avec l’organisation de la contribution saussurienne pour la linguistique moderne, étant donc un primitif théorique du programme saussurien. De ce fait, nous comprenons que l’enseignement de la pensée saussurienne à partir du point de vue du phonique non seulement évite la lecture réductrice de l’oeuvre du maître genevois, vu qu’il inclut la parole et le parlant comme des points cruciaux de l’étude de la langue, mais aussi met en évidence le passage de la pensée linguistique dominante du XIXe siècle à la pensée qui est le point de repère pour les études des langues pour analyser l’héritage saussurien d’après la base de sa théorique. / A releitura do Curso de Linguística Geral (SAUSSURE, 1916), edição e compilação do programa linguístico desenvolvido por Ferdinand de Saussure em seus cursos na Universidade de Altos Estudos de Genebra, sob o olhar das fontes manuscritas do Curso, assim como de outros escritos do punho do linguista suíço (ENGLER, BOUQUET, 2002) trouxe novas interpretações e maneiras de se conceber o trabalho desenvolvido pelo mestre genebrino (BOUQUET, 1997; NORMAND, 2000; DEPECKER, 2010) ao “tentar mostrar ao linguista o que ele faz”. Apesar disso e dos avanços no entendimento das concepções saussurianas e do contexto de suas contribuições para o ramo da linguística (DE MAURO, 1956), o ensino do pensamento linguístico saussuriano ainda parece estar baseado em leituras reducionistas da obra do mestre, como aquela feita pelo estruturalismo norte-americano e difundida até hoje que, de maneira geral, exclui a fala e o sujeito falante do campo do estudo da língua (BLOOMFIELD, 1933). Dessa maneira, ao se fazer essa exclusão, elimina-se também um dos mais importantes primitivos teóricos da teoria saussuriana: o papel do fônico na linguagem. Como em estudos anteriores (SORTICA, 2011) já observamos as principais correntes de ensino de linguística, o objetivo deste trabalho é ir além dessas constatações e entender como pode se dar o ensino do programa saussuriano, já elencado por nós como uma das bases para se compreender a linguística contemporânea (idem, ibidem), a partir da compreensão da base do desenvolvimento de sua teoria: o fônico e suas relações de valor. Para fazer isso, fazemos revisão bibliográfica do Curso (SAUSSURE, 1916), cotejando-o com outros escritos saussurianos ENGLER, BOUQUET, 2002; MARCHESE, 2002 ; TESTENOIRE, 2013 ; PARRET, 2014), descrevendo e explorando os trechos que tratam dos estudos do fônico, em especial os capítulos destinados à fonética, ao apêndice de fonologia, à concepção de signo e à teoria do valor. Destarte, consideramos que o campo dos estudos do fônico tem relação primordial com a teoria do valor e com a organização da contribuição saussuriana para a linguística moderna, sendo, portanto, primitivo teórico no programa de Ferdinand de Saussure. Disso, depreendemos que o ensino do pensamento saussuriano a partir do ponto de vista do fônico evita a leitura reducionista da obra do mestre genebrino, já que inclui a fala e o falante como pontos cruciais do estudo da língua. Além disso, evidencia a passagem do pensamento linguístico dominante no século XIX àquele considerado marco até hoje nos estudos das línguas, pois analisa a herança saussuriana a partir da base de sua teoria.

Portraits of the Marquise de Maintenon by Louis Ferdinand Elle II and Pierre Mignard are frequently reproduced in the various factual and fictional biographies of Maintenon, but have only been significantly mentioned by art historians in broader studies of the period or in comparison to other portraits. In this thesis, these portraits will be significantly and singularly addressed in a larger study of Maintenon as patron. Both portraits have connections to events occurring in the life of Maintenon at the time of their creation and can be clearly understood as representations of her intended public identity. In addition, each seems to have an interesting relationship to both negative contemporary criticism of Maintenon and to her subsequent legacy. The chapters are ordered chronologically and each involves a discussion of the meaningful visual elements in each portrait. As the earliest portrait that can be firmly considered part of Maintenon's constructed public identity, Louis Elle's Marquise de Maintenon and her Niece is the focus of the first chapter. An analysis of the many possible layers of meaning within this portrait is discussed in relation to Maintenon's complicated legacy. The second chapter centers upon revealing the original function of Mignard's Marquise de Maintenon as St. Frances of Rome and its relationship to the controversy involving Quietism with which Maintenon was involved at the time of the portrait's creation. In the final chapter, the way in which these portraits influence Maintenon's legacy is analyzed. Finally, in the conclusion, the obstacles involved in the study of representations of Maintenon are discussed and suggestions are made of issues requiring further study.

No description available.

The following research records the functionality of collections of wealthy individuals in an effort to clarify the current system of collection categorization. Although many functions were indeed possible, this research will be restricted to the discussion of collections in which objects reveal the collector’s devotional, social, and intellectual curiosity. These classifications reflect the most prevalent themes initiated by my research on collections of royal and affluent collectors during the Early Modern Period, and as such are the three most rational means of discussing collections as functional, working, tools.

Thèse de doctorat : Histoire contemporaine : Paris 12 : 2005. / Version électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 513-534.

No description available.

Córdoba and Jerez de la Frontera are situated in the north-eastern and south-western corners of the triangular delta of the Guadalquivir. They were reconquered and resettled by the Castilian Crown in the thirteenth century. During the period in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries which saw widespread alienation of lands by the Crown to nobles, to form lordships or señoríos, Córdoba and Jerez remained subject directly to the kings of Castile. Each town was governed by a council, consisting of jurados, who represented the individual parishes, and regidores, who from the fourteenth century formed a ruling oligarchy. The problem of proliferation of offices, beyond the legal number of twenty-four on both councils, faced the Catholic Monarchs at the beginning of their reign. Action was taken, particularly in Córdoba, where the situation was more extreme, to control office resignations and appointments, but officers continued to come from a small number of noble families. By their original charters (fueros), these towns also had magistrates, known as alcaldes mayores who represented the king in local affairs, but, from the early fifteenth century, new officials, known as corregidores, were superimposed on the old structure. These were appointed spasmodically to both towns in the period up to 1474. Town councils owned property on behalf of the Crown, consisting of buildings and grazing and arable lands. They also ruled outlying areas on behalf of the Crown which normally channelled its communications with these lesser towns and villages through the council of their chief town. The local councils also collected some royal taxes for their own use, though most were raised by the royal tax collector. Royal finances saw a spectacular improvement under Ferdinand and Isabella, but they continued to be weakened by the alienation of many revenues, in juro, for life or in perpetuity, to individuals, especially the territorial magnates of the kingdoms of Seville and Córdoba. This meant that it was possible for a magnate such as the duke of Medina Sidonia to gain an income comparable to that received by the Crown from the taxation of towns such as Córdoba and Jerez. The economy of western Andalusia was almost entirely agricultural. Most crops were produced for subsistence but grain and wine were exported from Jerez and district and wool from the Córdoba area. This wool was denied to the local cloth industry and exported from Seville by merchants from Burgos who came to Córdoba each year to buy owners' complete wool-crops in advance. The upper echelons of Córdoba society were heavily involved in this trade. The exploitation of tunny, which was the other main export commodity of the region, was in the hands of the upper nobility, particularly the dukes of Medina Sidonia and the counts of Arcos. The balance between the economic resources of the greatest magnates and the royal towns, such as Córdoba and Jerez, was also reflected in military affairs. The forces fielded in the Granada campaigns of 1482-92 show the strength in cavalry of the nobles to have been equal to that of royal towns, though the latter provided many more foot-soldiers. In political terms the problem which confronted Ferdinand and Isabella in their efforts to retain control over Córdoba and Jerez was to keep the local councils free of noble interference. This might be exercised through marriage alliances and links of feudal vassallage. The Catholic Monarchs in some respects pursued firm measures in order to reduce the power of the small number of magnates who had virtually gained complete control of the royal towns - the duke of Medina Sidonia in Seville, the marquis of Cádiz in Jerez and Don Alonso de Aguilar in Córdoba. These nobles retained their offices after Ferdinand and Isabella's visit to the region in 1477-8, but they were not allowed to exercise them. However, the fact that they still had a residual right to interfere in the government of royal towns posed a threat for the future. During the period between 1478 and 1500, corregidores succeeded one another peacefully as royal agents in contiol of Córdoba and Jerez, appointing their own officials and working in conjunction with the regidor. There were still noblemen from the twenty or so leading families of the kingdoms of Seville and Córdoba, but the most powerful figures were absent. However, after 1500 there was a resurgence of upper noble influence in Córdoba and Jerez. In the foriaer town, the marquis of Priego, son of Don Alonso de Aguilar, succeeded his father as alcalde mayor of Córdoba. Shortly before Isabella's death, in November 1504, the marquis appeared for the first time in a council-meeting. This action followed a period of severe grain-shortage which had begun in 1502 and continued until 1508. During this period, Córdoba council became indebted to nobles, including the marquis of Priego, for grain supplies from their señoríos, while these lasted, and for loans for the purchase and transport of foreign grain thereafter. Three episodes occurred in quick succession, between 1506 and 1508, in which the marquis of Priego and the count of Cabra took control of Córdoba as magistrates. The first two were caused by hitches in the re-appointment of corregidores, but in the third, the marquis crossed the border into revolt, imprisoning the king's alcalde. Ferdinand quelled the revolt by means of a military expedition which he conananded himself. The marquis and his henchmen, including rnany members of Córdoba council, were banished. Similarly severe action was taken by Ferdinand at this time to prevent the proposed marriage alliance between two of the leading Andalusian noble families, the Guzmán and the Girón. However, despite apparent royal severity towards the pretensions of leading nobles to return to their previous dominance in the area, illustrated by the Crown's successful exploitation of inheritance crises in the Ponce and Guzmán families in 1492 and 1502 to regain control of Cádiz and Gibraltar, respectively, there are distinct signs that in the early sixteenth century the monarchs were content to allow to the upper nobility a position in local society raore appropriate to their great wealth and traditional influence. Magnates returned to the governorship of royal fortresses, despite the protests of Córdoba council. The marquis and his henchmen were restored to this council in 1510 and even the armed invasion of Córdoba's town of Hornachuelos by the count of neighbouring Palma was tolerated. On the other side, it should be noted that the second attempt at a Guzmán - Girón marriage, in 1513, was thwarted by the Crown. The royal towns of western Andalusia, if Córdoba and Jerez may be taken as typical examples, emerged from the combined reigns of the Catholic Honarchs firmly in the grip of small ruling oligarchies, secure in the possession of effectively hereditary offices as regidores. Some of these office-holders were members of the wealthiest families in the region, others were not, but all had similar economic and political interests. The overall characteristics of society in this region in 1516 was immobility. No new families joined the ranks of the upper nobility in the kingdoms of Seville and Cordoba after 1492 and those already in a strong position found their wealth increased. However, this wealth showed itself in exploitation of the land and investment in government funds (juros) rather than trading activity. The leaders of Andalusian society at the beginning of the modern age were unenterprising and backward-looking, but their permanence had been guaranteed by the work of Ferdinand and Isabella.