I denna uppsats har filmljudet i krigsfilmerna Apocalypse Now och Saving Private Ryan undersökts. Detta har gjorts för att försöka bidra med ökad förståelse för filmljudets användningsområde och funktioner, främst för filmerna i fråga, men även för krigsfilm rent generellt. Filmljud i denna kontext omfattar allt det ljud som finns i film, men utesluter dock all ickediegetisk musik. Båda filmerna har undersökts genom en audio-visuell analys. En sådan analys görs genom att detaljgranska båda filmernas ljud- och bildinnehåll var för sig, för att slutligen undersöka samma filmsekvens som helhet då ljudet och bilden satts ihop igen. Den audio-visuella analysmetod som nyttjats i uppsatsen är Michel Chions metod, Masking. De 30 minuter film som analyserades placerades sedan i olika filmljudzoner, där respektive filmljudzons ljudinnehåll bland annat visade vilka främsta huvudfunktioner somfilmljudet hade i dessa filmer. Dessa funktioner är till för att bibehålla åskådarens fokus och intresse, att skapa närhet till rollkaraktärerna, samt att tillföra en hög känsla av realism och närvaro. Intentionerna med filmljudet verkade vara att flytta åskådaren in i filmens verklighet, att låta åskådaren bli ett med filmen. Att återspegla denna känsla av realism, närvaro, fokus samt intresse, visade sig också vara de intentioner som funnits redan i de båda filmernas förproduktionsstadier. Detta bevisar att de lyckats åstadkomma det de eftersträvat. Men om filmljudet använts på samma sätt eller innehar samma funktioner i krigsfilm rent genrellt går inte att säga.I have for this bachelor’s thesis examined the movie sound of the classic warfare movies Apocalypse Now and Saving Private Ryan. This is an attempt to contribute to a more profound comprehension of the appliance and importance of movie sound. In this context movie sound implies all kinds of sounds within the movies, accept from non-diegetic music. These two movies have been examined by an audio-visual analysis. It's done by auditing the sound and picture content separately, and then combined to audit the same sequence as a whole. Michel Chion, which is the founder of this analysis, calls this method Masking. The sound in this 30 minute sequence was then divided into different zones, where every zone represented a certain main function. These functions are provided to create a stronger connection to the characters, sustain the viewers interest and bring a sense of realism and presence. It seems though the intention with the movies sound is to bring the viewers to the scene in hand, and let it become their reality. To mirror this sense of realism, presence, focus and interest, proves to be the intention from an early stage of the production. This bachelor’s thesis demonstrates a success in their endeavours. Although it can’t confirm whether the movie sound have been utilized in the same manner or if they posess the same functions to warefare movies in general.

Ever since the introduction of sound in film, sound effects have played a big part in the experience of the film audience. Acousmatic sound effects are diegetic sounds that lack a visual source on screen, and they are frequently used in horror films. This research explores the relationship between familiarity with sound effects and the emotional response in the audience. An experiment was conducted where two test groups watched an excerpt from a horror film where acousmatic sounds were a big part of the soundtrack. One of the test groups watched a version where there were reoccurring familiar acousmatic sounds, and the other group watched a version with random un-familiar acousmatic sounds. Data was collected through self-report and physiological measurements. The results suggest that there is a dissonance between the conscious and unconscious emotional experience of suspense and fear. The physiological measurements indicate a higher emotional arousal in the group that watched the unfamiliar version of the stimuli, while the self-report propose a stronger conscious build-up of suspense leading to a stronger experience of fear in the group watching the familiar version. Further research directions based on the result of this research are presented.

Esta dissertação pretende mapear e discutir o pensamento sonoro cinematográfico dos pesquisadores brasileiros contemporâneos através de uma revisão sistemática que aborda a evolução quantitativa, as tendências temáticas e o perfil da pesquisa brasileira contemporânea sobre o som no cinema. Os estudos selecionados para tal investigação e análise foram os livros, as teses, as dissertações e os artigos acadêmicos nacionais que contemplam o universo sonoro cinematográfico, publicados no Brasil no período entre os anos 2001 e 2011, e que articulam essencialmente questões que não são específicas da trilha musical / This master thesis aims to map and discuss the film sound thinking of contemporary brazilian researches through a systematic rewiew that approach the quantitative developments, the thematic tendencies and the profile of Brasilian contemporary film sound studies. The studies selected for this research and analysis were national books, doctoral theses, master´s theses and academic articles the address the universe of film sound published in Brasil between 2001 and 2011, and essentially articulate issues that are not specific of the film score

Esta dissertação pretende mapear e discutir o pensamento sonoro cinematográfico dos pesquisadores brasileiros contemporâneos através de uma revisão sistemática que aborda a evolução quantitativa, as tendências temáticas e o perfil da pesquisa brasileira contemporânea sobre o som no cinema. Os estudos selecionados para tal investigação e análise foram os livros, as teses, as dissertações e os artigos acadêmicos nacionais que contemplam o universo sonoro cinematográfico, publicados no Brasil no período entre os anos 2001 e 2011, e que articulam essencialmente questões que não são específicas da trilha musical / This master thesis aims to map and discuss the film sound thinking of contemporary brazilian researches through a systematic rewiew that approach the quantitative developments, the thematic tendencies and the profile of Brasilian contemporary film sound studies. The studies selected for this research and analysis were national books, doctoral theses, master´s theses and academic articles the address the universe of film sound published in Brasil between 2001 and 2011, and essentially articulate issues that are not specific of the film score

This study deals with a research on what the opening sounds in movies tell us about the story that we are about to follow. The purpose is to examine if and how the sound in the first five minutes of the movie contribute in giving information about the film’s genre. The theoretical base includes both genre theory and Michel Chion’s theory on film sound. Six different movies representing different genres, countries and year of production are analyzed in an audiovisual way. The result shows that the sound in the opening sequence could describe the genre which the movie belongs to, but it doesn’t always work like this. The analysis also shows examples on movies where the sound in the beginning of the movie focus on other things, like describing place or ethnicity. In some of the movies, especially the ones that represent adventure and action, you can hear the genre very clearly. In others, for example the comedy, there is a bit harder to decide if the sound alone could tell us about which genre the movie belongs to, and if the sound is typical for that specific genre or if it could be about almost everything. Furthermore, in some movies it was quite clear that the sound concentrates on describing something else instead, for example the place where the story is set.

An interpretative methodology for understanding meaning in cinema since the 1950s, auteur analysis is an approach to film studies in which an individual, usually the director, is studied as the author of her or his films. The principal argument of this thesis is that proponents of auteurism have privileged examination of the visual components in a film-maker’s body of work, neglecting the potentially significant role played by sound. The thesis seeks to address this problematic imbalance by interrogating the creative use of sound in the films written and directed by Rolf de Heer, asking the question, “Does his use of sound make Rolf de Heer an aural auteur?” In so far as the term ‘aural’ encompasses everything in the film that is heard by the audience, the analysis seeks to discover if de Heer has, as Peter Wollen suggests of the auteur and her or his directing of the visual components (1968, 1972 and 1998), unconsciously left a detectable aural signature on his films. The thesis delivers an innovative outcome by demonstrating that auteur analysis that goes beyond the mise-en-scène (i.e. visuals) is productive and worthwhile as an interpretive response to film. De Heer’s use of the aural point of view and binaural sound recording, his interest in providing a ‘voice’ for marginalised people, his self-penned song lyrics, his close and early collaboration with composer Graham Tardif and sound designer Jim Currie, his ‘hands-on’ approach to sound recording and sound editing and his predilection for making films about sound are all shown to be examples of de Heer’s aural auteurism. As well as the three published (or accepted for publication) interviews with de Heer, Tardif and Currie, the dissertation consists of seven papers refereed and published (or accepted for publication) in journals and international conference proceedings, a literature review and a unifying essay. The papers presented are close textual analyses of de Heer’s films which, when considered as a whole, support the thesis’ overall argument and serve as a comprehensive auteur analysis, the first such sustained study of his work, and the first with an emphasis on the aural.

Die Dissertation ist eine medienhistorische Studie über die Einführung des Tons im sowjetischen Kino, die ästhetische und technologische Veränderungen in einem weiter gefassten politischen und kulturellen Kontext interpretiert. In historischen Untersuchungen des frühen Tonfilms der letzten zehn Jahre wurde der sowjetischen Methode des asynchronen Tons häufig die verbreitetere Methode der möglichst genauen Synchronisation gegenübergestellt, wie sie von der Filmindustrie in Hollywood in den späten 1920er und frühen 1930er Jahren entwickelt wurde. Die Arbeit geht über diese zum Standard gewordene Erzählung hinaus. In einer Reihe von Fallstudien wird die Arbeit sowjetischer Filmemacher, Drehbuchautoren, Filmtheoretiker und Toningenieure analysiert, um zu demonstrieren, dass in der Sowjetunion in der Frühphase des Filmtons sehr unterschiedliche Haltungen zum Ton existierten. Die Dissertation konzentriert sich sowohl auf die Theorien des Filmtons als auch auf die Praktiken, wobei es sich unter anderem auf Dziga Vertov, Nikolai Ekk, Michail Cechanovskij und Pavel Tager bezieht. Die Begriffe „Asynchronizität“ und „Synchronizität“ haben in den Debatten über die Einführung des Tonfilms in der Sowjetunion eine zentrale Rolle gespielt. Die vorliegende Dissertation bietet die erste grundlegende Untersuchung dieser Begriffe innerhalb des Kontextes der komplexen Ursprünge des frühen sowjetischen Tonfilms. / The dissertation is a media-historical study of the emergence of sound in Soviet cinema, which links aesthetic and technological changes to the broader political and cultural context. Over the last decade, histories of early sound film have usually contrasted the Soviet method of asynchronous sound to the prevalent method of tight synchronization as it was popularized by the Hollywood film industry in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The dissertation looks beyond this standardized narrative. In a series of case studies, it analyzes the work of Soviet filmmakers, screenwriters, film theoreticians and acoustical engineers to demonstrate that many diverse approaches to sound were actually in play at the onset of film sound in the Soviet Union. The dissertation focuses on both film sound theory and practice mainly in the works of Dziga Vertov, Nikolai Ekk, Pavel Tager and Mikhail Tsekhanovsky. The terms “asynchronicity” and “synchronicity” were central in the debates about the emergence of sound film in the Soviet Union. This study provides the first thorough examination of these terms within the context of the complex origins of early Soviet sound cinema.

Cette recherche est une étude sur les débuts de l'histoire du cinéma en Corée des premières projections de films dans ce pays jusqu'en 1935, année pendant laquelle les Coréens ont commencé à produire des films parlants. Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié l’arrivée du cinéma en Corée, quand et par qui il a été introduit dans ce pays. Puis, quels films ont été vus par le public coréen et quels effets ils ont produits sur ce public.Dès les premiers temps du cinéma, chaque région du monde a essayé de surmonter les manques du film muet. Aussi, la deuxième partie s’intéresse à la particularité de la projection des premiers films muets en Corée. Le mot « spectacle cinématographique » se réfère, d’abord, à la représentation de films dans les premiers temps des débuts du cinéma. Le spectacle cinématographique sous-entend la possibilité d’un accompagnement supplémentaire, surtout sonore. En effet, les premiers films étaient « muets » et le moyen de mettre du son sur la pellicule n’avait pas encore été trouvé. De plus, souvent, il y avait aussi un concert ou un court spectacle secondaire (clown, bonimenteur, etc.) pendant, avant ou même après la projection des films. Cet ensemble autour de la projection de films représentait un véritable « spectacle cinématographique ». Nous avons étudié ce spectacle mixte présenté depuis 1919 à Séoul en Corée, et qui combine concert, projections de films, théâtre occidental moderne et boniment appelé Chosŏn Sinp'a Hwaltong Yŏnswaegŭk ou Chosŏn Kino-drama.Dans la troisième partie, nous avons présenté et analysé les données sur les films muets coréens dont nous avons pu retrouver les traces. / This research is a study of the history of cinema in Korea from the first motion pictures screenings until 1935, the year in which Koreans began making their talking films.In the first part, we study the arrival of cinema in Korea, when and by whom was the motion picture introduced in this country. Then, what films were seen by the Korean public and what effects they had on this audience. From the early times of cinema, the diverse regions of the world have tried to overcome the lack of the silent motion picture. The second part is focused on the specificity of the first silent motion pictures screenings in Korea. The Spectacle cinématographique can refer to the form of the representation of the motion pictures in the early days of cinema. The word Spectacle cinématographique implies the possibility of an additional accompaniment, especially the sound. The first films were "silent" and the way of putting sound on films had not been found yet. At that time, there was a concert or a short secondary show (clown, pitch, etc.) during, before or even after the screening of the films. We study the Spectacle cinématographique called Chosŏn Sinp'a Hwaltong Yŏnswaegŭk or Chosŏn Kino-drama which was presented since 1919 in Korea that combines the pitch, the concert, the modern western theater and the motion pictures screenings.In the third part, we report all the data concerning silent Korean films of which we still found the traces.

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