Film as an Educational Tool in Czech High School History Classes The master's thesis entitled Film as an Educational Tool in Czech High School History Classes is dedicated to discussing film as a didactical tool and as a source of education in history classes of Czech high schools. This thesis aims to analyze and evaluate the view Czech teachers hold towards using the filmography in their history classes while understanding the different implications of it. Secondly, the aim is to obtain commentary from experts in the field of history didactics. Those findings and results could, therefore, amend teaching program's structures and help teachers to structure their syllabus appropriately. The theoretical part of the thesis presents basic information on Czech education program and implementing History as a subject in the primary curriculum of the Ministry of Education. Then it considers the role of film theory and multimedia, which are both closely linked to the idea of the film as an educating tool in History classes. The following chapters analyze and evaluate solely the usage of the film in education and the different advantages and disadvantages it can bring. The paper's empirical part focuses on the qualitative research with Czech history teachers and experts and then finally evaluating the overall...

Esta Tese discute questões da construção historiográfica da história do cinema. A história do cinema compôs um conjunto de obras que, normalmente, toma como ponto de partida obras cinematográficas, e não aspectos considerados extra texto, como a economia ou a recepção. Esse trabalho tenta, através do uso do conceito de modo de produção, unir em um aparato conceitual questões estéticas e econômicas. Para tanto, refaz uma parte do percurso historiográfico sobre o cinema brasileiro dos anos cinqüenta e tenta discutir fundamentalmente dois aspectos: o primeiro que o cinema pode ser entendido por meio do conceito de modo de produção; e o segundo reside na descrição de dois exemplos, em linhas gerais, de modos de produção que coexistem na mencionada década. Por fim, destaca que o conjunto de filmes da chanchada produzido na Atlântida pode ser caracterizado como um modo de produção que se opunha de várias maneiras ao recém surgido modo de produção, representado pelo filme Rio 40 Graus. / This thesis discusses the historiography of Film History. Film History has produced a set of material that, generally, takes as starting point the films themselves and do not consider extra text material, such as the economy and the reception of the film. This work attempts, through the concept of mode of production, bridge under a conceptual apparatus matching up aesthetic and economic matters. In doing so, the work critically looks at the fifties Brazilian Film History and makes basically two propositions: one is that Cinema may be understood through the conception of mode of production; the second consists of the description of two examples, in general terms, of modes of production coexistent in the decade. Finally, it highlights that the set of chanchada films, produced by Atlantida, may be characterized as a mode of production that is in many ways opposed to the more recent modes of production represented by the film Rio 40 Graus.

This thesis takes a historical approach to its subject and focuses on Swedish cinema of the 1940s and 1950s. The thesis argues that Swedish cinema experienced a renaissance in the 1940s, lasting approximately from 1940 to 1953. It further suggests that one of the most important filmmakers in this renaissance was Hasse Ekman. By focussing upon Ekman and this renaissance, a much-needed contextualisation of Ingmar Bergman will be achieved. Ingmar Bergman is one of the most well-known and well-researched filmmakers of all time, but there are still gaps in the material surrounding him, and one such gap concerns his cinematic origins. Bergman was a part of the 1940s renaissance, during which Bergman worked with, and was influenced by, other filmmakers and in particular Ekman. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part introduces the relevant literature and discusses ideas of authorship and national cinema. It also provides a historic overview of Swedish society and cinema during the 1940s and 1950s, providing the context needed to better understand the films of Ekman, and Bergman too. This part also looks at the 1930s to illustrate what came before this renaissance, and how the films of the 1940s differed from what had gone before. The second part is a chronological overview of Ekman's career from the late-1930s to his move to Spain in 1964. The last part is a discussion of Ekman's relation to Swedish society and his view of the world, based on close textual readings of his films. The aim of the thesis is to present, for the first time, a coherent and extensive overview of Ekman's career and body of work, while also situating it in the specific context in which it emerged, thereby shedding new light on an important, though neglected, episode in cinema history.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre a relação Cinema-História. O cinema encontrou dificuldades para ser aceito como fonte pelos historiadores, devido à caracterização e à qualificação desta fonte, bem como pelo seu despreparo para analisá-las. Este trabalho problematiza a relação cinema-história, suas possibilidades de interação e reflete sobre estas desde a perspectiva do trabalho do historiador e do seu fazer historiográfico. Parte-se da premissa de que o historiador não pode fechar os olhos para o cinema, seus desafios e os diferentes usos e abusos realizados com a história. Renunciar ao debate e à reflexão implica na perda da função social e política que o fazer historiográfico carrega e dele somos indissociável. Esta dissertação propõe a elaboração de um método de análise Históricocinematográfico, buscando sintetizar as reflexões de diferentes autores das áreas da História e do Cinema. Nossa análise toma como base três filmes que abordam o contexto da Guerra Civil Espanhola. O primeiro filme, ¡Ay, Carmela! (Carlos Saura, 1990), enfoca o conflito através dos dramas e desejos de três atores “mambembes” e sua luta pela sobrevivência. Esta película permite abordar as inter-relações entre arte e guerra e entre o humor presente na atuação dos personagens e nos seus números apresentados frente ao horror de uma guerra e seus traumas. Também são destacados no filme os brigadistas, a presença fascista italiana e o processo de internacionalização do conflito. O segundo filme, Terra e Liberdade (Ken Loach, 1995), aborda a participação e o papel das milícias e, principalmente, as divisões políticas que se formaram no interior do campo republicano (ou antifascista) durante a guerra. O filme permite uma discussão sobre o debate político no interior da esquerda e o contexto no qual é retratado. O terceiro filme, Libertárias (Vicente Aranda, 1996) aborda a atuação das milícias anarquistas no front da Guerra Civil através da história da freira Maria e sua trajetória com um grupo de combatentes anarquistas, retratadas sob um ponto-de-vista coletivo, sem que um personagem assuma um protagonismo principal. A conclusão apresenta elementos comparativos das três películas e reflete sobre a relação Cinema-História e suas implicações na contemporaneidade. / This thesis presents a reflection on the relation between Cinema and History. The cinema had difficulty being accepted by historians as a source because of the characterization and qualification of this source, as well as their unwillingness to consider them. This paper discusses the relation between cinema and history and its ability of interaction. It ponders on the subject from the perspective of the historian's work and its historiographical doings. The discussion starts with the premise that the historian can not shut his eyes to the cinema, its challenges and different uses and abuses committed against history. To renounce debate and reflection implies on the loss of the social and political function that the historiographical doing carries, and we are inseparable from it. This thesis proposes the development of a filmhistory method of analysis, seeking to synthesize the reflections of different authors in the areas of History and Cinema. Our analysis is based on three films that address the context of the Spanish Civil War. The first movie is, ¡Ay, Carmela! (Carlos Saura, 1990), which focuses on the conflict through the dramas and desires of three stage actors and their struggle for survival. This film allows us to study the interrelations between art and war and between the humor in the characters’ actions and their plays against the horror of war and its traumas. The brigade and the presence of Italian fascists during the process of internationalization of the conflict are also highlighted by the film. The second film, Land and Freedom (Ken Loach, 1995), addresses the role of the militias and especially the political divisions that emerged within the Republican camp (or fascist) during the war. The film allows a discussion on the political debate within the left and the context in which it is portrayed. The third film, Freedomfighters (Vicente Aranda, 1996) discusses the role of the anarchist militias in the Civil War front through the story of the nun Maria and her journey with a group of anarchist fighters, depicted from a collective point of view without any character on a leading role. The conclusion presents comparative elements of the three films and reflects on the Cinema- History relation and its implications for contemporary society.

The diploma thesis focuses on the phenomenon of cult film, its theoretical definition, its history from the beginning to the present days, in world vide and Czech context. Another topic is the typology of cult films, selected cult directors. The other aim are fan activities, which are essential for the acquisition of the cult status of the film. The aim of this work is to reflect the phenomenon of cult film and to analyse selected Czech films in order to find out whether these films meet the cult film criteria according to the characteristics of selected theoreticians. The resulting analysis will confirm or will rebut my hypothesis and will show whether the use of the term cult film is accidental and has its backing in the Czech environment.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre a relação Cinema-História. O cinema encontrou dificuldades para ser aceito como fonte pelos historiadores, devido à caracterização e à qualificação desta fonte, bem como pelo seu despreparo para analisá-las. Este trabalho problematiza a relação cinema-história, suas possibilidades de interação e reflete sobre estas desde a perspectiva do trabalho do historiador e do seu fazer historiográfico. Parte-se da premissa de que o historiador não pode fechar os olhos para o cinema, seus desafios e os diferentes usos e abusos realizados com a história. Renunciar ao debate e à reflexão implica na perda da função social e política que o fazer historiográfico carrega e dele somos indissociável. Esta dissertação propõe a elaboração de um método de análise Históricocinematográfico, buscando sintetizar as reflexões de diferentes autores das áreas da História e do Cinema. Nossa análise toma como base três filmes que abordam o contexto da Guerra Civil Espanhola. O primeiro filme, ¡Ay, Carmela! (Carlos Saura, 1990), enfoca o conflito através dos dramas e desejos de três atores “mambembes” e sua luta pela sobrevivência. Esta película permite abordar as inter-relações entre arte e guerra e entre o humor presente na atuação dos personagens e nos seus números apresentados frente ao horror de uma guerra e seus traumas. Também são destacados no filme os brigadistas, a presença fascista italiana e o processo de internacionalização do conflito. O segundo filme, Terra e Liberdade (Ken Loach, 1995), aborda a participação e o papel das milícias e, principalmente, as divisões políticas que se formaram no interior do campo republicano (ou antifascista) durante a guerra. O filme permite uma discussão sobre o debate político no interior da esquerda e o contexto no qual é retratado. O terceiro filme, Libertárias (Vicente Aranda, 1996) aborda a atuação das milícias anarquistas no front da Guerra Civil através da história da freira Maria e sua trajetória com um grupo de combatentes anarquistas, retratadas sob um ponto-de-vista coletivo, sem que um personagem assuma um protagonismo principal. A conclusão apresenta elementos comparativos das três películas e reflete sobre a relação Cinema-História e suas implicações na contemporaneidade. / This thesis presents a reflection on the relation between Cinema and History. The cinema had difficulty being accepted by historians as a source because of the characterization and qualification of this source, as well as their unwillingness to consider them. This paper discusses the relation between cinema and history and its ability of interaction. It ponders on the subject from the perspective of the historian's work and its historiographical doings. The discussion starts with the premise that the historian can not shut his eyes to the cinema, its challenges and different uses and abuses committed against history. To renounce debate and reflection implies on the loss of the social and political function that the historiographical doing carries, and we are inseparable from it. This thesis proposes the development of a filmhistory method of analysis, seeking to synthesize the reflections of different authors in the areas of History and Cinema. Our analysis is based on three films that address the context of the Spanish Civil War. The first movie is, ¡Ay, Carmela! (Carlos Saura, 1990), which focuses on the conflict through the dramas and desires of three stage actors and their struggle for survival. This film allows us to study the interrelations between art and war and between the humor in the characters’ actions and their plays against the horror of war and its traumas. The brigade and the presence of Italian fascists during the process of internationalization of the conflict are also highlighted by the film. The second film, Land and Freedom (Ken Loach, 1995), addresses the role of the militias and especially the political divisions that emerged within the Republican camp (or fascist) during the war. The film allows a discussion on the political debate within the left and the context in which it is portrayed. The third film, Freedomfighters (Vicente Aranda, 1996) discusses the role of the anarchist militias in the Civil War front through the story of the nun Maria and her journey with a group of anarchist fighters, depicted from a collective point of view without any character on a leading role. The conclusion presents comparative elements of the three films and reflects on the Cinema- History relation and its implications for contemporary society.

Esta Tese discute questões da construção historiográfica da história do cinema. A história do cinema compôs um conjunto de obras que, normalmente, toma como ponto de partida obras cinematográficas, e não aspectos considerados extra texto, como a economia ou a recepção. Esse trabalho tenta, através do uso do conceito de modo de produção, unir em um aparato conceitual questões estéticas e econômicas. Para tanto, refaz uma parte do percurso historiográfico sobre o cinema brasileiro dos anos cinqüenta e tenta discutir fundamentalmente dois aspectos: o primeiro que o cinema pode ser entendido por meio do conceito de modo de produção; e o segundo reside na descrição de dois exemplos, em linhas gerais, de modos de produção que coexistem na mencionada década. Por fim, destaca que o conjunto de filmes da chanchada produzido na Atlântida pode ser caracterizado como um modo de produção que se opunha de várias maneiras ao recém surgido modo de produção, representado pelo filme Rio 40 Graus. / This thesis discusses the historiography of Film History. Film History has produced a set of material that, generally, takes as starting point the films themselves and do not consider extra text material, such as the economy and the reception of the film. This work attempts, through the concept of mode of production, bridge under a conceptual apparatus matching up aesthetic and economic matters. In doing so, the work critically looks at the fifties Brazilian Film History and makes basically two propositions: one is that Cinema may be understood through the conception of mode of production; the second consists of the description of two examples, in general terms, of modes of production coexistent in the decade. Finally, it highlights that the set of chanchada films, produced by Atlantida, may be characterized as a mode of production that is in many ways opposed to the more recent modes of production represented by the film Rio 40 Graus.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre a relação Cinema-História. O cinema encontrou dificuldades para ser aceito como fonte pelos historiadores, devido à caracterização e à qualificação desta fonte, bem como pelo seu despreparo para analisá-las. Este trabalho problematiza a relação cinema-história, suas possibilidades de interação e reflete sobre estas desde a perspectiva do trabalho do historiador e do seu fazer historiográfico. Parte-se da premissa de que o historiador não pode fechar os olhos para o cinema, seus desafios e os diferentes usos e abusos realizados com a história. Renunciar ao debate e à reflexão implica na perda da função social e política que o fazer historiográfico carrega e dele somos indissociável. Esta dissertação propõe a elaboração de um método de análise Históricocinematográfico, buscando sintetizar as reflexões de diferentes autores das áreas da História e do Cinema. Nossa análise toma como base três filmes que abordam o contexto da Guerra Civil Espanhola. O primeiro filme, ¡Ay, Carmela! (Carlos Saura, 1990), enfoca o conflito através dos dramas e desejos de três atores “mambembes” e sua luta pela sobrevivência. Esta película permite abordar as inter-relações entre arte e guerra e entre o humor presente na atuação dos personagens e nos seus números apresentados frente ao horror de uma guerra e seus traumas. Também são destacados no filme os brigadistas, a presença fascista italiana e o processo de internacionalização do conflito. O segundo filme, Terra e Liberdade (Ken Loach, 1995), aborda a participação e o papel das milícias e, principalmente, as divisões políticas que se formaram no interior do campo republicano (ou antifascista) durante a guerra. O filme permite uma discussão sobre o debate político no interior da esquerda e o contexto no qual é retratado. O terceiro filme, Libertárias (Vicente Aranda, 1996) aborda a atuação das milícias anarquistas no front da Guerra Civil através da história da freira Maria e sua trajetória com um grupo de combatentes anarquistas, retratadas sob um ponto-de-vista coletivo, sem que um personagem assuma um protagonismo principal. A conclusão apresenta elementos comparativos das três películas e reflete sobre a relação Cinema-História e suas implicações na contemporaneidade. / This thesis presents a reflection on the relation between Cinema and History. The cinema had difficulty being accepted by historians as a source because of the characterization and qualification of this source, as well as their unwillingness to consider them. This paper discusses the relation between cinema and history and its ability of interaction. It ponders on the subject from the perspective of the historian's work and its historiographical doings. The discussion starts with the premise that the historian can not shut his eyes to the cinema, its challenges and different uses and abuses committed against history. To renounce debate and reflection implies on the loss of the social and political function that the historiographical doing carries, and we are inseparable from it. This thesis proposes the development of a filmhistory method of analysis, seeking to synthesize the reflections of different authors in the areas of History and Cinema. Our analysis is based on three films that address the context of the Spanish Civil War. The first movie is, ¡Ay, Carmela! (Carlos Saura, 1990), which focuses on the conflict through the dramas and desires of three stage actors and their struggle for survival. This film allows us to study the interrelations between art and war and between the humor in the characters’ actions and their plays against the horror of war and its traumas. The brigade and the presence of Italian fascists during the process of internationalization of the conflict are also highlighted by the film. The second film, Land and Freedom (Ken Loach, 1995), addresses the role of the militias and especially the political divisions that emerged within the Republican camp (or fascist) during the war. The film allows a discussion on the political debate within the left and the context in which it is portrayed. The third film, Freedomfighters (Vicente Aranda, 1996) discusses the role of the anarchist militias in the Civil War front through the story of the nun Maria and her journey with a group of anarchist fighters, depicted from a collective point of view without any character on a leading role. The conclusion presents comparative elements of the three films and reflects on the Cinema- History relation and its implications for contemporary society.

Longtemps ignorée voire niée du fait de ses films jugés peu sérieux et de piètre qualité, l’industrie du cinéma indien basée à Mumbai est pourtant l’une des plus importantes et puissante au monde. Bollywood est à l’origine de classiques du cinéma à davantage considérer dans nos sociétés européennes et nord-américaines, et même en Inde. La vision occidentale de Bollywood, de par les productions en série de l’industrie cinématographique mumbaïte et de ses codes culturels spécifiques, est empreinte de stéréotypes. « Colorés », « kitsch », « acidulés », le cinéma indien pâtit de son image et peine à trouver l’audience qu’il mérite. Pour autant, les regards extérieurs au monde indien évoluent au miroir des mutations de la vision indienne portée sur l’Occident. Bollywood attire de plus en plus l’attention, ce qui explique une multiplication de définitions, d’articles, de sites Internet, de reportages consacrés notamment au star system mais peu d’intérêt a été accordé à l’envers du décor : Bollywood demeure une « usine à rêve » (H. Powdermaker). Les années 1930, avec l’arrivée d’une nouvelle innovation, le parlant, représentent une étape extrêmement importante dans l’histoire des cinémas indiens et du cinéma hindi en particulier. Le cas de la compagnie Prabhat (1929-1953), à la tête d’un des studios indiens les plus modernes de la période, semble pertinent à analyser pour comprendre l’émergence de ce système industriel, de l’intérieur. Du fait d'un parcours original de la compagnie de Kolhapur à Poona et de ses étroites relations avec Bombay, l'analyse de ce studio innovant permet véritablement de comprendre ses choix industriels, entre régionalisme, nationalisme et mondialisation. Ainsi, au regard de ce studio, il serait possible de saisir les multiples facettes du système Bollywood émergent alors. En effet, l'équipe de la Prabhat a pu produire au sein d'une "atmosphère industrieuse", des films de qualité en langues marathi et hindi, contribuant à l'essor de l'industrie du cinéma de Bombay, territoire de diffusion privilégié de la compagnie. Cette recherche consacrée à une industrie qui semble prendre dernièrement une envergure mondiale souligne qu'elle a pu connaitre des premières heures de gloire sur l’échiquier cinématographique international dans ces années 1930-1940, fresque historique qui semble se perdre aujourd'hui dans les mémoires du studio. / For a long time ignored even denied because of its movies considered less serious and mediocre, the industry of Indian cinema based in Mumbai is nevertheless one of the most important and powerful in the world. Bollywood produced several classic films that should be more considered in our societies in particular in Europe and North America but also in India itself. However, views outside India are evolving in the mirror of new Indian visions of West. Bollywood is being more attractive which explains an increase of articles, web sites, documentaries, especially on the star system, but less attention was paid to the industry and its history. The 1930's constitutes an important step in Bombay film history as Brian Shoesmith demonstrated. With the arrival of a new innovation, talkies, this decade represents a keystone in Indian cinemas' s history and Hindi cinema's in particular. The case of the Prabhat company (1929-1953), one of the leading studios in the 1930s, is in this connection extremely interesting to analyze in order to understand the emergence of this industrial system, from within. Due to its history from Kolhapur to Poona and its narrow relations with Bombay, the analysis of this company producing quality films in Marathi and Hindi contributed to the development of the cinematographic industry in Bombay. Moreover, it allows us to understand its industrial choices, between regionalism, nationalism and globalization. Thanks to Prabhat example, we are able to seize the multiple facets of this emergent Bollywood system and its territories. Although this industry seems to become renowned nowadays, Hindi films were already present at an international scale since the 1930s-1940s. Nowadays, this history seems to be lost in the memories of the studio.

Cette thèse se présente comme une histoire et une analyse de l’émergence de la critique francophone de cinéma à Montréal, entre 1920 et 1931. Elle cherche à comprendre comment se forme le champ de la critique cinématographique au Québec, ainsi qu’à exposer la polysémie du discours à l’intérieur duquel sont formulés ses énoncés. La méthodologie emprunte à la théorie des champs de Pierre Bourdieu, aux principaux historiens de la critique de film, et aux études sur l’histoire culturelle du Québec. L’hypothèse initiale est qu’étant apparue dans les journaux de masse, dans les années 1920, plutôt que dans les revues spécialisées (comme ce fut le cas notamment en France et aux États-Unis), la critique cinématographique québécoise est développée par des journalistes culturels venus d’autres disciplines (principalement de la musique et du théâtre) et qui s’adressent davantage à un public populaire large et varié qu’à un auditoire restreint de cinéphiles. Cette situation particulière favorise ainsi l’émergence d’une critique vernaculaire qui navigue en sortant des étroits paramètres imposés par le clérico-nationalisme, mais dont la liberté est balisée par une presse privée répondant aux lois du marché. Elle doit également osciller entre un intérêt marqué des journalistes pour la culture française, et une presqu’hégémonie du cinéma étatsunien dont la majorité des œuvres visent bien davantage le divertissement populaire que la recherche narrative, artistique ou esthétique. De plus, puisque la production cinématographique canadienne est alors plutôt marginale, les journalistes culturels ne peuvent avoir véritablement d’incidence sur la nature des œuvres presque toutes réalisées aux États-Unis ou en Europe. Ils peuvent toutefois avoir un impact sur les spectateurs et spectatrices, ainsi que sur plusieurs enjeux liés à la diffusion. Ces journalistes développent tout de même une réflexion pertinente sur le cinéma et sur les films, tout en gardant une distance par rapport aux polémiques qui animent la critique étrangère, qu’ils connaissent et lisent pourtant. Il en résulte un discours sur le cinéma propre à cette époque, et révélateur de la situation spécifique du Québec. / This PhD dissertation is a history and an analysis of the francophone film criticism genesis in Montreal, between 1920 and 1931. It aims to understand how the field of film criticism is formed in Quebec, as well as to expose the polysemy of its discourse. The methodology chosen borrows from the Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of fields, from the leading historians of film criticism, and from studies on Quebec’s cultural history. The initial hypothesis is that since it was first published in mass newspapers in the 1920s instead of specialized journals (as it was the case in France and the United States as examples), the Quebec film criticism was developed by cultural journalists from other disciplines than cinema (mainly music and theatre) and was intended to a broad and diverse popular audience rather than to a small audience of cinephiles. This situation has favoured the emergence of a vernacular film criticism that takes its distance from the narrow parameters imposed by the “clerico-nationalism”, and whose freedom is limited by a press dealing with the market laws. It must also waver between the interest of the journalists for French culture and the American cinema hegemony whose movies aimed to be much more popular entertainment instead of being narrative, artistic or aesthetic experimentations. Moreover, since Canadian film production is rather marginal, local cultural journalists cannot really have an impact on the nature of the films mainly produced in the United States or in Europe. However, they can have an impact on viewers, as well as on several issues related to broadcasting. These journalists, nevertheless, developed a relevant reflection on cinema and films, while keeping a distance from the main controversies that were driving foreign criticism, although they know and read them. The result was a discourse on cinema peculiar to that time and revealing the specific situation of Quebec.