Η εργασία χωρίζεται σε τέσσερα κεφάλαια. Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο είναι η εισαγωγή και κάποιες πληροφορίες για τις εταιρείες των οποίων θα κάνουμε την ανάλυση των οικονομικών καταστάσεων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται η μεθοδολογία που ακολουθήθηκε που για την εκπόνηση της εργασίας. Δηλαδή ο τρόπος που έγινε η δουλειά. Ακόμη γίνεται αναφορά στους αριθμοδείκτες που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται η ανάλυση των οικονομικών καταστάσεων και, προφανώς, η εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων βάσει των αποτελεσμάτων των αριθμοδεικτών. Τέλος, κάνουμε μία συνολική σύγκριση των υπό μελέτη εταιρειών, σύμφωνα με τα δεδομένα του τρίτου κεφαλαίου, βγάζοντας ένα γενικό συμπέρασμα. / --

This thesis deals with accounting-based equity valuation models. The first study contrasts the performance of three commonly used valuation models, using a large sample of analysts’ forecasts of the elements valued by these models (free cash flow, dividends and abnormal earnings/residual income). The second study investigates empirically whether discount rate estimation is a first-order effect in equity valuation. The third and fourth studies focus on developing routines for implementation of multi-period valuation models, including the critical issue of terminal value estimation. The thesis shows how model choice is a critical issue, given standard implementation of the valuation models (Study 1); how standard models for discount rate estimation are of little or no use practically (Study 2); how one can implement a multi-period valuation framework such that everything is internally consistent, and how this leads to several desirable features, such as model equivalency (Studies 3 and 4). The thesis is valuable to readers interested in accounting-based equity valuation who wish to understand, to distinguish among, and to appropriately implement valuation techniques. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

The nature of range ¡§ automobile ¡§ has high technology and traditional science both together. It expands living habit and areas for the human beings but also lead hazard and risky on environment and safety. What is the value of competition about the automobile? What are the cons and pros on traditional manufactures with United States, Japan and Germany? Any structure change from then until now? The subject essay is based upon the automobile research report, which was issued on 1990 by MIT, analysis of GM with The United States, Toyota with Japan and Volkswagen with the Germany 1991-2005 financial statements and volume production strategy to continue the analysis. The automobile manufactures were following the model of productions TPS after MIT research report was announced. The above companies were not being able to follow and copy the model very successfully. Because that past successful enterprise cultural was difficult to abandon and among different countries cultural background and basis were total different and individual. They could only practice the fur of Japanese Toyota. For example, GM was combined with Toyota to build up factory as issue; looks like GM have had good flow and function on inventory turn over percentage and cost of sales volume. After operation factors were getting worse even turn their inefficiency out to the fact. The traditional craftsman¡¦s art with Germany were become the sign of obstacle to the TPS.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse financial health of the company Gumárny Zubří, a. s., using the financial statements covering the period from 2007 to 2011. In the theoretical part the process of financial statement analysis is introduced including its importance, goals, users, sources and methods. In the practical part after presenting the company the methods are applied on it. The most important findings are summed up in the closing part of the thesis.

This research project investigated the effectiveness of the Piotroski screen to select financially sound stocks from the upper quintile of high book-to-market value (growth) stocks on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The period chosen for this study was all the years since the publication of the Piotroski screen in 2000 until the most recent financial year, 2011.Although no conclusive evidence was found that the mean returns from the portfolio of financially strong firms that were selected by means of the Piotroski screen were significantly better than the portfolio of value stocks, it was strongly suspected that the small group of firms that were signified as financially the strongest by the Piotroski screen had a decreased probability of containing firms with negative one year buy-and-hold returns compared to the other portfolios. Although the outcome was inconclusive due to small sample sizes, it was also strongly suspected that the one year buy-and-hold strategy yielded returns that were in the order of almost four times better than the five year buy-and-hold strategy.It was recommended that, in order to minimise suboptimal investor behaviour caused by psychological biases on the JSE, investors should adopt a mechanical investment method based on objective financial statement analysis, using the Piotroski screen to select financially strong firms from the pool of value firms. It was further recommended that an annual portfolio balancing strategy should be used. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

The problem concerned the financial indicators used to evaluate the financial condition of the six sister higher education institutions under the authority of the Board of Regents of Oklahoma Colleges. The purposes were to determine the financial ratios that best indicate financial condition; to calculate those financial ratios for the six designated Oklahoma higher education institutions; and to evaluate and compare the financial condition of the six institutions. This study attempted to further the use of financial ratio analysis as an objective addition to subjective studies that examine an institution's definition of its mission, objectives, and goals and its own assessment of the degree to which its resources allow it to attain those goals. The data were obtained from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; the financial reports were audited by independent certified public accountants and presented to the Board of Regents of Oklahoma Colleges; and John Minter Associates, Inc., provided the national norms. The set of financial ratios identified provides a means to study a single higher education institution through trend analysis and in comparison to national norms. It also works well with a sample of homogeneous institutions with interinstitutional comparison. The techniques are intended to provide a general profile of an institution’s financial health. Cause-and-effect ratio analysis has been proposed as another technique to aid administrators in determining changes in their financial statements and what may have caused them. The study identified a set of financial ratios that summarize the financial condition of a higher education institution. The ratios helped to analyze the financial solvency and viability of the six Oklahoma higher education institutions and focused on the ability of the institutions to meet current and future financial requirements. The importance of financial statement analysis should not be underestimated. The understandable format of financial ratios allows virtually any stakeholder to acquire a basic comprehension of the most critical financial policies of institutions and their financial condition.

水泥產業為內需型之區域產業，且高耗能、高資金及高污染，礦源蘊藏及開採權，受總體經濟環境榮枯影響深切等特性，其製造地與銷售地，基於成本及政策等因素考量，無法像有些產業只需幾個生產基地，行銷地就可佈及較廣。故水泥業的資產週轉效率、成本控制能力及業務對市場行銷及開發的能力就很重要。 本研究應用Penman(2009)所提之財務報表分析與證券評價架構，用普通股權益報酬率(return on commom shareholders’ equity，ROCE)及以應計基礎下之財務資訊，來分析台灣水泥業的龍頭廠商-A公司與B公司，2004年至2008年財務報表品質及獲利能力，並計算其企業價值。同時對其所處之產業發展及現況亦作分析與了解，期對個案公司提出建議。

Kooperativa pojišťovna, a.s., Vienna Insurance Group is the second largest insurance company in conditions of the Czech insurance market. Kooperativa is an universal insurance company, which offers insurance products and services to individuals and companies. The main aim of the diploma thesis is to define a position of Kooperativa commercial insurance company in the Czech insurance market. In order to reach the object of the thesis is necessary to respect for insurance's characteristics, specifics and main competitors. The first part of the thesis is focused on basic information about company and insurance products. The second part is dedicated to company's economy, which includes analysis of premium written, financial statement and ratios of financial analysis.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal avaliar a capacidade de explicação das variações dos retornos das ações de empresas que negociam seus títulos em bolsas de valores de mercados emergentes. Esta tarefa foi conduzida a partir de indicadores com o seu cálculo baseado em valores advindos das demonstrações contábeis, tais: como price-to-book, accruals, investimento, tamanho, lucro bruto e crescimento de vendas. Em adição, busca-se avaliar se o ambiente econômico e institucional afeta essa relação em países emergentes. Para isso investigaram-se empresas de capital aberto de 20 países classificados como emergentes, com base no índice elaborado pela agência Standard&Poors. Por essa via, as demonstrações contábeis das firmas nativas dessas economias foram utilizadas como insumo, restringindo-se aquelas de capital aberto que estavam disponíveis na base de dados da Capital IQ. Em paralelo, foram selecionadas informações macroeconômicas organizadas pelo International Country Risk Guide. A amostra abrangeu dados de 2004 a 2013, com a exclusão de dados faltantes (missings), variáveis consideradas outliers e daquelas empresas que apresentaram patrimônio líquido a descoberto. Os resultados demonstraram que a variável lucro bruto e price-to-book foi positivamente correlacionadas com os retornos. De outro lado, as variáveis investimento e tamanho foram estatisticamente significativas e negativamente correlacionadas com a variável retorno. As variáveis apresentaram sinais condizentes com a literatura, com exceção a variável price-to-book e a variável mudança de ativos. A análise fatorial gerou quatro fatores, para controlar as condições macroeconômicas que poderiam afetar o preço das ações no período analisado. Por essa via, mesmo após a inclusão dos fatores, as variáveis analisadas permaneceram estatisticamente significativas e com o sinal esperado. A inclusão de variáveis relacionadas ao ambiente informacional da contabilidade ofereceu indícios de que quanto mais opaco o ambiente da contabilidade no país, menor a capacidade dos lucros em retratar as variações dos retornos das ações. Em outra linha, a origem legal do país exibiu influência significativa sobre a variável dependente. Ainda, os resultados sugerem que a transição para normas internacionais ampliou a relevância da informação contábil / The thesis aim was to assess how variables calculated from financial statements affect stock return (such as Price-to-Book, Accruals, Investments, Size, Gross Profit, and Sales Changes). The research also investigates whether firms\' economic and institutional environments affect this relationship in emerging countries. We have investigated listed companies in 20 markets that are classified as emerging in Standard & Poor\'s index. Financial statement data were collected from the Capital IQ database. We also have collected macroeconomic information from the International Country Risk Guide. The sample comprised data from 2004 to 2013. Firms with missing data, outliers, and those with negative equity were excluded. The results showed that the variables Gross Profit and Price-to-Book were positively correlated with stock returns. On the other hand, Investment and Size were statistically significant and negatively correlated to returns. All variables reached the expected sign except Price-to-Book. Further research is needed to understand this result and determine if this signal is systematically achieved. We used principal component analysis to estimate macroeconomic risk and to address problems related to excess variables and multicollinearity. Four main factors were reached in principal component analysis to control the macroeconomic conditions that could affect stock prices during the period. In this way, even after the inclusion of factors, variables calculated from financial statements remained statistically significant and with expected signs. After analyzing variables related to the country\'s information environment it was sugested that the more opaque the accounting environment in the country, the lower the ability of earnings to portray variations in stock returns. The legal origin of the country also significantly influenced the results: Countries that follow laws originating from the French code has the weakest explanatory power. This finding supports the argument of La Porta et al. (1998, 1997) that such countries has the weakest legal protection and enforcement, compared with the German code or common law. The results also suggest that the relation between the adoption of international accounting standards and the ability of accounting information to portray variations in stock returns.

Este trabalho investiga a utilidade e as limitações de estratégias de investimento em ações baseadas na análise de demonstrações contábeis. Inicialmente a avaliação é realizada para o conjunto total de empresas listadas na Bovespa. Na seqüência, restringe-se a investigação para os subconjuntos de empresas com alto índice PL/P (proxy de risco) ou/e com baixo BCGI (proxy de governança). De acordo com evidências apresentadas na literatura de contabilidade e finanças conjectura-se que estes grupos possuem características para que as estratégias de investimento baseadas na análise de demonstrações contábeis sejam mais úteis para a discriminação de boas e más oportunidades de investimento. As evidências encontradas apontam para uma maior utilidade da análise de balanços para a seleção de uma carteira de investimento em ações no grupo de empresas com alto PL/P e/ou baixo BCGI. Adicionalmente, incorporam-se nas análises econométricas os fatores de risco que poderiam ter relação com os resultados encontrados. Demonstra-se que a implementação da estratégia é mais realista (em termos de volume financeiro negociado das ações) para o grupo de empresas com baixo BCGI. Entretanto, há uma redução dos retornos obtidos com essa estratégia - selecionar empresas fortes financeiramente dentro do grupo de empresas com baixo BCGI - em relação à estratégia de seleção de empresas com alto PL/P e com bons indicadores financeiros. Esse resultado é consistente com a relação teórica negativa esperada entre liquidez e retorno e contribuí com a literatura para a explicação da obtenção de retornos anormais com estratégias de investimento baseadas na utilização de análise de demonstrações contábeis. / This thesis investigates the usefulness and limitations of investment strategies based on financial statement analysis. Initially I assess the usefulness of the strategy for the full sample of Brazilian public-held firms. An additional analysis considers the partition of high book-to-market (HBM) or/and poor corporate governance (CG) firms. Capital markets research in accounting and finance show evidences that permit one to posit that firms within these groups (HBM and/or poor CG) present specific features that should enhance the usefulness of financial statement analysis as an investment tool. I find evidences that the analyzed strategies significantly differentiate between winners and losers for both groups (HBM and poor CG) but not for the full sample of firms. These results confirm and expand Piotroski\'s (2000) evidences. Further I consider the possible omitted risk-factors that could explain the results obtained. I show that the practical implementation of the strategy is more realistic (regarding stock\'s trading volume) if applied for firms with poor corporate governance arrangements when compared to the HBM ones. However, the strategy returns are lower when applied to the subset of poor corporate governance firms. This evidence is consistent with the negative expected relation between liquidity and returns (Bekaert et al, 2006) and contributes to previous research (Piotroski, 2000; Mohanran, 2005) on abnormal returns obtained with financial statements analysis.