Dinamiškas tarptautinių finansų rinkų pobūdis įtakojo tai, jog imta plačiai naudoti įvairiausias finansines priemones: nuo paprastų tradicinių priemonių, tokių kaip obligacijos, iki įvairiausių formų išvestinių priemonių, tokių kaip palūkanų normų apsikeitimo sandoriai. Tiek viešojo tiek privataus sektoriaus ūkio subjektai savo veikloje naudoja įvairiausias finansines priemones, pradedant paprasčiausiomis, tokiomis kaip mokėtinos ir gautinos sumos, ir baigiant sudėtingesnėmis priemonėmis- valiutų apsikeitimo sandoriai, kuriais apsidraudžiami įsipareigojimai užsienio valiuta. Finansinių instrumentų naujovės padėjo efektyviau paskirstyti riziką tarp skolininkų ir investuotojų. Tačiau kai kurie finansiniai instrumentai gali būti susiję su sandoriais, kurie daro įtakos bendrovės atskaitomybei ir ji nebeparodo tikrosios bendrovės finansinės padėties. Taigi iškyla problema- kaip tinkamai atskleisti ir pateikti finansinius instrumentus, siekiant informuoti suinteresuotus asmenis dėl tikros bendrovės ekonominės būklės. Ženklus finansinių priemonių naudojimo augimas paskatino užsienio autorius nagrinėti finansinių instrumentų atskleidimą ir pateikimą, kai tuo tarpu Lietuvoje dar tik pradedama taikyti finansinių instrumentų pateikimo praktika. TASV išleido standartus, kaip turi būti pateikiamos finansinės priemonės, tačiau bendrovėms visgi iškyla problema: koks yra išvestinių priemonių poveikis įmonių veiklai ir kaip tam tikri išvestiniai instrumentai susiję su tam tikra rizika. Tyrimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The dynamic nature of international financial markets led the wide-ranging using of full range of financial instruments, from simple traditional instruments such as bonds, to various forms of derivatives such as interest rate swaps. Such public and such private sector entities in their activities using a wide range of financial instruments, beginning such as payables and receivables, and ending with complex instruments, foreign exchange transactions in which hedged foreign currency liabilities. Financial instruments innovation contributed more efficient allocation of risk between borrowers and investors. However, some financial instruments may involve transactions that affect the company's accounts and it don’t show the true financial position. This raises the problem-how to detect and provide the financial instruments in order to inform stakeholders of a company's economic condition. Significant financial instrument using growth led foreign authors encouraged the financial instruments disclosure and presentation, while in Lithuania is just the beginning of financial instruments practice. The IASB has released standards for financial instruments disclosure, but companies still poses problems: what is the derivatives influence to the businesses and how some certain derivatives are associated with some risk. The object of research - the financial instruments accounting. The aim – to disclose the presentation of financial instruments, which reflect the true and fair the... [to full text]

Topic of the master thesis is the Financial Instruments in Bank Accounting. The master thesis looks at bookkeeping and accounting of financial instruments in international financial reporting standards context. The main reporting standards which are discussed in the paper are: IAS 32, IAS 39, IFRS 7 and IFRS 9. In the first part, the reporting standards impact on banks as commercial subjects, legislation of bank operations, financial instruments and accounting in both a national and international context are presented. The focus of master thesis is examined in the second and third sections where financial instruments are discussed in detail and their characteristics, initial recognition, subsequent measurement and accounting are also examined. The next topic is the issue of the reclassification of financial instruments and their impairment is discussed. The forth part of the thesis examines IFRS 7. The standard has claims on the disclosure of financial instruments in both the statement of financial position and statement of comprehensive income. IFRS 7 also has claims on related areas including disclosure of credit, liquidity and market risk. The last part deals with news in the examined area where the main focus is IFRS 9.

The legal framework of investment services provision This thesis deals with the issue of legal framework of investment services provision. The aim of the thesis is to theoretically define and analyse the issue of selected investment services and rules governing their provision. The first two chapters of the thesis are devoted to general theoretical issues related to the topic, among others to the reasons of regulation of investment services provision and impact of the EU law on the present topic. The third chapter deals with the characteristics and structuring of investment services. The chapter four characterises the investment services and activities and analyses the investment service reception and transmission of orders in relation to financial instruments. The chapter five is devoted to investment advice. The chapter six analyses the legal instruments of protection of the client as an investment services addressee. Finally, the draft of measures designed to increase the level of client protection is proposed. Within the whole thesis, the author presents his interpretation of the disputable questions of the present topic.

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga de värderingsmetoder som används för att fastställa verkligt värde på finansiella instrument och också granska hur dessa metoder redovisas. Därtill syftar uppsatsen till att diskutera problematiken för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde. Detta görs i två delar, utifrån standardsättarnas perspektiv och de finansiella institutens. Därefter utreds förbättringar inom konceptet som baseras på de två tidigare delarna.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Uppsatsens undersökning utfördes via en fallstudie som baserades på kvalitativ data. Data inhämtade från två separata områden, tre redovisningsstandarder (SFAS 157, IAS 39 och IFRS 7) och årsredovisningar från 2007, hämtade från de tio största finansiella instituten (baserat på balansomslutning) ifrån USA respektive Europa.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats: </strong>Undersökningen visade att rekommendationerna kring vilka värderingsmetoder som ska tillämpas är likvärdiga från de båda standardsättarna; prisnoteringar och värderingsmodeller, men inte toleransen kring värderingsmodeller, där FASB är mer tillmötesgående än vad IASB är. Vidare demonstrerar alla finansiella institut en relativt bra konsensus för hur verkligt värde implementeras jämfört med rekommendationerna. Emellertid finns det tydliga skillnader i de underliggande teknikerna för de två huvudmetoderna, framförallt med värderingsunderlaget (vilka inputs som nyttjas) när simuleringar används och i vilken omfattning dessa redovisas. Följaktligen mynnar ovannämnda resultat ut i att det finns utrymmen för förbättringar för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde, eftersom bolagens implementering inte är i linje med ramverkens syfte med finansiella rapporter.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Förslag till fortsattforskning:</strong> En undersökning bör göras om hur värderingsmodeller kan erhålla en lämplig trovärdighet inom redovisningen</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag: </strong>Uppsatsen bidrar till att öka förståelsen för verkligt värde som värderingskoncept och dess metoder för att värdera finansiella instruments samt problematiken med det. Dessutom har förståelse etablerats för vilka försvårande omständigheter nya instrument medför när de ska värderas till verkligt värde.</p>

Due to the apparent global economic conditions, at the end of 2008, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued amendments to IAS 39 Financial instruments: recognition and measurement and IFRS 7 Financial instruments: disclosures in October and November, 2008. The amendments allow banks to reclassify their non-derivative financial instruments in rare circumstances. This thesis investigates whether banks in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) reclassify financial instruments, in their financial statements of 2008 and 2009. The result of the study shows that 47% of the sample Nordic banks reclassified financial instruments in 2008 and 12% in 2009. All banks increased their net profit as a result of reclassifying financial instruments in 2008. The return on equity (ROE) increased significantly compared to whether the banks would not had reclassified their financial instruments. Tendencies found among the sample Nordic banks are that larger and less profitable banks used the possibility to reclassify financial instruments to a greater extent. Because none of the banks made losses on their choice to reclassify in 2008, the conclusion is that the opportunity given due to the amendments are mostly used by the banks to enhance the net income and the key ratio ROE. This shows that management decisions are short-term. This also indicates that the amendments may be misused by management to enhance current profit for their own benefit. The thesis also concludes that the departure from fair-value as the valuation method for financial instruments, due to recent massive critic, is unlikely.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga de värderingsmetoder som används för att fastställa verkligt värde på finansiella instrument och också granska hur dessa metoder redovisas. Därtill syftar uppsatsen till att diskutera problematiken för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde. Detta görs i två delar, utifrån standardsättarnas perspektiv och de finansiella institutens. Därefter utreds förbättringar inom konceptet som baseras på de två tidigare delarna.   Metod: Uppsatsens undersökning utfördes via en fallstudie som baserades på kvalitativ data. Data inhämtade från två separata områden, tre redovisningsstandarder (SFAS 157, IAS 39 och IFRS 7) och årsredovisningar från 2007, hämtade från de tio största finansiella instituten (baserat på balansomslutning) ifrån USA respektive Europa.   Resultat &amp; slutsats: Undersökningen visade att rekommendationerna kring vilka värderingsmetoder som ska tillämpas är likvärdiga från de båda standardsättarna; prisnoteringar och värderingsmodeller, men inte toleransen kring värderingsmodeller, där FASB är mer tillmötesgående än vad IASB är. Vidare demonstrerar alla finansiella institut en relativt bra konsensus för hur verkligt värde implementeras jämfört med rekommendationerna. Emellertid finns det tydliga skillnader i de underliggande teknikerna för de två huvudmetoderna, framförallt med värderingsunderlaget (vilka inputs som nyttjas) när simuleringar används och i vilken omfattning dessa redovisas. Följaktligen mynnar ovannämnda resultat ut i att det finns utrymmen för förbättringar för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde, eftersom bolagens implementering inte är i linje med ramverkens syfte med finansiella rapporter.   Förslag till fortsattforskning: En undersökning bör göras om hur värderingsmodeller kan erhålla en lämplig trovärdighet inom redovisningen   Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen bidrar till att öka förståelsen för verkligt värde som värderingskoncept och dess metoder för att värdera finansiella instruments samt problematiken med det. Dessutom har förståelse etablerats för vilka försvårande omständigheter nya instrument medför när de ska värderas till verkligt värde.

<p>Due to the apparent global economic conditions, at the end of 2008, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued amendments to IAS 39 <em>Financial instruments: recognition and measurement </em>and IFRS 7 <em>Financial instruments: disclosures</em> in October and November, 2008. The amendments allow banks to reclassify their non-derivative financial instruments in rare circumstances. This thesis investigates whether banks in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) reclassify financial instruments, in their financial statements of 2008 and 2009.</p><p>The result of the study shows that 47% of the sample Nordic banks reclassified financial instruments in 2008 and 12% in 2009. All banks increased their net profit as a result of reclassifying financial instruments in 2008. The return on equity (ROE) increased significantly compared to whether the banks would not had reclassified their financial instruments. Tendencies found among the sample Nordic banks are that larger and less profitable banks used the possibility to reclassify financial instruments to a greater extent. Because none of the banks made losses on their choice to reclassify in 2008, the conclusion is that the opportunity given due to the amendments are mostly used by the banks to enhance the net income and the key ratio ROE. This shows that management decisions are short-term. This also indicates that the amendments may be misused by management to enhance current profit for their own benefit. The thesis also concludes that the departure from fair-value as the valuation method for financial instruments, due to recent massive critic, is unlikely.</p>

Efter den globala finanskrisen år 2008 riktades en stor kritik mot standarden IAS 39 Finansiella instrument: Redovisning och värdering. Denna kritik grundade sig i att standarden var allt för komplicerad. Detta påpekades redan vid dess publicering år 1999. Som svar på denna kritik började IASB att ta fram en ny standard, IFRS 9 Finansiella Instrument, som blev obligatorisk att tillämpa från och med 1 januari år 2018. Vid tillämpning av IFRS 9 kommer företag ges bättre förutsättningar för att utforma en redovisning som tillhandahåller en mer rättvisande bild av hur risker med finansiella instrument hanteras. Motsvarande standard i K3 finns i regelverkets kapitel 11 respektive kapitel 12. Vid tillämpning av kapitel 11 redovisas tillgångar enligt anskaffningsvärdet och vid tillämpning av kapitel 12 används verkligt värde. Vilket kapitel som ska följas är upp till användarna av regelverket. K3 bygger i grunden på ”IFRS for SMEs”. Onoterade svenska moderbolag har möjlighet att välja om de vill tillämpa K3 eller IFRS. Detta val har på senare år blivit ett strategiskt val för bolagen. Denna uppsats är en kvalitativ studie som bygger på en abduktiv ansats. I studien presenteras en komparativ analys som med hjälp av typfall utreder skillnader som kan uppkomma om svenska onoterade moderbolag väljer att frivilligt tillämpa IFRS eller tillämpar K3. Skillnaderna mellan de olika standarderna som undersöks är begränsade till klassificering, värdering och nedskrivning. Typfallen är konstruerade för att tydligt visa de skillnader som uppstår i redovisningen av just dessa områden och hur de påverkar moderbolagens finansiella ställning ur ett intressentperspektiv. I denna studie har en avgränsning gjorts att endast behandla de primära intressenterna, aktieägare och långivare. I analysen belyses de mest väsentliga skillnader som uppstår vid redovisningen och som påverkar moderbolagens finansiella ställning. De skillnader som framkommit i typfallen har analyserats utifrån de valda intressenternas perspektiv. Detta för att se vilken tillämpning som är mest fördelaktig. Både aktieägare och långivare efterfrågar sådan information som kan påverka deras beslutsfattande. I analysen granskas också hur väl de båda regelverken tillämpar sina kvalitativa egenskaper. Syftet med studien är att visa hur ett svenskt onoterat aktiebolags val av regelverk påverkar redovisningen av deras finansiella tillgångar. Genom att belysa de mest väsentliga skillnaderna mellan IFRS 9 och K3s kapitel 11 syftar studien vidare på att tillföra kunskap om de distinktioner som förekommer mellan regelverken. Denna kunskap kommer i sin tur att visa hur valet av regelverk påverkar den finansiella informationen utifrån ett intressentperspektiv. Resultatet av studien utmynnar i att det förekommer skillnader mellan regelverken gällande redovisning av finansiella tillgångar. De främsta skillnaderna uppstår vid de olika regelverkens grad av försiktighet, speciellt avseende nedskrivning. Slutsatsen är att finansiella tillgångar redovisade i enlighet med IFRS 9 beskriver den ekonomiska verkligheten bättre ur ett intressentperspektiv. På så vis kan aktieägare och långivare få bättre underlag för ekonomiska beslut. / Following the global financial crisis in 2008, a major criticism was made of the standard IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. This criticism was based on the fact that the standard was all too complicated. This was already pointed out at the time of its publication in 1999. In response to this criticism, the IASB began to produce a new standard, IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, which became mandatory from January 1, 2018. When applying IFRS 9, companies will be given better prerequisites for to design an account that provides a more accurate picture of how risks with financial instruments are managed. Corresponding standards in K3 are contained in chapter 11 and chapter 12 of the regulation. For the application of Chapter 11, assets are reported at purchase value and, in applying Chapter 12, fair value is used. Which chapter to be followed is up to the users of the regulation. K3 is basically based on "IFRS for SMEs". Unlisted Swedish parent companies have the option to choose whether to apply K3 or IFRS. In recent years, this choice has become a strategic choice for the companies. This essay is a qualitative study based on an abductive approach. The study presents a comparative analysis that, by typing, investigates differences that may occur if Swedish unlisted parent companies choose to voluntarily apply IFRS or apply K3. The differences between the different standards examined are limited to classification, valuation and impairment. Types are designed to clearly show the differences that arise in the accounting of these areas and how they affect the parent company's financial position from a stakeholder perspective. In this study, a delimitation has been made to treat only primary stakeholders, shareholders and lenders. The analysis highlights the most significant differences that arise in the accounts and affect the parent company's financial position. The differences found in the cases have been analyzed from the perspective of the primary stakeholders. This to see which application is most beneficial. Both shareholders and lenders demand information that may affect their decision making. The analysis also examines how well the two regulations apply their qualitative properties. The purpose of the study is to show how a Swedish unlisted company's choice of regulatory framework affects the accounting of their financial assets. By highlighting the most significant differences between Chapter 11 of K3 and IFRS 9, the study aims at providing knowledge about III the distinctions that occur between the regulations. This knowledge, in turn, will show how the choice of regulatory framework affects financial information from an interest perspective. The result of the study suggests that there are differences between the rules governing accounting for financial assets. The main differences arise from the degree of caution of the various regulations, especially regarding impairment. The conclusion is that financial assets reported in accordance with IFRS 9 describes the economic reality better from a stakeholder perspective. In this way, shareholders and lenders can get better basis for financial decisions. This paper is written in Swedish.

Instrumentos financeiros híbridos e/ou compostos têm sido tema constante em matéria de regulação contábil. A literatura positiva apresenta uma hipótese que ajuda a compreender o porquê de algumas firmas recorrerem a ditos instrumentos para captar recursos: nível de endividamento no limite de quebra de covenants contratuais. No Brasil, firmas com registro na CVM, que se utilizaram desses instrumentos, classificando-os no patrimônio líquido, tiveram suas ITRs e/ou DFs reapresentadas e/ou republicadas por determinação da CVM. O ponto crítico de toda a discussão reside na distinção entre um item de passivo e um item de patrimônio líquido. Esse tema está disciplinado na IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) e presente no Discussion Paper - A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting, emitido pelo IASB em julho de 2013, que apresenta duas abordagens que podem ser utilizadas, visando a simplificar a distinção entre um item de passivo e de patrimônio líquido: a narrow equity approach - NEA e a strict obligation approach - SOA. A adoção de cada uma dessas abordagens terá um impacto diferente nos níveis de endividamento/alavancagem e no potencial de diluição de participação dos acionistas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar abordagens para a classificação contábil das debêntures mandatoriamente conversíveis em ações, vis-à-vis a IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) e o Discussion Paper do IASB (NEA x SOA). A metodologia adotada é um estudo de caso de uma companhia aberta brasileira, que em 2010 emitiu debêntures mandatoriamente conversíveis e efetuou uma classificação desses instrumentos considerada inadequada pelo órgão regulador. Observa-se que a strict obligation approach é a abordagem que impacta menos no nível de endividamento, enquanto a narrow equity approach é a que apresenta maior alavancagem. As evidências sugerem os covenants contratuais como possíveis indutores de tal prática, fato que está em linha com o que a literatura da área documenta como fenômeno esperado. É bem verdade que no caso concreto, houve quebra contínua de covenants contratuais, corroborando a hipótese apresentada por SILVA (2008) de que o baixo custo de violação de covenants contribua para tal situação. Alternativamente, uma possível explicação para a escolha contábil da companhia reside na complexidade da IAS 32 (PT CPC 39) e desconhecimento de suas nuances. / Hybrid financial instruments and/or compounds has been a constant theme regarding accounting regulation. The positive literature presents a hypothesis that help to understand why some companies appeal to said instruments to raise funds: Indebtedness level on the breach limit of contractual covenants. In Brazil, companies with CVM register, that used these instruments, sorting them on the equity, had their quarterly statements and/or financial statements restated and/or republished by CVM resolution. The critical point of the whole discussion lies in the distinction between a liability item and an equity item. This subject is covered in the IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) and is present in "Discussion Paper - A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting", issued by IASB in July 2013, having two approaches that can be used, order to simplify the distinction between an item of liabilities and equity: the narrow equity approach - NEA and the strict obligation approach - SOA. The adoption of each of these approaches have a different impact on levels of debt / leverage and the potential dilution of the shareholding. This work aims to investigate approaches to accounting classification of mandatorily convertible debentures, vis-à-vis the IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) and the Discussion Paper of the IASB (NEA x SOA).The methodology used is a case study of a Brazilian corporation, that in 2010 issued mandatorily convertible debentures and made a classification of these instruments deemed inappropriate by the regulator. It can be observed that the strict obligation approach is the approach that impacts least on the level of indebtedness, while the narrow equity approach is the one that have the most leverage. Evidence suggests the contractual covenants as potencial inducers of such practice, fact which is in accordance with the literature documenting the area as a phenomenon expected. It is true that in the case in, there was continuous breach of the contractual covenants, corroborating the hypothesis presented by SILVA (2008) that the low cost of violation of covenants contribute to such a situation. Alternatively, a possible explanation for the choice of the accounting company is the complexity of IAS 32 (PT CPC 39) and ignorance of its nuances.

Instrumentos financeiros híbridos e/ou compostos têm sido tema constante em matéria de regulação contábil. A literatura positiva apresenta uma hipótese que ajuda a compreender o porquê de algumas firmas recorrerem a ditos instrumentos para captar recursos: nível de endividamento no limite de quebra de covenants contratuais. No Brasil, firmas com registro na CVM, que se utilizaram desses instrumentos, classificando-os no patrimônio líquido, tiveram suas ITRs e/ou DFs reapresentadas e/ou republicadas por determinação da CVM. O ponto crítico de toda a discussão reside na distinção entre um item de passivo e um item de patrimônio líquido. Esse tema está disciplinado na IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) e presente no Discussion Paper - A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting, emitido pelo IASB em julho de 2013, que apresenta duas abordagens que podem ser utilizadas, visando a simplificar a distinção entre um item de passivo e de patrimônio líquido: a narrow equity approach - NEA e a strict obligation approach - SOA. A adoção de cada uma dessas abordagens terá um impacto diferente nos níveis de endividamento/alavancagem e no potencial de diluição de participação dos acionistas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar abordagens para a classificação contábil das debêntures mandatoriamente conversíveis em ações, vis-à-vis a IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) e o Discussion Paper do IASB (NEA x SOA). A metodologia adotada é um estudo de caso de uma companhia aberta brasileira, que em 2010 emitiu debêntures mandatoriamente conversíveis e efetuou uma classificação desses instrumentos considerada inadequada pelo órgão regulador. Observa-se que a strict obligation approach é a abordagem que impacta menos no nível de endividamento, enquanto a narrow equity approach é a que apresenta maior alavancagem. As evidências sugerem os covenants contratuais como possíveis indutores de tal prática, fato que está em linha com o que a literatura da área documenta como fenômeno esperado. É bem verdade que no caso concreto, houve quebra contínua de covenants contratuais, corroborando a hipótese apresentada por SILVA (2008) de que o baixo custo de violação de covenants contribua para tal situação. Alternativamente, uma possível explicação para a escolha contábil da companhia reside na complexidade da IAS 32 (PT CPC 39) e desconhecimento de suas nuances. / Hybrid financial instruments and/or compounds has been a constant theme regarding accounting regulation. The positive literature presents a hypothesis that help to understand why some companies appeal to said instruments to raise funds: Indebtedness level on the breach limit of contractual covenants. In Brazil, companies with CVM register, that used these instruments, sorting them on the equity, had their quarterly statements and/or financial statements restated and/or republished by CVM resolution. The critical point of the whole discussion lies in the distinction between a liability item and an equity item. This subject is covered in the IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) and is present in "Discussion Paper - A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting", issued by IASB in July 2013, having two approaches that can be used, order to simplify the distinction between an item of liabilities and equity: the narrow equity approach - NEA and the strict obligation approach - SOA. The adoption of each of these approaches have a different impact on levels of debt / leverage and the potential dilution of the shareholding. This work aims to investigate approaches to accounting classification of mandatorily convertible debentures, vis-à-vis the IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) and the Discussion Paper of the IASB (NEA x SOA).The methodology used is a case study of a Brazilian corporation, that in 2010 issued mandatorily convertible debentures and made a classification of these instruments deemed inappropriate by the regulator. It can be observed that the strict obligation approach is the approach that impacts least on the level of indebtedness, while the narrow equity approach is the one that have the most leverage. Evidence suggests the contractual covenants as potencial inducers of such practice, fact which is in accordance with the literature documenting the area as a phenomenon expected. It is true that in the case in, there was continuous breach of the contractual covenants, corroborating the hypothesis presented by SILVA (2008) that the low cost of violation of covenants contribute to such a situation. Alternatively, a possible explanation for the choice of the accounting company is the complexity of IAS 32 (PT CPC 39) and ignorance of its nuances.