This diploma thesis deals with economic health of the company JAKOS, a.s. in years 2005–2008. There was used selected methods of the financial analysis. Based on recognized facts I propose measures which should result in the improvement of financial situation of the company.

This paper investigates the impact of Basel III on the valuation of banks in the EEA through an event study of the stock market. It contributes to academic literature by enhancing the study by Bruno, Onali & Schaeck (2018) with another event date after the conclusion of their study. This paper investigates two hypotheses: 1) Did the announcement by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision on December 7th, 2017 (the event), affect the market capitalization of banks in the EEA; 2) Did domestic liquidity regulation prior to Basel III positively affect how those banks' market capitalization changed in response to the event. Using t-tests and a multivariate regression analysis, this study finds no statistical significance at a 10% level for either of the hypotheses. However, three findings appear to be found: 1) There was a small negative reaction to the event; 2) The negative reaction was larger for banks without prior regulation; and 3) The variance was larger for banks without prior regulation. These three findings all point towards both: 1) A negative effect from the event on banks’ market capitalization; and 2) A positive effect from prior domestic liquidity regulation. No statistically significant conclusions can be drawn from this study, however. This study's largest limitation is that it does not account for expectations prior to the event, and an effect may thus already have been priced into the market capitalization prior to the event.

The objective of the thesis is to evaluate the efficiency using contemporary methods of economical analysis. The preamble includes brief history of the company, description of the technical aspect of rising the profit and value added by prosecution of the power plant. In analytical part I evaluate the company using analytical indicators quantified from financial statements. I describe the indicator itself and comment results and eventually propose improvements. At the end I apply comparative methods using data from statements of competitors in the sector.

O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar os efeitos decorrentes do registro de instrumentos financeiros híbridos junto às linhas patrimoniais. Para tanto, foram utilizados modelos de relevância informacional, os quais avaliam a forma como os números contábeis são assimilados pelos preços e retornos acionários (OHLSON, 1995; ABOODY et al., 1999; LIMA, 2010; LOPES; WALKER, 2012). Adicionalmente, também foram observadas as inter-relações entre a emissão e a contabilização de tais contratos com o custo de capital próprio, alavancagem financeira e a carga tributária efetiva, respectivamente, considerados como determinantes para utilização dessa modalidade de captação de recursos (LEE; FIGLEWICZ, 1999). No tocante ao desenvolvimento metodológico desta pesquisa, foram compostos dois conjuntos amostrais, sendo: (i) grupo de interesse, formando por 39 empresas que emitiram os instrumentos híbridos aqui estudados, presentes em 10 jurisdições; e (ii) grupo de controle, no qual se encontram 107 organizações domiciliadas nos mesmos países e setores, bem como de composição patrimonial similar ao grupo previamente relatado. Foram coletadas observações para essas companhias de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015, em bases trimestrais, perfazendo um total de 3.386 observações. A leitura das notas explicativas do grupo de interesse indicou que essas empresas registraram os híbridos junto ao PL, considerando elementos interpretativos minimamente questionáveis à luz da essência econômica sobre a forma jurídica desses títulos. Isto é, sob uma análise conjugada dos instrumentos híbridos aqui avaliados com a IAS 32, é possível inferir que a modalidade de contratos analisada se aproxima mais da definição de passivo financeiro do que de instrumento patrimonial. Entretanto, no âmbito dos resultados quantitativos, verificou-se, em linhas gerais, que os modelos de relevância informacional indicam que o montante dos híbridos afeta os preços e retornos acionários dos emitentes não relacionados a projetos de infraestrutura, de maneira positiva e estaticamente significante. Tal contrariedade pode ser mais bem compreendida aplicando-se o conceito da profecia autorrealizável de Merton (1968), em que o registro contábil de um título como PL, ainda que de maneira equivocada, desencadeará nos agentes de mercado a percepção de que esse de fato possui tal condição, adotando comportamentos que fazem com que a concepção originalmente falsa se torne verdadeira. Do mesmo modo, a ausência de questionamentos por parte dos auditores externos e dos reguladores corroboraria o tratamento empregado pelas organizações, gerando os efeitos descritos nos investidores. Com relação aos fatores determinantes para emissão desses títulos, foi verificado que os emitentes possuem custo de capital próprio superior, são mais alavancados financeiramente e demonstraram cargas tributárias efetivas inferiores aos não emitentes. Dessa maneira, é possível concluir que embora novas modalidades de contratos para obtenções de valores, tais como os instrumentos híbridos, sejam importantes para o financiamento das atividades empresarias, é fundamental que a contabilidade represente de forma fidedigna a natureza econômica desses instrumentos, a fim de que não haja distorções na posição patrimonial das entidades e, por conseguinte, gere vieses nos usuários das demonstrações financeiras / The main purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of hybrid financial instruments bookkeeping as equity. Therefore, were used value relevance econometrics models, which assess how the accounting figures are assimilated by the stock prices and stock returns (OHLSON, 1995; Aboody et al., 1999; LIMA, 2010; LOPES; Walker, 2012). Additionally, were observed the relationships between these contracts and cost of capital, financial leverage and effective tax rate, respectively, considered crucial to use of this fundraising tool (LEE; FIGLEWICZ, 1999). Regarding to the methodological development of this research was composed two samples, namely: (i) interest group, formed by 39 companies that issued hybrid instruments presents in 10 different jurisdictions; and (ii) control group, which have 107 organizations domiciled in the same countries and operating in the same sectors, as well as its equity composition is similar to the interest group. Observations were collected for these firms from December 2005 to December 2015, on a quarterly basis, forming a total database with 3.386 observations. The technical notes of the interest group analysis indicated that these firms recorded hybrids as equity instruments, considering interpretative elements at least questionable in light of the economic substance over the legal form of these bonds. Therefore, in a combined analysis of hybrid instruments evaluating IAS 32 together, it is possible to infer that these contracts is closer to the concept of financial liability than equity instrument definition. However, under the quantitative finds, it was verified that the amount of hybrid affects the prices and stock returns of issuers, not related to infrastructure projects, in a positive and statistically significant way. Such results opposition might be better understood applying the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy of Merton (1968), in which the accounting records of a contract such as equity, albeit wrongly, will trigger on the market players the insight that this truly or it has such condition, adopting behaviors that make the original false conception becomes true. Similarly, the absence of queries by regulators and auditors corroborate the treatment employed by the firms, supporting the effects described on the investors. Concerning to the determinant factors for the issuance of these bonds, was found that the issuers have higher cost of capital, are more leveraged and revealed lower effective taxes rates than non-issuers. Hence, can be concluded that while new forms of contracts for obtaining resources, such as hybrids, are important for the financing of entrepreneurial activities, it is essential that accounting represent faithfully the economic nature of these instruments in order to not create distortions in the financial position and, therefore, generate biases in users of financial statements.

No description available.

A valid and accurate capital asset pricing model (CAPM) may help investors and mutual funds managers in determining expected returns and thus, may increase profits which can be reflected on the community resources. The problem is that the traditional CAPM does not accurately predict the expected rate of return. A more accurate model is needed to help investors in determining the intrinsic price of the financial asset they want to sell or buy. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the single-factor CAPM and then develop and test the validity of a multifactor CAPM in the Jordanian stock market. The study was informed by the modern portfolio theory and specifically by the single-factor CAPM developed by Sharpe, Lintner, and Mossin. The research questions for the study examined the factors that may explain the variation in the expected rate of return on stocks in the Jordanian stock market and the relationship between the expected rate of return and factors of market return, company size, financial leverage, and operating leverage. A causal-comparative quantitative research design was employed to achieve the purpose of the study by testing the listed companies on the Amman stock exchange (ASE) for the period from 2000 to 2015. Data were collected from the ASE database and analyzed using the multiple regression model and t test. The results revealed that market return, company size, and financial leverage are not predictors of the expected rate of return while operating leverage is a predictor. The results of this study may contribute to positive social change by changing the way the individual investors and mutual funds managers select their investing portfolios which can lead to better resource distribution in the economy.

Submitted by Flávia Furtado Pessoa de Mendonça (flaviafurtpessoa@gmail.com) on 2017-02-06T16:46:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_final.pdf: 699787 bytes, checksum: 2c7f4669c8ae8ce09d6df21d2d9b8923 (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Flávia, Para que possamos dar andamento ao seu trabalho é necessário fazer alguns ajustes. Vou encaminhar para seu e-mail e apos as modificações submete-lo novamente, qualquer duvida estamos a disposição. att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2017-02-06T16:55:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Flávia Furtado Pessoa de Mendonça (flaviafurtpessoa@gmail.com) on 2017-02-06T16:56:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_final.pdf: 699787 bytes, checksum: 2c7f4669c8ae8ce09d6df21d2d9b8923 (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Segue e-mail com as instruções. on 2017-02-06T17:13:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by Flávia Furtado Pessoa de Mendonça (flaviafurtpessoa@gmail.com) on 2017-02-06T21:56:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 V_Final_Dissertação.pdf: 663080 bytes, checksum: f0dd7f728566fbdf6508116ee4f3b840 (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Bom dia Flávia, Para que possamos aprovar seu trabalho é necessário alguns ajustes conforme norma ABNT/APA. * Conforme a norma é necessário ter AGRADECIMENTO, RESUMO E ABSTRACT deve ser em letra maiúscula. Após os ajustes você deve submete-lo novamente para analise e aprovação. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição, Pâmela Tonsa 3799-7852 on 2017-02-07T10:27:49Z (GMT) / Submitted by Flávia Furtado Pessoa de Mendonça (flaviafurtpessoa@gmail.com) on 2017-02-07T11:54:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação 7 fev.pdf: 663438 bytes, checksum: da318f2809429d14d0837b10759e9367 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-02-07T12:20:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação 7 fev.pdf: 663438 bytes, checksum: da318f2809429d14d0837b10759e9367 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T17:13:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação 7 fev.pdf: 663438 bytes, checksum: da318f2809429d14d0837b10759e9367 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / A dissertação teve o objetivo de investigar de que forma os Mecanismos Externos de Governança (MEG) impactam a alavancagem da empresa, em uma amostra de 40 países, que engloba um total de 12.968 empresas. O diferencial do estudo está na distinção entre os MEG que afetam a proteção dos acionistas daqueles que afetam os direitos dos credores. Os resultados sugerem que as empresas se alavancam de maneira coerente ao previso pela Teoria da Pecking Order. Observou-se os MEG associados à proteção dos investidores, de fato, influenciam na escolha pela estrutura de capital da empresa. Empresas com alta proteção aos direitos dos acionistas foram, em média, menos alavancadas do que empresas com baixa proteção aos acionistas. Alta proteção dos credores possui impacto positivamente relacionado com a alavancagem, o que sugere que alta proteção aos credores diminuem o custo da dívida e fazem com que as empresas deem preferência a este tipo de financiamento externo. Os resultados se mostraram robustos diante de algumas variações no modelo. / This study aimed to investigate how the External Governance Mechanisms (EGM) impact the company’s leverage, in a sample of 40 countries, including a total of 12,968 companies. The differential of the research lies in the distinction between EGMs that affect the protection of shareholders from those that affect the creditors rights. The results suggest that firms leverage are consistent to what was predicted by the Pecking Order Theory. It was observed that EGMs associated with investor protection do in fact influence the choice of the firm’s capital structure. Companies with high protection of shareholder rights were, on average, less leveraged than companies with low shareholder protection. High creditors protection has a positive impact on leverage, which suggests that high creditors protection reduces the cost of debt and makes companies prefer this type of external financing. The results were robust considering some variations in the model.

The main objective of the thesis was to investigate the factors that determine capital structures of financial firms using two separate samples of banks and insurance companies. In the first instance, the results of the study showed that the financing behaviour of banks mirrors that of non-financial firms. It was also observed bank financing behaviour can be best explained by the pecking order theory. Risk and size variables were observed to be negatively related to the Tier 1 regulatory capital ratio, whereas the dividend variable was positively related. Similarly, risk and size were found to be negatively associated with buffer capital, while dividends were positively related. The 2007–2009 global financial crisis (GFC) was found to have negatively affected the financial structures of banks. Consistent with similar studies, it was observed that banks have a target capital structure, and adjust to this target at an adjustment speed of 44%. With regard to insurance companies, it was observed that the firm-level determinants of capital structure explain insurer leveraging. Unlike banks, the 2007–2009 GFC positively affected the capital structure of insurance companies. Similar to banks, results showed that insurers have target capital structures which they seek to achieve in their financing and adjust to such targets at a rate of 21%, which is lower than that of banks. The study contributes to the body of knowledge in four major ways. Firstly, it adds to the literature on the capital structure of financial firms, which area has not been extensively and conclusively studied. Using a different environment, it validates the ‘standard corporate finance view’ as has been observed in the few studies on financial firms. Secondly, it validates the ‘buffer view’ and ‘regulatory view’ of capital structures of financial firms that have taken prominence since the last GFC. Thirdly, the study recognises that banks and insurance companies are fundamentally different with regard to capital structure and regulation and therefore warranted separate treatment in studies. This is in contrast with recent studies that do not recognise the heterogeneity of the two types of firms. Fourthly, to the researcher’s knowledge this study is the first to examine the impact of business cycles/financial crises on the financing patterns of financial firms. Confirming the fundamental differences between banks and insurance companies, the study observed that financial crises have a negative impact on capital structures of banks (meaning that they deleverage during crises). In contrast, financial crises have a positive impact on capital structures of insurance companies (meaning, unlike banks, they leverage during crises). / Business Management / D. Phil. (Management Studies)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Campos.pdf: 616754 bytes, checksum: 460e9f837eac7a814ae3967a63fbc3f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-03 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Two theoretical currents, which have been developed in the context of the North American economy, compete with each other to explain the Capital Structure of organizations. The first one called Static Trade-off Theory shows that the enterprises pursue a pre-established capital structure, whereas the second, called Pecking Order Theory" states that what determines the debt-ratio of the enterprises is the difference between the cash-flow generated internally and the financial deficit. It is the scope of this study to test the hypothesis of Trade-off and Pecking Order in the Corporate decisions concerning Finance using the Cross-Section Method to analyze the data of a sample of 214 Brazilian firms listed in Bovespa Stock Exchange. This study took into consideration the structure of research by Tong and Green (2005) which had been performed with a sample of 50 Chinese companies, due to the characteristics of the Chinese economy and the recommendation on the part of the authors to apply these models in countries under development or economies in transition. The studies carried out by Allen (1993), Baskin (1989) and Adedeji (1998) were also used to define three models in which the Pecking Order Theory and the Trade-off Theory present very different predictions:- (1) The determinants of financial leverage, (2) the relationship between financial leverage and dividends, (3)The determinants of the Corporate investment. As a relevant result, it was confirmed through the first model that there is indeed a negative and significant relation between financial leverage and profitability; the second model showed a positive and significant relation between financial leverage and index of dividends paid; whereas the third model, like in the studies by Tom and Green, did not lead to any conclusions; pointing out that the overall results tend to the Pecking Order Theory. Therefore, this work brings new empirical evidences for the theories by Tong and Green showing that the behavior of financing of the Brazilian companies follow the conventional model of Corporate Capital Structure. / Duas correntes teóricas, que foram desenvolvidas no contexto da economia norte-americana, competem entre si pela explicação da estrutura de capital das empresas. A primeira, chamada de Static Trade-off Theory, indica que as empresas perseguem uma estrutura de capital pré-estabelecida, e, a segunda, denominada Pecking Order Theory, corrobora que o que determina o endividamento das empresas é a diferença entre o fluxo de caixa gerado internamente e o déficit financeiro. Visando a testar as hipóteses de Trade-off e Pecking Order nas decisões corporativas de finanças e usando a metodologia de análise de dados em corte transversal cross-section" para uma amostra de 214 das maiores empresas brasileiras listadas na bolsa de valores Bovespa, este estudo considerou a estrutura da pesquisa de Tong e Green (2005) elaborada com uma amostra de 50 empresas chinesas, dadas as características da economia chinesa e a indicação dos autores para se trabalhar esses modelos em países em desenvolvimento ou economias em transição. Também foram utilizados, como base, os estudos de Allen (1993), Baskin (1989) e Adedeji (1998) para estabelecer os três modelos nos quais as teorias de Pecking Order e Trade-off apresentam previsões claramente diferentes: (1) os determinantes da alavancagem financeira; (2) a relação entre alavancagem financeira e dividendos; e (3) os determinantes dos investimentos corporativos. Como resultado expressivo, confirmamos, por meio do modelo (1), que há , de fato, uma relação negativa e significante entre alavancagem financeira e rentabilidade das empresas; e, no modelo (2), uma relação positiva e significante entre alavancagem financeira e os índices de dividendos pagos. Entretanto, o modelo (3), a exemplo do resultado do trabalho de Tong e Green (2005), mostrou-se inconclusivo, apontando, no final, que os resultados tendem para a teoria de Packing Order. Esses resultados acrescentam novas experiências empíricas para as teorias de Trade-off e Pecking Order, demonstrando que o modelo convencional de estrutura de capital corporativo pode explicar o comportamento de financiamento das empresas brasileiras.

O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar os efeitos decorrentes do registro de instrumentos financeiros híbridos junto às linhas patrimoniais. Para tanto, foram utilizados modelos de relevância informacional, os quais avaliam a forma como os números contábeis são assimilados pelos preços e retornos acionários (OHLSON, 1995; ABOODY et al., 1999; LIMA, 2010; LOPES; WALKER, 2012). Adicionalmente, também foram observadas as inter-relações entre a emissão e a contabilização de tais contratos com o custo de capital próprio, alavancagem financeira e a carga tributária efetiva, respectivamente, considerados como determinantes para utilização dessa modalidade de captação de recursos (LEE; FIGLEWICZ, 1999). No tocante ao desenvolvimento metodológico desta pesquisa, foram compostos dois conjuntos amostrais, sendo: (i) grupo de interesse, formando por 39 empresas que emitiram os instrumentos híbridos aqui estudados, presentes em 10 jurisdições; e (ii) grupo de controle, no qual se encontram 107 organizações domiciliadas nos mesmos países e setores, bem como de composição patrimonial similar ao grupo previamente relatado. Foram coletadas observações para essas companhias de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015, em bases trimestrais, perfazendo um total de 3.386 observações. A leitura das notas explicativas do grupo de interesse indicou que essas empresas registraram os híbridos junto ao PL, considerando elementos interpretativos minimamente questionáveis à luz da essência econômica sobre a forma jurídica desses títulos. Isto é, sob uma análise conjugada dos instrumentos híbridos aqui avaliados com a IAS 32, é possível inferir que a modalidade de contratos analisada se aproxima mais da definição de passivo financeiro do que de instrumento patrimonial. Entretanto, no âmbito dos resultados quantitativos, verificou-se, em linhas gerais, que os modelos de relevância informacional indicam que o montante dos híbridos afeta os preços e retornos acionários dos emitentes não relacionados a projetos de infraestrutura, de maneira positiva e estaticamente significante. Tal contrariedade pode ser mais bem compreendida aplicando-se o conceito da profecia autorrealizável de Merton (1968), em que o registro contábil de um título como PL, ainda que de maneira equivocada, desencadeará nos agentes de mercado a percepção de que esse de fato possui tal condição, adotando comportamentos que fazem com que a concepção originalmente falsa se torne verdadeira. Do mesmo modo, a ausência de questionamentos por parte dos auditores externos e dos reguladores corroboraria o tratamento empregado pelas organizações, gerando os efeitos descritos nos investidores. Com relação aos fatores determinantes para emissão desses títulos, foi verificado que os emitentes possuem custo de capital próprio superior, são mais alavancados financeiramente e demonstraram cargas tributárias efetivas inferiores aos não emitentes. Dessa maneira, é possível concluir que embora novas modalidades de contratos para obtenções de valores, tais como os instrumentos híbridos, sejam importantes para o financiamento das atividades empresarias, é fundamental que a contabilidade represente de forma fidedigna a natureza econômica desses instrumentos, a fim de que não haja distorções na posição patrimonial das entidades e, por conseguinte, gere vieses nos usuários das demonstrações financeiras / The main purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of hybrid financial instruments bookkeeping as equity. Therefore, were used value relevance econometrics models, which assess how the accounting figures are assimilated by the stock prices and stock returns (OHLSON, 1995; Aboody et al., 1999; LIMA, 2010; LOPES; Walker, 2012). Additionally, were observed the relationships between these contracts and cost of capital, financial leverage and effective tax rate, respectively, considered crucial to use of this fundraising tool (LEE; FIGLEWICZ, 1999). Regarding to the methodological development of this research was composed two samples, namely: (i) interest group, formed by 39 companies that issued hybrid instruments presents in 10 different jurisdictions; and (ii) control group, which have 107 organizations domiciled in the same countries and operating in the same sectors, as well as its equity composition is similar to the interest group. Observations were collected for these firms from December 2005 to December 2015, on a quarterly basis, forming a total database with 3.386 observations. The technical notes of the interest group analysis indicated that these firms recorded hybrids as equity instruments, considering interpretative elements at least questionable in light of the economic substance over the legal form of these bonds. Therefore, in a combined analysis of hybrid instruments evaluating IAS 32 together, it is possible to infer that these contracts is closer to the concept of financial liability than equity instrument definition. However, under the quantitative finds, it was verified that the amount of hybrid affects the prices and stock returns of issuers, not related to infrastructure projects, in a positive and statistically significant way. Such results opposition might be better understood applying the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy of Merton (1968), in which the accounting records of a contract such as equity, albeit wrongly, will trigger on the market players the insight that this truly or it has such condition, adopting behaviors that make the original false conception becomes true. Similarly, the absence of queries by regulators and auditors corroborate the treatment employed by the firms, supporting the effects described on the investors. Concerning to the determinant factors for the issuance of these bonds, was found that the issuers have higher cost of capital, are more leveraged and revealed lower effective taxes rates than non-issuers. Hence, can be concluded that while new forms of contracts for obtaining resources, such as hybrids, are important for the financing of entrepreneurial activities, it is essential that accounting represent faithfully the economic nature of these instruments in order to not create distortions in the financial position and, therefore, generate biases in users of financial statements.