[pt] Nesta tese foi estabelecido um procedimento para análise do processo de perfuração e cimentação de poços em camada de sal que engloba tanto o processo de endurecimento do cimento, quanto a resposta de fluência da camada de sal. O objetivo desta tese é analisar o comportamento geomecânico de fluência (creep) na zona de sal antes, durante e depois da perfuração e em seguida na cimentação do poço. Desta forma, a pesquisa tem como meta a avaliação das tensões e deslocamentos ao redor do poço, através da simulação computacional com ajuda do programa comercial numérico de elementos finitos (ABAQUS), além de sub-rotinas do programa FORTRAN. Com esta análise, pretende-se entender os efeitos geomecânicos de interação da pressão exercida pelo fluido de perfuração e do cimento e do comportamento nas tensões na fronteira sal-cimento e cimento-revestimento, dentre outros, para evitar possíveis intervenções em poços que acarretam perdas econômicas. Foram realizadas diversas simulações, destacando-se: (i) estado de tensões in situ antes da perfuração do poço; (ii) tensões induzidas devido à perfuração e à fluência no sal e (iii) cimentação no poço. Nestas simulações considerou-se um poço de petróleo em 2D no estado de deformação plana. O fluido de perfuração foi simulado como não penetrante. Os resultados obtidos das simulações correspondem aos deslocamentos radiais e tensões radiais e tangenciais. / [en] In this dissertation, an analysis procedure was established for the drilling and casing cementing process in salt wellbores, which encompasses cement hardening as well as salt creep. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the geomechanical behavior of salt creep before, during and after drilling as well as the wellbore casing cementing process. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate stresses and displacements around the wellbore through computational simulation with the finite element commercial software program Abaqus together with FORTRAN sub-routines. This analysis intends to understand the geomechanical effects of the interaction of the drilling fluid and slurry pressures against the wellbore and the behavior of the stress interactions between the two existing boundaries casing-cement and cement-salt formation; thus avoiding unnecessary workover operations that provoke economical losses. Diverse process simulations were performed including: (i) in situ stresses prior to drilling (ii) induced stresses due to drilling and salt creep and (iii) wellbore cementing. In these simulations, a 2D plane strain wellbore was considered. The drilling fluid was assumed to be non-penetrable with respect to the wellbore formation. Finally, the results were expressed in terms of radial displacement along with radial and tangential stresses.

Comme toute articulation fonctionnelle, l’articulation interphalangienne proximale(IPP) est la cible de lésions ou de pathologies pouvant compromettre les fonctions globales de la main. Les principaux objectifs d’une arthroplastie digitale sont de restituer la fonction et la stabilité de l’articulation et de réduire ou supprimer la douleur de manière durable. Le présent travail de thèse porte sur le développement et la modélisation de deux concepts prothétiques pour l’articulation IPP : une prothèse semi-contrainte en alliage de nickel-titane et une prothèse de resurfaçage. Outre le travail de dimensionnement, des essais de fatigue et d’usure sont conduits sur les deux implants. Des études complémentaires à chaque concept sont présentées. Celles-ci portent en premier lieu sur la mise en forme et les traitements thermiques de la prothèse semi-contrainte accompagnées d’une étude de relargage de nickel et une investigation sur les mécanismes mis en jeu. Enfin, une modélisation par éléments finis de l’interaction entre une prothèse articulaire et son environnement osseux est présentée de manière à évaluer la stabilité primaire des implants / As any functional joint, the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) is the target of hurts or of pathologies which can compromise the global functions of the hand. The main objectives of a digital arthroplasty are to restore the function and the stability of the joint and to reduce or suppress the pain in a long-lasting way. The present work of thesis concerns the development and the modeling of two concepts of PIP prostheses: a semiconstrained prosthesis made of nickel-titanium alloy and a resurfacing prosthesis. Besides the work of sizing, fatigue and wear tests are done on both implants. Additional studies are presented for each concept. First, we focus on the shaping and the heat treatments of the semi-constrained prosthesis accompanied with a study nickel ion release and an investigation on the involved mechanisms. Eventually, a finite element modeling of the interaction between the prosthesis and the surrounding bone is presented to estimate the primary stability of implants

Les travaux présentés dans ce document s’inscrivent dans un projet (dBET : diminution des Bruits Electriques de Trains) qui vise une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes vibratoires (indirectement le bruit) d’origine électromagnétique des dispositifs électrotechniques (transformateurs, inductances, moteurs électriques) des trains. Ce projet met en collaboration plusieurs laboratoires (le laboratoire Roberval et électromécanique de l’université de technologie de Compiègne...) et industriels parmi lesquels Alstom Transport, ESI Group… Notre contribution, dans ce projet, consiste en la proposition d’un modèle pertinent permettant de prédire la déformation magnétostrictive, considérée comme l’une des causes des bruits d’origine électromagnétique des dispositifs électrotechniques. Un processus d’identification des paramètres du modèle, à partir de données expérimentales, est présenté ainsi que l’application du modèle à un dispositif expérimental grâce à l’utilisation des éléments finis. Les résultats du modèle seront confrontés aux mesures faites à l’échelle d’une tôle ferromagnétique et d’un dispositif expérimental constitué d’un ensemble de tôles. / The work presented in this document is part of a project (dBET : diminution des Bruits Electriques de Trains) which aims a better understanding of electromagnetic-origin vibration phenomena (indirectly noise) from electrical devices (transformers, inductors, motors) in trains. This project results from the collaboration of several laboratories and companies including Alstom, ESI Group.... Our contribution in this project consists in building a relevant model to predict the magnetostrictive strain, considered as one of the causes of electromagnetic-origin noise of electrical devices. A process of identification of the model parameters from experimental data is presented. The model is used to compute the magnetostrictive strain of a test bench thanks to finite elements method. Model results will be compared with measurements about ferromagnetic single sheet and the test bench which is a stack of ferromagnetic sheets.

L'archet, élément indispensable à la production sonore des instruments à cordes frottées, a jusqu'à présent fait l'objet de peu d'études scientifiques. Le travail présenté a pour objectif de mieux comprendre son comportement mécanique en situation de jeu. À cette fin, des modèles numériques sont développés. La baguette, précontrainte par la tension du crin, est modélisée par des éléments finis de poutre en formulation corotationnelle, afin de prendre en compte la non-linéarité géométrique inhérente au problème. Un premier modèle (2D) rend compte du comportement de l'archet dans le plan. Il donne lieu à une étude numérique sur une géométrie standard, visant à mettre en évidence l'influence des paramètres de fabrication et de réglage sur le comportement de l'archet sous tension. Un second modèle (3D) intègre le caractère tridimensionnel des sollicitations rencontrées en situation de jeu, prenant en compte la flexion latérale de la baguette. Une procédure non destructive de détermination des propriétés mécaniques du bois et de la mèche, basée sur une méthode inverse utilisant le modèle 2D, est proposée. À titre de validation expérimentale, des résultats numériques obtenus avec le modèle 3D sont confrontés aux résultats de mesures sur deux archets, pour différents réglages du cambre et de la tension. L'effet de la précontrainte sur la raideur de flexion latérale de la baguette est mis en exergue. Le bon accord observé confère au modèle un caractère prédictif, offrant des perspectives d'utilisation en tant qu'outil d'aide à la facture. Par ailleurs, la stabilité de l'archet est un problème que les facteurs doivent prendre en considération. Un modèle phénoménologique basé sur un système mécanique simple est présenté. Il vise à donner certaines tendances sur les conditions d'apparition d'une instabilité par bifurcation ou par point limite, en faisant une analogie avec les propriétés de l'archet. Le calcul numérique du comportement pré- et post-critique de l'archet permet d'identifier des cas d'instabilité similaires, dont on discute les conséquences possibles sur le jeu et la facture. Dans une dernière partie, des essais en jeu axés sur les réglages du cambre et de la tension sont effectués par des musiciens. Les résultats de ces tests subjectifs tendent à montrer l'influence des paramètres de réglage examinés dans l'appréciation des qualités de jeu. / The bow, which is essential to produce the sound of bowed string instruments, has been little studied. The present work aims to better understand its mechanical behavior in playing situation. To this end, numerical models are developped. The stick, which is prestressed due to hair tension, is modelized by beam finite elements. A corotational formulation is adopted to take into account geometric nonlinearity. A first model (2D) concerns the in-plane behavior of the bow. It is used within a numerical study aiming at showing the influence of making and adjusting parameters on the tightened bow. A second model (3D) takes into account out-of-plane loading that makes the stick bend laterally. A non-destructive procedure to determine mechanical properties of wood and hair is proposed. It is based on an inverse method using the 2D model. As an experimental validation, numerical results obtained with the 3D model are confronted to measurement on two bows, for different settings of camber and hair tension. The effect of prestress on lateral bending stiffness is highlighted. A good agreement is observed. Thus, the model can be considered as predictive and might be used as an aid to bow making. Furthermore, the stability of a bow is a problem considered by bow makers. A phenomenological model based on a simple mechanical system is presented. It aims to give tendancies on conditions at which bifurcation or limit point instability can occur, by drawing an analogy with the bow. The numerical computation of pre- and post-critical behavior of the bow shows similar instability cases. Their possible consequences on playing and making are discussed. Finally, playing tests with musicians are carried out, focusing on the adjustment of camber and hair tension. The results tend to show the influence of the considered adjustment parameters on the assessment of playing qualities.

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an emerging medical imaging technique that aims to reconstruct the internal conductivity distribution of a subject from electrical measurements obtained on the skin. In this thesis we explore the promising application of EIT to the respiratory monitoring of humans. We pay particular focus to the forward problem, highlighting the need to have an accurately known external boundary shape and electrode positions on a reconstruction model. A theoretical study of uniqueness results of EIT with an unknown external boundary shape is presented. A novel sensitivity study of the external boundary shape is presented as well as results from a reconstruction algorithm to account for errors in electrode position with simulated data in 3D. We also demonstrate results of a shape correction algorithm from a pilot study of lung EIT with data collected using the fEITER system, and MR images used to inform the external boundary shape of healthy subjects. After image co-registration of the resulting dynamic 3D EIT reconstruction images with the lung-segmented MR image, we outline a novel mutual information performance criterion to measure the quality of reconstructed images. We also outline the computation of the forward problem of the complete electrode model in 3D using high order polynomial finite elements and present convergence results in 2D for the continuum, point and complete electrode model. Our numerical study demonstrates that the convergence rate of the forward problem is independent of the polynomial approximation order for the complete electrode model and there is no global convergence for the point electrode model in the energy norm. Reconstructed conductivity images can be difficult to interpret at the bedside. Moreover clinicians would like clinically meaningful indices, such as regional lung compliance, to determine the pathologies of patients in real time. By modelling the respiratory system as a coupled time dependent system of simple mechanical functional units, we propose a novel methodology to couple mechanical ventilation and EIT. The mechanical properties of the lungs are estimated through an inverse coefficient problem on coupled ODEs, with the measurable data being the time series of pressure at airway opening and interior air volume data. We present results with simulated data as well as a discussion on extensions and limitations to the mechanical models. Finally we present a theoretical discussion of anisotropic EIT. It is well known that any diffeomorphism fixing points on the boundary gives rise to a conductivity with the same electrical measurements on the skin, generating a large class of conductivities that are electrically equivalent. We define novel classes of anisotropic media with constraints on their eigenspace: prescribed eigenvalues, prescribed orthogonal coordinates, prescribed eigenvectors, fibrous and layered conductivities. By drawing analogies with elasticity theory, we discuss how these constraints on the eigenspace restrict the set of diffeomorphisms fixing points on the boundary, and present two uniqueness results for anisotropic conductivities with prescribed eigenvalues and prescribed eigenvectors.

Polycrystalline materials are widely used for industrial applications. These materials are highly anisotropic with different responses under different loading conditions. This dissertation uses a crystal plasticity scheme in the finite element framework (CPFEM) to study deformation mechanisms in alumina, aluminium and stainless steel – all polycrystalline. Four research cases in this dissertation have been presented in the form of manuscripts for publication. When possible, modelling predictions have been compared against various experimental techniques such as Diffraction Contrast Tomography (DCT), Neutron Diffraction (ND) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). After an introduction (Chapter 1) and a literature review (Chapter 2) on plastic deformation and modelling techniques, the methodology and results are presented and discussed (Chapters 3 and 4). Measurements of elastic strains for individual grain families (ND) and local rotations (DCT and EBSD) are compared against corresponding predictions by the model following different loading modes. Each study reveals different degrees of agreement between predictions and measurements. The individual conclusions to each study are presented in Chapter 4. Some overall conclusions and suggestions for further work are presented in Chapter 5.

[pt] Nas últimas décadas, tem se desenvolvido um crescente interesse em polímeros de troca iônica capazes de responder a diversos estímulos externos, sendo utilizados nos mais variados campos da ciência como sensores, transdutores e atuadores. Este tipo de materiais em contato com soluções aquosas sofrem deformações decorrentes de mudanças de campos magnéticos, temperatura, pH, campos elétricos e/ou força iônica. Sendo o pH um dos parâmetros operacionais críticos no controle de diferentes processos químicos, os polímeros sensíveis a pH constituem uma alternativa promissora em diversas áreas de pesquisa, e de particular interesse neste trabalho; na área de monitoramento do pH aplicado à industria do petróleo. O grande potencial e funcionabilidade deste tipo de polímeros tem despertado a necessidade de estudar e entender seu comportamento através de modelos matemáticos. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo químico-eletro-mecânico para o estudo do inchamento de uma resina de troca iônica em equilíbrio com uma solução aquosa eletrolítica, como função das mudanças do pH e concentração salina da solução. Com o intuito de determinar parâmetros inerentes ao equilíbrio químico associados à densidade de carga elétrica superficial da resina, foram conduzidos ensaios de titulação potenciométrica bem como medidas de inchamento para três concentrações de NaCl. Objetivando investigar a microestrutura e composição do polímero foram realizados ensaios de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIV). A modelagem matemática foi desenvolvida em duas escalas (micro-macro) adotando a técnica de homogeneização de estruturas periódicas. Para a modelagem do inchamento da resina foi assumida a hipótese de material linearmente elástico, incorporando os fenômenos eletro-osmóticos na escala local mediante a solução do problema de Poisson-Boltzmann e do balanço de momento linear no fluido. O sistema de equações não lineares postos na escala macroscópica foi discretizado através do Método de Elementos Finitos (Galerkin) e resolvido em forma acoplada mediante o método de Newton-Raphson. Os resultados teóricos mostram a existência de dois regimes de inchamento na resina: um regime dominado pela densidade de carga elétrica na superfície do sólido e um segundo regime onde o inchamento da resina é puramente governado pela força iônica da solução eletrolítica. / [en] In the last few decades, the interest in ion exchange polymers that are able to respond under several external stimuli has grown; these polymers are being used in the most diverse fields of science such as sensors, transducers and actuators. This type of material, when in contact with aqueous solutions, undergoes deformations caused by changes in magnetic fields, temperature, pH, electrical fields and/or ionic strength. Since the pH is a critical operating parameter in the control of different chemical processes, pH sensitive polymers have become a promising alternative in several areas of research and of particular interest in this work in the area of pH monitoring applied to the oil industry. The great potential and functionality of this type of polymers has increased the need to study and understand their behavior through mathematical models. The purpose of this study was to develop a chemo-electromechanical model to study the swelling of an ion exchange resin in equilibrium with an electrolyte solution, as a function of changes in pH and saline concentration of the solution. In order to determine parameters related to the chemical equilibrium associated with the surface electric charge density of resin, potentiometric titrations as well as measures of swelling for three NaCl concentrations were developed. Aiming to investigate the microstructure and composition of the polymer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) tests were performed. The mathematical modeling was developed in two scales (micromacro) adopting the homogenization technique of periodic structures. For modeling the swelling of the resin, the hypothesis of linear elastic material was assumed, incorporating the electroosmotic phenomena in the local scale through the solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann problem and the balance of linear momentum in the fluid. The system of nonlinear equations placed in the macroscopic scale was discretized through the Finite Element Method (Galerkin) and the coupled equations solved with the method of Newton-Raphson. The theoretical results show the presence of two swelling regimes in the resin: a regime controlled by the charge density on the surface of the solid and a secondary regime where the swelling of the resin is purely governed by the ionic strength of the electrolyte solution.

Orientador: Katia Lucchesi Cavalca Dedini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T17:52:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pilotto_Rafael_M.pdf: 4691143 bytes, checksum: 8c6f267d72179ac9f88041489c3da8b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O uso de atuadores magnéticos para redução de vibrações visa substituir, em algumas ocasiões, os mancais magnéticos, uma vez que o atuador magnético envolve requisitos de projeto de menor complexidade em sua configuração. O presente trabalho consiste em avaliar como um atuador magnético se comporta ao controlar as vibrações em uma viga flexível de material metálico, bi-engastada, modelada computacionalmente, utilizando o método dos elementos finitos. O atuador magnético é inserido no modelo, utilizando a teoria de eletromagnetismo, assim como os componentes: amplificador de corrente, sensor de posição indutivo e um controlador PID (proporcional-integrador-derivativo). No modelo computacional, o atuador e o sensor de posição são posicionados em diferentes nós, com o propósito de estudar a eficácia do sistema atuador-controlador-sensor em função da sua posição ao longo da viga. Os parâmetros do controlador PID foram obtidos utilizando o método de otimização de Ziegler-Nichols, para as posições observadas do sistema atuador-sensor, e a técnica LPV (Linear Parameter Varying ¿ Variação Linear de Parâmetros) foi então aplicada para o desdobramento desses parâmetros como uma função do comprimento da viga. Para a validação experimental, foram utilizados dois dispositivos para a excitação externa da viga: um equipamento eletromecânico, denominado Shaker, que gerou ondas senoidais nas frequências naturais do sistema, com o propósito de verificar o comportamento do conjunto atuador/controlador em condições críticas, e um martelo de impacto, que excitou a viga através de um impulso único, o qual permitiu obter a dissipação de energia na viga em função do tempo decorrido até o amortecimento completo da resposta transiente. Assim, foram realizadas comparações entre os resultados obtidos a partir do modelo por elementos finitos e as análises realizadas sobre as medições na bancada experimental. Pode-se também observar o comportamento do atuador magnético, no que concerne ao controle de vibrações, em função de seu posicionamento ao longo da viga flexível / Abstract: The use of magnetic actuators for vibration reduction aims to substitute, in some occasions, the magnetic bearings, since the magnetic actuator involves less complex project requirements in its configuration. The present study consists of evaluating how a magnetic actuator behaves while controlling vibration in a flexible metallic beam, modeled using the finite elements method. The magnetic actuator is inserted into the model utilizing electromagnetic theory. Other components are added to the model through the theory of control of mechanical systems, such as: current amplifier, inductive position sensor and a PID controller (Proportional-Integral-Derivative). The actuator and the sensor are placed in different nodes in the computational model, in order to study the effectiveness of the actuator-controller-sensor system depending on its positioning in the beam. The parameters of the PID controller for the entire length of the beam were obtained using the Ziegler-Nichols optimization method for the locations of the beam where the actuator-sensor system was positioned and the LPV (Linear Parameter Varying) technique was applied to the unfolding of these parameters as a function of the beam length. For the experimental validation, two devices were used to act as an external excitation in the beam, an electromechanical equipment called Shaker, which generated sinusoidal waves in the natural frequencies of the system, in order to verify the behavior of the actuator/controller in critical conditions, and a modal hammer that excited the beam through a single impulse, which allowed the energy dissipation to be measured as a function of the time period until the complete damping of the transient response. Thus, the results obtained from the finite elements model were compared with the experimental analysis on the test rig. Moreover, the behavior of the magnetic actuator in vibration control is evaluated regarding its position alongside the flexible beam / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

[pt] Lajes lisas de concreto protendido com cordoalhas engraxadas não aderentes têm sido empregadas em pavimentos de edificações com frequência nos últimos anos. Essa solução estrutural é ideal quando se tem uma distribuição regular dos pilares. Além disso, sabe-se que lajes de concreto protendido oferecem vantagens técnicas sobre a solução tradicional em concreto armado, principalmente para vencer vãos maiores e onde muitas vezes se exigem seções mais esbeltas. O objetivo desta dissertação é estabelecer critérios práticos para o projeto de lajes lisas protendidas, maciças ou nervuradas, visando ao atendimento dos critérios relativos ao estado limite de utilização. Com este propósito, um estudo paramétrico foi realizado no qual foram analisados as tensões nas regiões de introdução das forças de protensão e a influência da rigidez dos pilares na retenção da protensão. A investigação foi conduzida por meio de modelagens em elementos finitos, empregando elementos do tipo casca para as lajes e elementos tipo viga para os pilares. No caso das lajes nervuradas, suas mesas foram representadas por elementos casca e as nervuras por elementos viga levando em conta a excentricidade entre seus centros geométricos. / [en] Concrete flat slabs prestressed with unbounded greased strands have been used in building floors over the last years. This structural solution is ideal when the columns are regularly distributed. In addition, it is known that prestressed floors have some technical advantages when compared to the traditional solution in reinforced concrete, mainly in cases of large spans and when lighter elements are required. The objective of the present work is to propose practical criteria for the design of flat slab prestressed concrete floors, for the cases of uniform thickness slabs and waffle slabs, aiming at complying with serviceability limit state. A parametric study was carried out to analyze the stress distribution in prestressing load introduction zones and the influence of the columns in retaining prestressing loads. The investigation was conducted using finite element models in which shell and frame elements were used to represent the slabs and the columns. For the case of waffle slabs, flanges and webs were modeled with shell and frame elements, respectively, taking into consideration the eccentricity between these two elements.

The discretization of time-dependent wave propagation is plagued with dispersion in which the wavefield is perceived to travel with an erroneous velocity. To remediate the problem, simulations are run on dense and computationally expensive grids yielding plausible approximate solutions. This work introduces an error analysis tool which can be used to obtain optimal simulation parameters that account for mesh size, orders of spatial and temporal discretizations, angles of propagation, temporal stability conditions (usually referred to as CFL conditions), and time of propagation. The classical criteria of 10-15 nodes per wavelength for second-order finite differences, and 4-5 nodes per wavelength for fourth-order spectral elements are shown to be unrealistic and overly-optimistic simulation parameters for different propagation times. This work analyzes finite differences, spectral elements, optimally-blended spectral elements, and isogeometric analysis.