Ce travail s'inscrit dans le domaine des cellules solaires organiques et se focalise sur le dimensionnement et design de la cellule. Nous avons cherché à établir la relation entre la forme d'une cellule solaire et sa dissipation thermique dans les électrodes, plus spécifiquement l'électrode inférieure transparente, car les matériaux utilisés pour la réaliser ont souvent une conductivité très faible par rapport à celle des électrodes métalliques. D'autre part nous présentons un modèle actif capable de simuler le comportement de la couche active selon différentes conditions d'éclairage (illumination partielle et défauts localisés) et pour différents régimes de fonctionnement (injection, polarisation). Dans le cadre du projet PHASME en partenariat avec Disasolar et l'INES, on a posé les bases pour le développement d'un logiciel de conception capable de réaliser un module solaire multicolore à partir d'un substrat de forme géométrique quelconque. On a identifié deux types d'algorithme. Une solution A (dite matricielle), pour laquelle on effectue le remplissage de la surface active du module avec des cellules identiques, relie entre elles ces cellules en sous-groupes pour créer le potentiel de fonctionnement souhaité. Une méthode B (dite non-matricielle) consiste à partager la surface du module en sous-modules de surface quelconque adaptée aux zones de couleur. Ces sous-modules sont ensuite découpés en groupement en série cellules du même type (couleur, performance, matériaux de couche active), mais dont la forme s'adapte exactement au remplissage du sous-module. Ces cellules doivent nécessairement avoir la même surface, afin de produire le même courant pour éviter les pertes dans le groupement en série. / This work concerns organic solar cells and it focuses on several aspects of the design of the device that are related to the sizing. The core of this study highlights the relation between the shape of an organic solar cell and the thermal dissipation inside the electrodes. The main contribution to this power loss comes from the transparent back electrode, since its conductivity is typically lower than those of the top electrode. In parallel we developed a non-linear model for the active layer in order to simulate the behavior of the solar cells in several particular illumination cases (such as spotlights, shadows and defects in the active layer) and different working regime. In the framework of PHASME project, a grant in collaboration with Disasolar and CEA-INES, we developed another piece of software closer to the CAD domain which the main function was to create a photovoltaic polychrome module starting from a substrate with given shape and size. We found two strategies. One consists in filling by the same solar cell shape and size the entire substrate and then in finding a suitable grouping in order to have the correct working point outside the device (matrix approach). The other one (non-matrix approach) consists in adapting the shape of the device to a given colored region, each individual cell keeping the same surface extension, which allows them to be connected in series since they all generate the same amount of current.

Le traitement endovasculaire des anévrismes de l’aorte (Endovascular Aneurysm Repair ou EVAR) est une chirurgie mini-invasive qui consiste à faire glisser une endoprothèse par voie fémorale jusqu’au niveau de l’anévrisme afin de re-canaliser le flux sanguin. Les principales complications qui peuvent survenir sont les phénomènes de migration et d’endofuites (écoulement persistant de sang dans le sac anévrismal) de type Ia. Ces phénomènes apparaissent lorsque l’étanchéité n’est plus assurée entre l’extrémité proximale de l’endoprothèse et le vaisseau sanguin. Dans ce travail, des simulations paramétrées de déploiement complet d’un système de pose de stent ont été développées en utilisant la Méthode des Éléments Finis (FEM) afin d’étudier la stabilité du contact lors du largage d’une endoprothèse en nitinol dans un Anévrisme de l’Aorte Thoracique (AAT) réaliste. Les facteurs suivants associés à ces complications ont été étudiés : (1) la longueur de la zone de fixation proximale (PASL), (2) la valeur de surdimensionnement ou « oversizing » du stent (O %), (3) la valeur du coefficient de frottement entre le stent et l’aorte (µ) et (4) l’angulation du collet proximal. L’influence de la présence de calcifications sur le comportement biomécanique de l’endoprothèse lors de son déploiement dans les zones de fixation a également été analysée. Les résultats des simulations ont montré qu’une PASL supérieure à 18 mm est un facteur décisif pour éviter la migration de l’endoprothèse pour une angulation du collet de l’anévrisme de 60° et dans des conditions de contact glissant (µ=0,05). L’augmentation de la valeur de l’oversizing de 10 % à 20 % améliore la résistance de la fixation de la prothèse. En revanche, un oversizing supérieur à 25 % pour une angulation du collet de 60° entraine des déformations excentriques ainsi que la ruine du stent. D’autre part, aucune migration n’a été observée dans un modèle d’aorte idéalisé où l’angulation du collet était de 0°, la PASL de 18 mm et le coefficient de frottement µ de 0,05. Afin d’améliorer le contact et de prévenir l’apparition de phénomènes de migration et d’endofuite de type Ia chez des patients présentant une aorte tortueuse et calcifiée avec un anévrisme fortement angulé, un nouveau design de stent a été proposé, basé sur les résultats des simulations numériques effectuées. La principale difficulté était de trouver un compromis entre flexibilité et raideur. Les résultats des simulations réalisées avec ce nouveau stent ont montré une amélioration de la stabilité de contact, ce qui a pour effet de limiter l’apparition des phénomènes de migration et donc de réduire les complications liées à la procédure endovasculaire. / The main mechanical related problems of endovascular aneurysm repair are migration and endoleak type Ia. They occur when there is no effective seal between the proximal end of stent-graft and the vessel. In this work, we have developed parameterized-deployment simulations of a complete stenting system using finite element method (FEM) to investigate the contact stiffness of a nitinol stent in a realistic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA). Therefore, the following factors associated with these complications have evaluated: (1) Proximal Attachment Site Length (PASL), (2) stent Oversizing value (O %), (3) different contact friction situations (stent/aorta) and (4) proximal neck angulation. The calcification impact on the biomechanical behaviour of the deployment at the attachment zone has also been investigated. The simulation results showed that PASL>18mm was a crucial factor to prevent migration at a neck angle of 60⁰and smoothest contact condition (μ=0.05). The increase in (O %) ranging from 10% to 20% improved the fixation strength; however, O % ≥ 25% at 60° caused eccentric deformation and stent collapse. No migration was reported in an idealized aorta model with a neck angle of 0⁰, PASL=18mm and μ=0.05. The numerical observations are used as a guide to optimize the stent design in such neck morphology to strengthen the contact and prevent migration or endoleak type Ia. The optimized stent results showed better contact stability to resist the migration. They also showed a good compromise of stent design requirements (flexibility and stiffness). Moreover, the new design can also prevent the risk of folding or collapse of stent struts by mitigating the energy of eccentric deformation caused by high angulation and oversizing.

La connaissance du comportement au feu des structures est primordiale pour la maîtrise des risques en situation d’incendie. Pour le bois, matériau combustible, des travaux expérimentaux et de simulations numériques ont montré que ce matériau avait un comportement intéressant en situation d’incendie, car il se consume de façon maîtrisable. Cependant, ces travaux restent limités au regard de la complexité du comportement du matériau, des composants et des assemblages à base de bois. L’étude de la stabilité au feu des structures bois nécessite la connaissance de l’évolution des caractéristiques mécaniques et thermiques des liaisons (résistance et rigidité) dont dépend le comportement mécanique des structures. Pour une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement mécanique des assemblages en situation d’incendie, la mise en place de modèles numériques, validés par essais, est nécessaire. Dans cette étude, l’objectif est d’utiliser un modèle numérique le plus précis possible afin de définir des méthodes simplifiées de calcul d’assemblages, facilement utilisables par les professionnels. Les résultats d’essais réalisés sur les assemblages bois-bois et bois-métal servant de base à la validation des modèles du comportement thermomécanique sont présentés. Il s’agit d’essais de traction longitudinale, transversale et d’essais de flexion sous conditions normales et sous actions thermiques normalisées. L’étude thermomécanique des assemblages est effectuée à partir de deux maillages tridimensionnels différents pour les calculs thermique et mécanique. Pour le modèle mécanique, les discontinuités sont prises en compte à travers des éléments de contact aux interfaces des pièces assemblées. Pour le calcul thermique, le maillage est continu et la résistance due au contact entre les éléments est ainsi négligée. Les modèles mécaniques et thermiques sont validés sur la base des résultats expérimentaux (courbes force-glissement et températures). Le modèle mécanique permet par ailleurs d’analyser la distribution des contraintes au sein des assemblages et d’évaluer l’influence de différents critères élasto-plastiques ou de rupture représentant le comportement mécanique du bois. Enfin, le modèle thermomécanique, a permis de simuler le comportement des assemblages testés en situation d’incendie. Le résultat utilisé pour valider le modèle thermomécanique est la durée de résistance au feu de l’assemblage. Cette durée est définie à l’aide des courbes glissement-temps obtenues par le modèle numérique. De bons résultats sont obtenus pour la prédiction des temps de rupture. L’évolution de la distribution des efforts sur les différents organes en fonction de la durée d’exposition au feu est aussi présentée. Ainsi, le modèle développé dans ce travail permet de bien représenter le comportement thermomécanique des assemblages étudiés. Il représente aussi un outil intéressant pour analyser le comportement au feu d’assemblages constitués de plusieurs organes métalliques. Il permet de servir de base pour développer une approche multiparamètre basée sur des plans d’expérience numérique. Ces travaux permettront de proposer des méthodes de dimensionnement simples, validés par les modèles numériques, et utilisables par les praticiens de la construction. / The knowledge of the behavior of structures under fire conditions is essential to control the risks during a fire. As timber is a combustible material, fire safety is of main importance for the development of its use in buildings. Although experimental and numerical studies exist in the literature, their number still limited regarding the variety of the configurations and the complexity of the mechanical behavior of the connections. Among the various structural components, the joints are characterized by a complex thermomechanical behavior due mainly to the geometrical configuration combining various materials (steel and timber). They govern the load-carrying capacity of the structure and its safety, as well in normal conditions as in fire situation. Due to their complex geometrical, physical and material configurations, the behavior of the connections in fire is one of the more difficult to predict. The development of generalized models requires the combination of research based both on the experimental results given by full scale tests and the development of sophisticated numerical models validated on these tests.The experimental results of tests realized on timber-to-timber and steel-to-timber connections used as a basis for the validation of the numerical models are presented. They concern tests of longitudinal and transversal tension and flexion under normal conditions and under standardized thermal actions. The thermomechanical analysis of the connections is made from two different three-dimensional meshings for the thermal and mechanical calculations. The thermal model is continuous to take account of the thermal continuity between the joint components. The mechanical model is discontinuous to consider the contact evolution between the joint components. The thermal model isused to predict the evolution of the temperature field inside the joint depending on the gas temperature. It is validated on the basis of measured temperatures during fire tests. The mechanical model is validated by comparison with the experimental results of joints in normal conditions. It allows the analysis of the distribution of stresses within the joints. The influence of various criteria to represent the mechanical behavior of timber is also studied. Finally, the thermomechanical model, based on previous both models, allowed to predict the behaviorof the tested connections in fire situation. The thermo-mechanical model is validated considering the fire resistance duration of some joints. This duration is defined by means of displacement-time curves obtained by the numerical model. The models showed a good capacity to simulate the failure times of the timber joints in fire situations. The application of the model gave the possibility to analyse the load distribution among the fasteners of the studied joints.The model developed in this work represents well the thermomechanical behavior of the tested connections. These developed and tested models can be used as general tool to analyze the behavior of a large variety of joint configurations to constitute a data base that can be used in safe and economic practice of fire engineering of wood joints.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Passarelas de pedestres mistas (aço-concreto) e de aço são frequentemente submetidas a ações dinâmicas de magnitude variável, devido à travessia de pedestres sobre a laje de concreto. Estas ações dinâmicas podem produzir vibrações excessivas e dependendo de sua magnitude e intensidade, estes efeitos adversos podem comprometer a confiabilidade e a resposta do sistema estrutural e, também, podem levar a uma redução da expectativa de vida útil da passarela. Por outro lado, a experiência e o conhecimento dos engenheiros estruturais em conjunto com o uso de novos materiais e tecnologias construtivas têm produzido projetos de passarelas mistas (aço-concreto) bastante arrojados. Uma consequência direta desta tendência de projeto é um aumento considerável das vibrações estruturais. Com base neste cenário, esta dissertação visa investigar o comportamento dinâmico de três passarelas de pedestres mistas (aço-concreto) localizadas no Rio de Janeiro, submetidas ao caminhar humano. Estes sistemas estruturais são constituídos por uma estrutura principal de aço e laje em concreto e são destinados à travessia de pedestres. Deste modo, foram desenvolvidos modelos numérico-computacionais, adotando-se as técnicas tradicionais de refinamento presentes em simulações do método de elementos finitos, com base no uso do software ANSYS. Estes modelos numéricos permitiram uma completa avaliação dinâmica das passarelas investigadas, especialmente em termos de conforto humano. As respostas dinâmicas foram obtidas em termos de acelerações de pico e comparadas com valores limites propostas por diversos autores e normas de projeto. Os valores de aceleração de pico e aceleração rms encontrados na presente investigação indicaram que as passarelas analisadas apresentaram problemas relacionados com o conforto humano. Assim sendo, considerando-se que foi detectado que estas estruturas poderiam atingir níveis elevados de vibração que possam vir a comprometer o conforto dos usuários, foi verificado que uma estratégia para o controle estrutural era necessária, a fim de reduzir as vibrações excessivas nas passarelas. Finalmente, uma investigação foi realizada com base em alternativas de controle estrutural objetivando atenuar vibrações excessivas, a partir do emprego de sistemas de atenuadores dinâmicos sintonizados (ADS). / Steel and steel-concrete composite pedestrian footbridges are frequently subjected to dynamic actions with variable magnitudes due to the pedestrian crossing on the concrete deck. These dynamic actions can produce excessive vibrations and depending on their magnitude and intensity, these adverse effects can compromise the structural systems response and its reliability and may also lead to a reduction of the expected footbridge service life. The structural engineers experience and knowledge together with the use of newly developed materials and technologies have produced steel-concrete composite daring footbridges. A direct consequence of this design trend is a considerable increase of structural vibrations. Based on this scenario, this dissertation aims to investigate the dynamic behaviour of three steel-concrete composite pedestrian footbridge submitted to human walking vibration, located at Rio de Janeiro. These structural systems are composed by steel structure and a concrete slab and are destined for pedestrian crossing. Computational models were developed adopting the usual mesh refinement techniques present in finite element method simulations using ANSYS software. These numerical models have enabled a complete dynamic evaluation of the investigated footbridges especially in terms of human comfort and its associated vibration serviceability limit states. The dynamic responses were obtained in terms of peak accelerations and were compared to the limiting values proposed by authors and design standards. The peak acceleration values found in the present investigation indicated that the analysed footbridges have presented problems related to human comfort. Considering that it was detected that these structures could reach high vibration levels that might compromise the footbridge users comfort, it was proposed a structural control system in order to reduce the excessive vibrations. Thus, an investigation was performed based on some structural control alternatives for attenuating excessive vibrations using tuned mass damper (TMD) systems.

La complexité des microsystèmes, leur multidisciplinarité, l’hétérogénéité des matériaux utilisés et les interfaces avec l’environnement extérieur rendent difficiles l’évaluation et la maîtrise de leur fiabilité indispensables pour l’exploitation des nombreuses possibilités innovantes qu’ils offrent.L’approche que nous avons proposée dans ce travail, afin de prédire la fiabilité des microsystèmes, se fonde sur l’usage intensif de la modélisation et de la simulation, dans les conditions d’usage du microsystème (profil de mission), en associant donc l’évaluation de la fiabilité à la démarche de conception : avant d’entreprendre une modélisation fonctionnelle de type VHDL-AMS, les objectifs de fiabilité sont exprimés explicitement dans le cahier des charges du microsystème, au même titre que les objectifs plus habituels de performances.Afin de supporter nos travaux, nous avons appliqué cette démarche de prédiction de la fiabilité sur deux types de microsystèmes :- des micro-actionneurs électrothermiques. - des commutateurs RF capacitifs à actionnement électrostatique / The complexity of microsystems, their multidisciplinarity, the heterogeneity of materials and interfaces with the external environment makes difficult the assessment and control of reliability, which is indispensable for the exploitation of the several innovative opportunities that they offer. The approach we proposed, in this work, to predict the reliability of microsystems is based on the intensive use of modelling and simulation, in the use and environmental conditions of micro-system (mission profile), thus by combining the reliability evaluation in the design process: before undertaking any type of functional modelling VHDL-AMS, reliability objectives are expressed explicitly in the specification of the micro-system, as well as the most common performance goals.To support our work, we applied this approach for predicting the reliability for two types of microsystems:- Electro-thermal micro-actuators.- Capacitive RF MEMS switches

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Passarelas de pedestres mistas (aço-concreto) e de aço são frequentemente submetidas a ações dinâmicas de magnitude variável, devido à travessia de pedestres sobre a laje de concreto. Estas ações dinâmicas podem produzir vibrações excessivas e dependendo de sua magnitude e intensidade, estes efeitos adversos podem comprometer a confiabilidade e a resposta do sistema estrutural e, também, podem levar a uma redução da expectativa de vida útil da passarela. Por outro lado, a experiência e o conhecimento dos engenheiros estruturais em conjunto com o uso de novos materiais e tecnologias construtivas têm produzido projetos de passarelas mistas (aço-concreto) bastante arrojados. Uma consequência direta desta tendência de projeto é um aumento considerável das vibrações estruturais. Com base neste cenário, esta dissertação visa investigar o comportamento dinâmico de três passarelas de pedestres mistas (aço-concreto) localizadas no Rio de Janeiro, submetidas ao caminhar humano. Estes sistemas estruturais são constituídos por uma estrutura principal de aço e laje em concreto e são destinados à travessia de pedestres. Deste modo, foram desenvolvidos modelos numérico-computacionais, adotando-se as técnicas tradicionais de refinamento presentes em simulações do método de elementos finitos, com base no uso do software ANSYS. Estes modelos numéricos permitiram uma completa avaliação dinâmica das passarelas investigadas, especialmente em termos de conforto humano. As respostas dinâmicas foram obtidas em termos de acelerações de pico e comparadas com valores limites propostas por diversos autores e normas de projeto. Os valores de aceleração de pico e aceleração rms encontrados na presente investigação indicaram que as passarelas analisadas apresentaram problemas relacionados com o conforto humano. Assim sendo, considerando-se que foi detectado que estas estruturas poderiam atingir níveis elevados de vibração que possam vir a comprometer o conforto dos usuários, foi verificado que uma estratégia para o controle estrutural era necessária, a fim de reduzir as vibrações excessivas nas passarelas. Finalmente, uma investigação foi realizada com base em alternativas de controle estrutural objetivando atenuar vibrações excessivas, a partir do emprego de sistemas de atenuadores dinâmicos sintonizados (ADS). / Steel and steel-concrete composite pedestrian footbridges are frequently subjected to dynamic actions with variable magnitudes due to the pedestrian crossing on the concrete deck. These dynamic actions can produce excessive vibrations and depending on their magnitude and intensity, these adverse effects can compromise the structural systems response and its reliability and may also lead to a reduction of the expected footbridge service life. The structural engineers experience and knowledge together with the use of newly developed materials and technologies have produced steel-concrete composite daring footbridges. A direct consequence of this design trend is a considerable increase of structural vibrations. Based on this scenario, this dissertation aims to investigate the dynamic behaviour of three steel-concrete composite pedestrian footbridge submitted to human walking vibration, located at Rio de Janeiro. These structural systems are composed by steel structure and a concrete slab and are destined for pedestrian crossing. Computational models were developed adopting the usual mesh refinement techniques present in finite element method simulations using ANSYS software. These numerical models have enabled a complete dynamic evaluation of the investigated footbridges especially in terms of human comfort and its associated vibration serviceability limit states. The dynamic responses were obtained in terms of peak accelerations and were compared to the limiting values proposed by authors and design standards. The peak acceleration values found in the present investigation indicated that the analysed footbridges have presented problems related to human comfort. Considering that it was detected that these structures could reach high vibration levels that might compromise the footbridge users comfort, it was proposed a structural control system in order to reduce the excessive vibrations. Thus, an investigation was performed based on some structural control alternatives for attenuating excessive vibrations using tuned mass damper (TMD) systems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com o passar dos anos a engenharia estrutural passou a lidar com a exigência cada vez maior de estruturas que ocupem menos espaço e sejam consideravelmente mais leves. No caso de passarelas de pedestres, a esbeltez da estrutura aliada a um baixo peso pode acarretar em problemas de vibrações devido à ressonância com o caminhar dos pedestres. Estes problemas podem variar desde uma simples sensação de desconforto até problemas mais graves como o colapso estrutural. Com base nestas premissas, esta dissertação visa investigar dois modelos estruturais, um em concreto armado e outro misto, do tipo aço concreto, onde os modelos serão estudados mediante o emprego do método dos elementos finitos através do programa ANSYS. Os modelos numéricos permitem determinar as frequências naturais da estrutura e consequentemente estudar as respostas dos modelos mediante análises de vibrações forçadas. As respostas dinâmicas da estrutura serão obtidas em termos dos valores dos deslocamentos máximos e das acelerações de pico. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os principais guias que regem o conforto humano no caso de caminhar de pessoas em passarelas de pedestres, de forma que houve indicativos de possíveis desconfortos após a análise dos resultados obtidos ao longo da investigação. Finalmente, foi feito um estudo considerando-se movimentos aleatórios dos pedestres sobre as passarelas, objetivando estudar os níveis da resposta dinâmica das estruturas nestas situações. / The structural engineer needs to adapt with the exigencies of low weight and less space occupied by the structures, which have been increasing more and more over the years. Related to footbridges, the structure slenderness and the low weight may lead to vibrations problems due to resonance with pedestrians walking. These problems may vary from a simple discomfort up to big problems, like the structural collapse. According to these premises, this dissertation aims to investigate two structural models, the first one in reinforced concrete and the other is related to a steel-concrete composite pedestrian footbridge, which will be analyzed by finite element method simulations using the software ANSYS. The numerical models make possible to evaluate the natural frequencies of structures and study the response due to forced vibrations induced by pedestrians walking. The dynamic responses of the investigated footbridges will be analyzed considering the maximum displacements and accelerations. The obtained results were compared with the main guidelines related to human comfort with regard to pedestrian walking on footbridges, in such a way that it showed possible problems due to vibrations, after analyzing the results obtained in the investigation. Thus, it was performed a study considering the variance of pedestrian position in order to analyze the dynamic response of the investigated footbridges in these cases.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com o passar dos anos a engenharia estrutural passou a lidar com a exigência cada vez maior de estruturas que ocupem menos espaço e sejam consideravelmente mais leves. No caso de passarelas de pedestres, a esbeltez da estrutura aliada a um baixo peso pode acarretar em problemas de vibrações devido à ressonância com o caminhar dos pedestres. Estes problemas podem variar desde uma simples sensação de desconforto até problemas mais graves como o colapso estrutural. Com base nestas premissas, esta dissertação visa investigar dois modelos estruturais, um em concreto armado e outro misto, do tipo aço concreto, onde os modelos serão estudados mediante o emprego do método dos elementos finitos através do programa ANSYS. Os modelos numéricos permitem determinar as frequências naturais da estrutura e consequentemente estudar as respostas dos modelos mediante análises de vibrações forçadas. As respostas dinâmicas da estrutura serão obtidas em termos dos valores dos deslocamentos máximos e das acelerações de pico. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os principais guias que regem o conforto humano no caso de caminhar de pessoas em passarelas de pedestres, de forma que houve indicativos de possíveis desconfortos após a análise dos resultados obtidos ao longo da investigação. Finalmente, foi feito um estudo considerando-se movimentos aleatórios dos pedestres sobre as passarelas, objetivando estudar os níveis da resposta dinâmica das estruturas nestas situações. / The structural engineer needs to adapt with the exigencies of low weight and less space occupied by the structures, which have been increasing more and more over the years. Related to footbridges, the structure slenderness and the low weight may lead to vibrations problems due to resonance with pedestrians walking. These problems may vary from a simple discomfort up to big problems, like the structural collapse. According to these premises, this dissertation aims to investigate two structural models, the first one in reinforced concrete and the other is related to a steel-concrete composite pedestrian footbridge, which will be analyzed by finite element method simulations using the software ANSYS. The numerical models make possible to evaluate the natural frequencies of structures and study the response due to forced vibrations induced by pedestrians walking. The dynamic responses of the investigated footbridges will be analyzed considering the maximum displacements and accelerations. The obtained results were compared with the main guidelines related to human comfort with regard to pedestrian walking on footbridges, in such a way that it showed possible problems due to vibrations, after analyzing the results obtained in the investigation. Thus, it was performed a study considering the variance of pedestrian position in order to analyze the dynamic response of the investigated footbridges in these cases.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-09-21T14:50:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nícolas Rodrigues Moura - 2018.pdf: 4165797 bytes, checksum: 86460ffa29b4d346005f977c2f75693e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-09-24T13:21:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nícolas Rodrigues Moura - 2018.pdf: 4165797 bytes, checksum: 86460ffa29b4d346005f977c2f75693e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T13:21:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nícolas Rodrigues Moura - 2018.pdf: 4165797 bytes, checksum: 86460ffa29b4d346005f977c2f75693e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Análises de estabilidade de taludes são predominantemente realizadas em duas-dimensões (2D) por métodos de equilíbrio limite. Os métodos convencionais de equilíbrio limite são alvos de muitas críticas pelo o uso do equilíbrio estático, pressuposições de forças na análise e por possuir o mesmo fator de segurança ao longo de toda a superfície de deslizamento. Para superar essas deficiências, o método proposto por Kulhawy (1969) incorpora o comportamento tensão-deformação do solo com tensões oriundas do Método de Elementos Finitos (FEM) e tem a mesma estrutura dos métodos de equilíbrio dos métodos de equilíbrio de equilíbrio limite clássicos. É também chamado de método aperfeiçoado. Devido à existência de taludes com geometrias complexas, a abordagem tridimensional (3D) é a única capaz de incorporar todos os aspectos geométricos do problema. Esta dissertação é dividida em dois artigos com o tema de estabilidade de taludes pelo o método de Kulhawy em abordagens 2D e 3D. O objetivo primário dessa dissertação é avaliar os principais fatores que influenciam a estabilidade de taludes. O primeiro artigo propôs geometrias variando de convexo a côncavo em um conjunto de propriedades típicas de solos. Duas trajetórias de geração de tensões in- situ foram utilizadas, i.e., construção e escavação. O método GLE foi calculado para fins de comparação. A superfície de deslizamento é muito dependente do histórico de tensão e da forma da face do talude. A diferença relativa no estado de tensões inicial típico alcançou 15% nas análises 2D e 34% nas análises 3D. A análise de sensibilidade do efeito do Poisson no fator de segurança mostrou-se muito relevante. A relação entre os fatores de segurança 2D e 3D são quase lineares independente do estado de tensões, das propriedades de resistência, formato da face do talude, na ordem de 30 a 40%. O segundo artigo propõe análises em barragens construídas em vales estreitos. Três abordagens de análises foram utilizadas: redução de resistência ao cisalhamento (SSR), métodos de Kulhawy e GLE. Condições típicas de fundações são muito variáveis como topografia e deformabilidade. A análise de sensibilidade do módulo de fundação de Young no fator de segurança foi insignificante em 2D e relevantes em 3D. A relação entre o comprimento do aterro (W) e a altura () é uma variável representativa do grau de estreitamento da barragem e na estabilidade de taludes. A análise de deformações planas tende a altas relações W/H e o oposto mostra elevados efeitos 3D. A inclinação da ombreira mostrou-se relevante no fator de segurança apenas em aterros em vales estreitos. Fundações mais rígidas são mais beneficias para o fator de segurança devido à produção de altos efeitos de arqueamento neste cenário. O método de Kulhawy provou-se ser vantajoso pela a incorporação do comportamento mecânico do solo, o uso de tensões mais realísticas nas análises e avaliação da estabilidade local na superfície de deslizamento. Isso aumenta a quantidade de informações úteis e confiáveis para o profissional de engenharia no projeto de taludes. Todas as análises foram realizadas usando o software SoilVision Systems, Saskatchewan, Canadá. Os módulos utilizados foram o SVLOPE, SVSOLID e o SVFLUX (SoilVision Systems Ltd., 2018). A análise de tensão para a simulação de trajetórias de escavação e construção utilizou do solucionador de Equações Diferenciais Parcias (PDE) o FlexPDE 6 (PDE Solutions Inc., 2014). / Slope stability analyses are predominantly performed using the two-dimensional (2D) conventional limit equilibrium methods. Conventional limit equilibrium methods are targets of many criticisms for using static equilibrium, assumptions of forces in the analysis and the same factor of safety along the slip surface. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the method proposed by Kulhawy (1969) incorporates the stress-strain behavior of the soil with stresses from the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the same structure as limit equilibrium methods. It is also called enhanced method. Due to the existence of slopes with complex geometries, the three-dimensional (3D) approach is only able to incorporate all the geometric aspects of the problem. This thesis is divided into two papers with the subject of slope stability analyses by the Kulhawy’s method in 2D and 3D approaches. The primary objective of this thesis is to evaluate major factors that influence slope stability. The first paper proposed geometries ranging from convex to concave in a set of soil properties. Two stress paths were considered, i.e., construction and excavation. The GLE method was computed for comparison purposes. The slip surface is very dependent on the stress history and the shape of slope face. The relative difference in typical initial stress state reached 15% in 2D analyses and 34% in 3D analyses. Sensitivity analysis of effect of Poisson’s ratio on factor of safety was very relevant. The relationship between 2D and 3D factors of safety are nearly linear independent of stress state on order of 30 to 40%. The second paper propose analyses on embankment dams built in narrow valleys. Three approaches of slope stability were used: shear strength reduction (SSR), Kulhawy’s and GLE methods. The typical conditions of foundation sites are very variable as topography and deformability. Sensitivity analysis of Young’s modulus of foundation on factor of safety was insignificant in 2D and relevant in 3D analyses. The ratio between embankment length (W) and height (H) was very important on slope stability. The plane strain analysis tends to high W/H ratio and the opposite shows high 3D effects. The inclination of abutment showed to be relevant on factor of safety only in embankments in narrow valleys. Stiffer foundations are beneficial to the factor of safety due producing high arching effects in this scenario. The Kulhawy’s method proved to be advantageous by the incorporation of mechanical behavior of soil, more realistic stress and local stability evaluation on slip surface. It increases the amount of useful and reliable information to the engineering professional in design of slopes. All analyses were performed using SoilVision Systems suite software, Saskatchewan, Canada. The modules used were SVSLOPE, SVSOLID and SVFLUX (SoilVision Systems Ltd., 2018). The stress analysis for the simulation of excavation and construction trajectories used partial differential equation (PDE) solver, FlexPDE 6 (PDE Solutions Inc., 2014).

A bord des véhicules électriques (VE) et Hybrides (VEH), les fonctions de tractions sont assurées par des convertisseurs électroniques de puissances. Ces derniers sont constitués de module de puissance (IGBTs ou MOSFETs). Au cours de leur fonctionnement, ces modules sont parfois soumis à de fortes contraintes électriques et thermiques qui amènent à une défaillance ou même à une destruction. Le premier objectif sera de réaliser un banc expérimentale permettant d’étudier le vieillissement des modules IGBTs en régîmes extrêmes de fonctionnement (mode de court-circuit). Ainsi, nous évaluerons les différents indicateurs de vieillissements permettant de prédire la défaillance du composant. Il sera question aussi de suivre le vieillissement ou une dégradation initié sur les composants IGBTs par thermographie infrarouge. Le second objectif sera de modéliser et simuler par éléments finis différentes structures d’IGBTs, afin de valider les modèles en fonctionnement statique et dynamique. L’avantage de l’approche multicellulaire par rapport à l’approche unicellulaire sera mis en avant. / On board electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid (HEV), the functions of traction is provided by power electronic converters. These consist of power modules (IGBT or MOSFET). During their operation, these modules are sometimes subjected to high electrical and thermal stresses that lead to failure or even destruction.The first objective will be to achieve experimental bench to study ageing IGBT modules under extreme operating conditions ( short circuit mode). Thus, we evaluate the various indicators of ageing to predict component failure. Topics will also follow the ageing or degradation initiated on IGBT components by infrared thermography. The second objective is to model and simulate by finite element different IGBT structures to validate the models in static and dynamic operation. The advantage of multicellular approach to the single cell approach will be highlighted.