Insect meal has excellent potential as food or feed. There is a need to provide enough food for the growing population, which is linked to the increasing demand for livestock production. Meat and fish have always been the staple of the human diet as a rich source of proteins and fats for human nutrition. Fish is a good source of animal protein and fat for humans, which forms the basis of the diet of a large number of people who generally live in coastal areas. The increasing demand for fish is associated with a growing interest in high-quality and affordable fish feed. Nowadays, the main ingredient in fish feed is fishmeal, and the price is constantly increasing. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends on finding a substitute for fishmeal with the same nutritional value and availability. Recently, there has been a growing interest in animal protein from insects for fish fattening. This thesis focused on analysing insect meal from mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and its use for food and feed purposes. The theoretical part describes the mealworm, the use of insect meal for human nutrition, and fish fattening. It also describes the requirements of fish for individual nutrients and the characterisation of insects for feeding purposes, focusing on the mealworm used as an alternative feed ingredient in fish. The individual major nutrients, namely protein, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, fibre, chitin, and selected minerals, were determined in the experimental part. The experimental part was divided into two parts, and the first part was divided into two phases. The first phase was used to determine the nutritional components in two fractions of insect meal from Tenebrio molitor larvae. The first fraction contained the fine fraction, and the second fraction the coarse fraction of insect meal. In the second phase, the content of nutritionally significant components was only determined in the insect meal from dried larvae without fractionation. A fish feed was designed from the analyses results. In the second part, the effect of the addition of insect meal from Tenebrio molitor for food purposes was investigated; specifically, the sensory properties of muffins were monitored. From the results, it can be observed that the nutritional composition of the insect meal suggests the possibility of using the mealworm larvae as an ingredient in the fish diet. The insect meal contains a high proportion of valuable proteins and lipids necessary for fish farming and a low proportion of carbohydrates, which unlike humans, fish do not need in their diet. The sensory analysis results indicate that consumers are not prepared to eat foods with added insects.

Zygomycetes is a class of fungi living worldwide as saprobes, as part of mycorrhizae, and as parasites. Humans have used some zygomycetes for centuries in the production of traditional foods, e.g. Indonesian tempe. In the present thesis, the experimental focus was on two zygomycetes strains, Mucor indicus CCUG 22424 and Rhizopus sp. IT. One of the distinguishing features of M. indicus is its dimorphism. The different cell forms were influenced by the culturing conditions. After inoculation, when the initial spore concentration was high (6-8×106 spores/ml), yeast-like growth dominated under anaerobic conditions. With a smaller inoculum, yielding 1-2×105 spores/ml, and access to oxygen, filamentous forms dominated. Only negligible differences in ethanol yield (390-420 mg/g hexoses), productivity (3-5 g/l/h), and inhibitor tolerance were observed. Differential expressions of probably four genes were observed between the yeast-like and filamentous growth forms. Lignocelluloses are a suitable substrate for cultivating zygomycetes, as they occur in abundance, particularly since zygomycetes, unlike Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can utilise pentoses. Lignocelluloses require pretreatment to achieve efficient hydrolysis of the cellulose. N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was tested for pretreatment of spruce and birch. Reducing wood chip size and/or prolonged pretreatment, promoted hydrolysis yield. Best yields were achieved from &lt;2 mm chips and 5 h pretreatment. The hydrolysate was used for fermentation with M. indicus, resulting in 195 and 175 mg ethanol/g wood, and 103 and 86 mg fungal biomass/g wood, from spruce and birch respectively. Orange peel is another potential substrate. However, the hydrolysate contained 0.6 % (v/v) D-limonene, ten times higher than the concentration inhibiting S. cerevisiae. M. indicus was more resistant and successfully fermented the hydrolysate, producing 400 mg ethanol/g hexoses and 75 mg fungal biomass/g sugars. Both M. indicus and Rhizopus sp. grew in 1.0 % and 2.0 % D-limonene, although the latter was unable to grow in the hydrolysate. A third substrate was also used, spent sulphite liquor (SSL), which is a by-product from sulphite paper pulp mills. The SSL was diluted to 50 % and used for airlift cultivations of Rhizopus sp. In 1.0 vvm aeration, up to 340 mg biomass/g sugars was produced. Prolonged cultivations generally decreased the protein (from 500 to 300 mg/g) and lipid (from 70 to 20 mg/g) contents. In contrast, the cell wall fraction, measured as alkali-insoluble material (AIM), increased (160-280 mg/g), as did the glucosamine (GlcN) content (220-320 mg GlcN/g AIM). The produced fungal biomass could serve as animal feed, e.g. for fish. / <p>Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen vid Chalmers tekniska högskola försvaras vid offentlig disputation den 9 februari 2012, klockan 10.00 i KS101, Kemigården 4, Göteborg.</p>

Para que o crescimento da produção pesqueira no Brasil aconteça de maneira sustentável é necessário o desenvolvimento de bases científicas e tecnológicas sólidas, que solucionem as demandas existentes nos diversos elos da cadeia produtiva. Uma das principais evidências da qualidade dos produtos é fornecida pelos resultados analíticos, cuja confiabilidade e exatidão podem ser asseguradas pelo emprego de materiais de referência (RM). Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido material de referência de ração para peixe para macro e micronutrientes e parâmetros bromatológicos e está em fase final de desenvolvimento um RM de tecido de peixe para nutrientes e contaminantes inorgânicos. A produção dos materiais seguiu as diretrizes das ISO Guias 30-35, considerando a preparação, envase, irradiação, massa mínima, homogeneidade, estabilidade a curto e a longo prazo e caracterização do material. Para produzir os RMs de ração e tecido de peixe, as amostras foram obtidas a partir de fornecedores comerciais. Os materiais foram secos/liofilizados, moídos, homogeneizados e envasados em frascos de vidro âmbar que, posteriormente, foram submetidos à irradiação com raios gama, para esterilização do material, visando o aumento do seu tempo de prateleira. A caracterização química do RM de ração foi efetuada através de um ensaio colaborativo, com a participação de laboratórios de diferentes instituições, públicas e privadas. A avaliação da estimativa da massa mínima, da homogeneidade e da estabilidade do material foi realizada utilizando-se como técnicas de determinação a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES) e a espectrometria de massa por plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS). Foi possível observar que o lote de ração para peixe pode ser considerado homogêneo para Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na e S, uma vez que não foi verificada diferença significativa no intervalo de confiança de 95%. A avaliação da estabilidade a longo prazo do RM de ração foi feita pela análise de resíduos da regressão em conjunto com a ANOVA e a avaliação da estabilidade a curto prazo foi obtida por meio de regressão linear simples. O RM de ração foi considerado suficientemente estável para ser armazenado à temperatura ambiente. Os resultados obtidos durante a produção do RM de ração e através do ensaio colaborativo possibilitaram a caracterização química e o cálculo das componentes de incerteza, sendo elaborado o documento com os valores de referência RM e as incertezas expandidas para cada um dos analitos avaliados. O RM de tecido de peixe foi avaliado em sua homogeneidade e estabilidade a curto prazo, sendo considerado homogêneo e estável para transporte a temperaturas inferiores a 37ºC. / For the growth of fisheries production in a sustainable way is necessary the development of sound scientific and technological basis, addressing the existing demands in the various links in the production chain. One of the main evidences of the quality of the products is provided by the analytical results, whose reliability and accuracy can be assured by the use of reference materials (RM). In this context, it was produced a RM of fish feed for macro-and micronutrients and proximates and it is in its final stage of development a RM of fish tissue for nutrients and inorganic contaminants. The production of reference materials followed the ISO Guides 30-35 norms: preparation and packaging, irradiation, minimum sample, homogeneity, short- and long-term stability, and material characterization. In order to produce a RMs of fish feed and fish tissue, the matrices were obtained from commercial suppliers. The samples were dried/freeze-dried, pulverized, homogenized and aliquoted into amber glass bottles, which later were subjected to gamma Ray irradiation (5-10 KGy), in order to increase its shelf life. The chemical characterization of the candidate fish feed RM was made through a collaborative trial with the participation of various laboratories of different institutions. The study of minimum sample, homogeneity and stability of the material were performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as determination techniques. The fish feed batch can be considered homogeneous for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Na, since there was no significant difference in significance level of 0.05. Long-term stability study of the RM of fish feed was performed by the residual analysis in regression and ANOVA and the short-term stability study was performed by simple linear regression. The RM was considered sufficiently stable to be stored at room temperature. The data obtained along the production and through the collaborative trial allowed the characterization of the fish feed RM and the determination of uncertainties components. It was prepared the analysis document with the reference values and expanded uncertainties. The RM of fish tissue was evaluated in its homogeneity and short-term stability and its considered homogeneous and stable to be transported under normal conditions.

Over the last three decades there has been a significant increase in aquaculture production and the demand for farmed fish is predicted to rise further. More fish are being caught to become fishmeal in aquaculture, than for direct human consumption use, while a large number of fish stocks are being depleted. Many popular farmed species are carnivores and thus brought up on a diet consisting of fishmeal and fish oil. However, several studies have shown that several fish species can be brought up on a diet consisting of mussel meal instead of fishmeal. If so, this finding can possibly lead to a more sustainable fishing in the future by reducing the number of wild-caught fish. The purpose of this study has been to examine if mussel meal extract can induce foraging in the omnivorous species crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a commercial fish that is mainly farmed in China. Induced foraging can indicate that crucian carp could become accustomed to mussels, even though mussels are not part of its natural food source. The results revealed that foraging was induced in the crucian carp by conventional feed for carp, the control diet, but not by extract of mussels. / Vattenbruket har ökat markant under de senaste tre decennierna och idag går mer fisk till foderproduktion för fiskodlingar än vad som konsumeras direkt av människan. Detta är problematiskt då många fiskbestånd är utarmade, samtidigt ökar efterfrågan på fisk. Många populära matfiskar är rovfiskar som huvudsakligen matas med fiskbaserat foder. Ett flertal studier har emellertid visat att flera fiskarter potentiellt kan födas upp på blåmusslor (Mytilus edulis) istället för fiskbaserat foder. Foder som huvudsakligen baseras på musslor kan därför i framtiden möjligen bidra till att minska överexploatering av fisk. Denna studie undersökte om musselextrakt kan inducera ett födosök hos omnivoren ruda (Carassius carassius), som idag odlas och används som matfisk framförallt i Kina. I så fall kan det indikera att ruda möjligen kan vänjas vid musslor, trots att det inte ingår i fiskens naturliga föda. Resultaten i studien visade att ett födosök inducerades hos ruda gentemot extrakt av vanligt karpfoder, kontrollsubstansen, men inte gentemot musselextrakt.

<p>Aktuelni problem industrije proizvodnje hrane za ribe jeste smanjena dostupnost i visoka<br />cena ribljeg bra&scaron;na, tradicionalnog izvora proteina u hrani za ribe, koja je direktna posledica rasta sektora akvakulture i visoke potražnje za ovim kvalitetnim proteinskim hranivom. Delimična ili potpuna zamena ribljeg bra&scaron;na visokoproteinskim sirovinama biljnog porekla u recepturama za ishranu riba, uz iznalaženje novih alternativnih visokoproteinskih sirovina pristup je kojim se prevazilazi ovaj problem i koji ima potencijal da obezbedi održivost celokupne industrije hrane za ribe u budućnosti. U okviru ove disertacije predloženo je novo, relativno jednostavno i jeftino tehnolo&scaron;ko re&scaron;enje za suvo frakcionisanje suncokretove sačme, čijom bi se primenom dobile njene visokoproteinske frakcije kao potencijalne proteinske sirovine biljnog porekla za zamenu ribljeg bra&scaron;na u hrani za ribe. Shodno tome, istraživanja ove disertacije urađena su u dve odvojene faze, gde je prva, faza vazdu&scaron;ne klasifikacije, imala za cilj ispitivanje mogućnosti primene kombinacije postupaka usitnjavanja suncokretove sačme mlinom čekidarom i vazdu&scaron;ne klasifikacije ovako usitnjene sačme primenom vazdu&scaron;nog gravitacionog kaskadnog, cik-cak, klasifikatora u cilju dobijanja frakcija povedanog sadržaj proteina u odnosu na polaznu sačmu. Nezavisni parametri usitnjavanja i klasifikacije bili su prečnik otvora sita (POS) čekidara (3, 2 i 1 mm), protok<br />klasifikacionog vazduha (5, 8,7 i 12,5 m³/h) i jačina oscilacije vibro dozatora (JOVD)<br />klasifikatora (30, 60 i 90% maksimuma). Zavisne promenljive bile su sadržaj proteina u<br />dobijenim frakcijama i njihov prinos. Primenjen je 3x3x3 potpuni faktorijalni eksperimentalni dizajn prema metodi odzivne povr&scaron;ine. U cilju dobijanja frakcije sa &scaron;to<br />većim sadržajem proteina, u &scaron;to većem prinosu, kombinacija postupaka usitnjavanja i<br />vazdu&scaron;ne klasifikacije je optimizovana primenom regresione analize, analize glavnih<br />komponenata (PCA analiza), analize varijanse, kao i računske dinamike fluida (CFD analiza), kojom je dobijeni kompjuterski model vazdu&scaron;ne klasifikacije suncokretove sačme poređen sa eksperimentalno dobijenim rezultatima. Cik-cak vazdu&scaron;ni klasifikator uspe&scaron;no je primenjen za razdvajanje usitnjene suncokretove sačme na grubu i finu frakciju. Pri povećanju protoka vazduha smanjivao se prinos grube a istovremeno povećavao prinos fine frakcije. Grube frakcije suncokretove sačme dobijene pri protocima vazduha od 8,7 i 12,5 m³/h imale su za 0,5 &minus; 41,4% relativno veći sadržaj proteina u poređenju sa polaznom sačmom. Smanjenje POS i povećanje protoka vazduha uticalo je na povećanje, dok je povećanje JOVD, uticalo na smanjenje sadržaja proteina grube frakcije. Najveći sadržaj proteina (50,90%SM) imala je gruba frakcija suncokretove sačme dobijena pri sledećim parametrima: POS &minus; 1 mm; protok vazduha &minus; 12,5 m³/h; JOVD &minus; 30%. Na sadržaj proteina grube frakcije i odnos prinosa frakcija značajan uticaj (p &lt; 0,05) imali su POS čekidara i protok vazduha, dok je CFD model pokazao zadovoljavajuće poklapanje sa eksperimentalnim rezultatima. Cilj druge faze disertacije, faze ekstrudiranja, bio je najpre ispitivanje uticaja dodatka polazne suncokretove sačme (oko 37% proteina na SM) i njene dve visokoproteinske frakcije (oko 43% i 49% proteina na SM), dobijenih na osnovu odabranih parametara usitnjavanja i vazdu&scaron;ne klasifikacije, na postupak ekstrudiranja i fizički kvalitet ekstrudirane hrane za ribe. Maksimalno 20% ribljeg bra&scaron;na bilo je zamenjeno polaznom sunockretovom sačmom i njenim odabranim visokoproteinskim frakcijama, a njihov udeo u recepturi za ishranu pastrmke menjan je na osnovu dizajna sme&scaron;e. Za ekstrudiranje eksperimentalnih sme&scaron;a i dobijanje hrane u obliku granula kori&scaron;ćen je dvopužni ekstruder. Ulazni parametri ekstrudiranja bili su konstatni, osim sastava sme&scaron;e, a<br />praćeni su izlazni parametri ekstrudiranja: temperatura u cevi ekstrudera, temperatura<br />matrice, pritisak na matrici, specifična potro&scaron;nja energije (SME) i obrtni moment<br />elektromotora ekstrudera. Proizvedenim uzorcima ispitani su pokazatelji fizičkog kvaliteta: stepen ekspanzije, nasipna masa, tvrdoća, stepen otiranja, kapacitet upijanja ulja, nivo otpu&scaron;tanja ulja iz zauljenih granula, stabilnost u vodi i mikrostruktura granula. Prisutvo suncokretove sačme vi&scaron;eg sadržaja proteina i manjeg sadržaja celuloze u sme&scaron;i uticalo je na formiranje vi&scaron;e temperature matrice ekstrudera, kao i na smanjenje SME i obrtnog momenta. Povećanje sadržaja proteina suncokretove sačme doprinelo je stvaranju kompaktnije strukture granule, povećanju tvrdoće, otpornosti otiranju i stabilnosti granula u vodi, smanjenju nivoa otpu&scaron;tanja ulja, te je tako pozitivno uticalo na fizičke karakteristike granula. Visokoproteinska frakcija suncokretove sačme sa 49% proteina na SM doprinela je optimalnim fzičkim karakteristikama ekstrudirane hrane za pastrmku. Karakterizacija ove frakcije kao potencijalne nove sirovine u industriji hrane za ribe bio je krajnji cilj ispitivanja ove disertacije. U tu svrhu navedena frakcija suncokretove sačme poređena je u novom eksperimentu ekstrudiranja i ispitivanja fizičkog kvaliteta hrane za pastrmku sa ribljim bra&scaron;nom, kao i sojinim bra&scaron;nom, koje je najče&scaron;će kori&scaron;ćen izvor biljnih proteina u hrani za ribe. Kori&scaron;ćena je nova receptura sme&scaron;e ali ista postavka eksperimenta kao u prvom delu faze ekstrudiranja. Rezultati su pokazali da je prisustvo visokoproteinske suncokretove sačme sa oko 49% proteina (SM) doprinelo smanjenju temperature matrice, ali i povedanju SME i obrtnog momenta, a time i poroznosti granula &scaron;to je imalo pozitivan uticaj na kapacitet upijanja ulja granula, stabilnost granula i otpu&scaron;tanje nutrijenata u vodi, kao i negativan uticaj na stepen otiranja i nasipnu masu granula. Zamena 13,4% ribljeg bra&scaron;na u recepturi ovom viskoproteinskom frakcijom suncokretove sačme za rezultat je imala granule zadovoljavajućeg fizičkog kvaliteta. Granule najboljeg fizičkog kvaliteta dobijene su<br />kombinacijom visokoproteinske frakcije suncokretove sačme sa sojinim bra&scaron;nom, te se<br />moglo zaključiti da se funkcionalne karakteristike ove dve sirovine odlično dopunjuju, i da visokoproteinska frakcija suncokretove sačme, sa stanovi&scaron;ta tehnolo&scaron;kog kvaliteta hrane za ribu, predstavlja dobru alternativu ribljem bra&scaron;nu.</p> / <p>High price and finite availability of fish meal (FM), due to high expansion of aquaculture<br />sector in recent decades, are main concerns for modern day aquafeed industry. Partially or completely substation of fish meal in fish feed with protein sources of plant origin, together with finding novel alternative protein sources, is commonly used approach that enables sustainability of aquafeed industry in decades to come. New, relatively simple and low-cost procedure for dry fractionation of sunflower meal (SFM) was proposed within this thesis, with aim for producing high protein SFM fractions as a potential plant source alternative for FM in fish feed. Thus, thesis&rsquo;s researches were done in two phases, where the aim of the first phase, air classification phase, was to investigate the possibility of applying combination of grinding by hammer mill and air classification of ground SFM using gravitational, cascade air classifier (zigzag), in order to obtain protein enriched fractions. Independent variables of grinding and air classification were sieve openings diameter (SOD) of hammer mill (3, 2 and 1 mm), air flow (5, 8.7 and 12.5 m3/h) and bowl feeder oscillation rate (BFOR) of air classifier (30, 60 and 90% of the maximum). Depended responses were protein content and yield of obtained fractions. The experimental data were obtained using 3 x 3 x 3 full factorial experimental design according to response surface methodology (RSM). For the optimization of grinding and air classification, in order to obtain fraction with highest possible protein content and in high yield, regression analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach were employed. Zigzag air classifier was successfully used for fractionation of ground SFM into coarse and fine fraction. Yield of coarse fractions was decreasing, while fine fractions yield was increasing with the increase of the air flow. Coarse fractions of SFM obtained at 8.7 and 12.5 m3/h were 0.5 &minus; 41.4% relatively enriched in protein content compared to the starting SFM. Decrease of SOD and increase of air flow resulted in coarse fraction protein content increase, while increasing BFOR decreased coarse fraction protein<br />content. The coarse SFM fraction with highest protein content was obtained for the SFM<br />ground by 1 mm SOD, air flow of 12.5 m3/h, with BFOR set at 30%. Protein content of<br />coarse fraction and ratio of fractions yields were significantly affected (p &lt; 0.05) by SOD of hammer mill and air flow. CFD model coincide with the experimental results of air<br />classification. The first aim of second phase, extrusion phase, was to investigate influence of starting SFM (37% of protein at DM) and its two high protein fractions (43% and 49% of protein at DM), obtained by grinding and air classification, on extrusion process and physical quality of extruded fish feed. Maximum 20% of FM was substituted with SFM and its high protein fractions in trout feed recipe, and their share was changed according to the<br />mixture design. Twin screw extruder was used for the production of trout feed samples.<br />Primarily extrusion parameters were constant, except dry mixture composition, and<br />secondary extrusion factors were observed: extruder barrel&rsquo;s temperatures, temperature<br />and pressure at the die, specific mechanical energy (SME) and motor load as torque.<br />Selected physical properties of extruded trout feed samples were determined: radial<br />expansion, bulk density, hardness, durability, oil absorption capacity, oil leakage, water<br />stability and microstructure of feed. SFM higher in protein and lower in fiber influenced<br />higher die temperature and lower SME and torque during extrusion process. Increase in<br />protein content of SFM resulted in more compact structure of pellets, increased hardness, durability and water stability, decreased oil leakage and thus positively influenced on physical properties of feed. High protein SFM fraction with around 49% of protein (DM) contributed to the optimal physical properties of experimental feed and characterization of this SFM fraction, as a potential new raw material in fish feed industry, was definite aim of this thesis. Towards that, new set of experiments was conducted, where high protein SFM fraction was compared with FM and soybean flour (SBF) by extruding new samples of trout feed and investigating their physical quality. Results of second extrusion experiment showed that presence of high protein SFM fraction (49% of protein DM) in dry mixture decreased die temperature, while increased SME and torque, and with that also increased porosity of pellets, oil absorption capacity and water stability but decreased bulk density and durability. Substitution of 13.4% FM by high protein SFM fraction resulted in pellets with satisfactory physical quality. The highest quality pellets were obtained in combination of high protein SFM and SBF, which lead to the conclusion that functional characteristics of high protein SFM fraction and SBF are complementary, and that novel SFM, from the point of technical quality, presents good FM alternative.</p>

Para que o crescimento da produção pesqueira no Brasil aconteça de maneira sustentável é necessário o desenvolvimento de bases científicas e tecnológicas sólidas, que solucionem as demandas existentes nos diversos elos da cadeia produtiva. Uma das principais evidências da qualidade dos produtos é fornecida pelos resultados analíticos, cuja confiabilidade e exatidão podem ser asseguradas pelo emprego de materiais de referência (RM). Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido material de referência de ração para peixe para macro e micronutrientes e parâmetros bromatológicos e está em fase final de desenvolvimento um RM de tecido de peixe para nutrientes e contaminantes inorgânicos. A produção dos materiais seguiu as diretrizes das ISO Guias 30-35, considerando a preparação, envase, irradiação, massa mínima, homogeneidade, estabilidade a curto e a longo prazo e caracterização do material. Para produzir os RMs de ração e tecido de peixe, as amostras foram obtidas a partir de fornecedores comerciais. Os materiais foram secos/liofilizados, moídos, homogeneizados e envasados em frascos de vidro âmbar que, posteriormente, foram submetidos à irradiação com raios gama, para esterilização do material, visando o aumento do seu tempo de prateleira. A caracterização química do RM de ração foi efetuada através de um ensaio colaborativo, com a participação de laboratórios de diferentes instituições, públicas e privadas. A avaliação da estimativa da massa mínima, da homogeneidade e da estabilidade do material foi realizada utilizando-se como técnicas de determinação a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES) e a espectrometria de massa por plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS). Foi possível observar que o lote de ração para peixe pode ser considerado homogêneo para Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na e S, uma vez que não foi verificada diferença significativa no intervalo de confiança de 95%. A avaliação da estabilidade a longo prazo do RM de ração foi feita pela análise de resíduos da regressão em conjunto com a ANOVA e a avaliação da estabilidade a curto prazo foi obtida por meio de regressão linear simples. O RM de ração foi considerado suficientemente estável para ser armazenado à temperatura ambiente. Os resultados obtidos durante a produção do RM de ração e através do ensaio colaborativo possibilitaram a caracterização química e o cálculo das componentes de incerteza, sendo elaborado o documento com os valores de referência RM e as incertezas expandidas para cada um dos analitos avaliados. O RM de tecido de peixe foi avaliado em sua homogeneidade e estabilidade a curto prazo, sendo considerado homogêneo e estável para transporte a temperaturas inferiores a 37ºC. / For the growth of fisheries production in a sustainable way is necessary the development of sound scientific and technological basis, addressing the existing demands in the various links in the production chain. One of the main evidences of the quality of the products is provided by the analytical results, whose reliability and accuracy can be assured by the use of reference materials (RM). In this context, it was produced a RM of fish feed for macro-and micronutrients and proximates and it is in its final stage of development a RM of fish tissue for nutrients and inorganic contaminants. The production of reference materials followed the ISO Guides 30-35 norms: preparation and packaging, irradiation, minimum sample, homogeneity, short- and long-term stability, and material characterization. In order to produce a RMs of fish feed and fish tissue, the matrices were obtained from commercial suppliers. The samples were dried/freeze-dried, pulverized, homogenized and aliquoted into amber glass bottles, which later were subjected to gamma Ray irradiation (5-10 KGy), in order to increase its shelf life. The chemical characterization of the candidate fish feed RM was made through a collaborative trial with the participation of various laboratories of different institutions. The study of minimum sample, homogeneity and stability of the material were performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as determination techniques. The fish feed batch can be considered homogeneous for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Na, since there was no significant difference in significance level of 0.05. Long-term stability study of the RM of fish feed was performed by the residual analysis in regression and ANOVA and the short-term stability study was performed by simple linear regression. The RM was considered sufficiently stable to be stored at room temperature. The data obtained along the production and through the collaborative trial allowed the characterization of the fish feed RM and the determination of uncertainties components. It was prepared the analysis document with the reference values and expanded uncertainties. The RM of fish tissue was evaluated in its homogeneity and short-term stability and its considered homogeneous and stable to be transported under normal conditions.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23957号 / 農博第2506号 / 新制||農||1092(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5392(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 阪井 康能, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Förenta nationerna förutser en global befolkningsökning med 2 miljarder människor till 2050, vilket motsvara en total befolkningsmängd på nära 10 miljarder människor. Dessutom förväntas ökningen ske oproportionerligt över jorden och koncentreras i delar av världen där livsmedelssäkerheten är låg och produktionen otillräcklig. FN:s livsmedels- och jordbruksorganisation (FAO) uppskattar att det kommer krävas en produktionsökning med 70% för att möta livsmedelsbehovet för den globala populationen. Att odla fisk som alternativ till konventionellt fiske är en möjlighet att möta den ökande efterfrågan på animaliskt protein då de naturliga fiskbestånden minskar. Akvaponiska odling är ett kombinerat odlingssystem av hydroponisk odling och vattenbruk som möjliggör minskade risker kopplade till övergödning och smitning. Dock är fiskodlingarnas konsumtion av foderfisk problematisk. Insekter är ett av många foderalternativ som ofta nämns som en klimatsmart lösning då insekter är platseffektiva att odla och har en hög förmåga att omvandla biomassa till högvärdigt protein. En art som fått extra mycket uppmärksamhet inom detta område är den amerikanska vapenflugan (Hermetia illucens). Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om implementeringen av ett insektsbaserat fiskfoder med vapenflugelarver kan sänka klimat- och miljöpåverkan från en fiskodling jämfört med att använda ett konventionellt fiskfoder baserat på ingredienser från vildfångad havsfisk. Detta har gjorts genom utförandet av en litteraturstudie av det konventionella fiskfodret och en livscykelanalys av larvproduktionens påverkan inom dessa fyra miljöpåverkansindikatorer: total energianvändning, klimatpåverkan (GWP), foderfiskkonsumtion (FIFO) och försurning. Resultatet av studien visade att det framförallt är lokalen för produktionen som konsumerar energi för uppvärmning, ventilation och belysning. Utöver detta visade sig bearbetning av larverna (torkning) vara en energiintensiv process. Från klimatperspektiv är det själva komposteringsprocessen som förorsakar de största enskilda utsläppen av växthusgaser. Resultatet visar vidare att produktionen av den amerikanska fluglarven presterar bättre för de studerade faktorerna än det konventionella fiskfodret och att den således har potential som foderkomponent. Fallstudien visar att den undersökta akvaponianläggningen kan minska sin påverkan inom samtliga effektkategorier jämfört med ett nyttjande av konventionellt foder. Dock är studiens utfall beroende av vilka förutsättningar som finns gällande produktionens geografiska placering och således vilken elmix som nyttjas samt vilken tillgången är på lämpliga substrat såsom matsvinn. / The United Nations foresees a global population increase of 2 billion people by 2050, corresponding to a total population of nearly 10 billion people. In addition, the increase is expected to be disproportionate over the earth and concentrated to parts of the world where food safety is low and production insufficient. The Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that a production increase of 70% will be required to meet the food needs of the global population. Growing fish as an alternative to conventional fishing is an opportunity to meet the increasing demand for animal protein as the natural fish stocks decrease. Aquaponics is a combined cultivation system of hydroponic cultivation and aquaculture that reduces risks associated with eutrophication, invasive species and diffusion of antibiotics and chemicals. However, the consumption of feed fish is problematic in in both traditional aquaculture and in aquaponic cultivation. Insects are one of many feed alternatives that are often referred to as a climate-smart solution since they are effective to grow from a land use perspective and have a high ability to convert biomass into high-quality protein. One species that has received extra attention in this area is the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). The purpose of this study has been to investigate whether the implementation of an insect-based fish feed with black soldier fly larvae can reduce the environmental impacts of an aquaponic cultivation farm compared to using conventional fish feed based on ingredients from wild-caught sea fish. This has been done by carrying out a literature study of the conventional fish feed and a life cycle analysis of the influence of larva production within these four environmental impact indicators: total energy use, climate impact (GWP), feed fish consumption (FIFO) and acidification. The results of this study showed that the main energy use for the production of larvae is energy for heating, ventilation and lighting of the production location. In addition, the processing of the larvae (drying) was showed to be an energy intensive process as well. From a climate perspective, it is the composting process carried out by the larvae that causes the largest individual emissions of greenhouse gases. The result also shows that the production of the black soldier fly larvae performs better within the four environmental impact indicators than the conventional fish feed and thus it has the potential as a more sustainable feed component. The case study shows that the analyzed aquaponic farm can reduce its impact in all studied impact categories compared to using conventional feed. However, the study's outcome depends on the current circumstances regarding geographical location of the production, the electricity mix used as well as the availability suitable substrates such as food waste.

Zur Sicherung der Fischbestände muss die Aquakultur ihren Beitrag zur Weltfischversorgung weiter steigern. Solange jedoch die Fischfutter Produktion stark von der Gewinnung von Fischmehl abhängig ist, bestehen für die Aquakultur natürliche Begrenzungen und die Gefahr der Überfischung der Fischbestände bleibt erhalten. Wenn das Wachstumspotenzial der Aquakultur ausgeschöpft werden soll, müssen beträchtliche Mengen von Nährstoffeinträgen in Form von vollständigen Aquakultur-Mischfuttermitteln auf einer nachhaltigen Basis verfügbar sein. Aufgrund des gestiegenen Preises von kommerziellem Fischfutter sind Kleinproduzenten nicht in der Lage dieses zu erwerben. Daher ist es notwendig, ihnen alternatives Fischfutter zur Verfügung zu stellen. Wasserpflanzen können eine bedeutende Nahrungsquelle für herbivore- und omnivore Fische sein. Dennoch ist die Nutzung dieser Pflanzen als Zusatz für Fischfutter durch eine Reihe antinutritiver Substanzen, welche das normale Fischwachstum negativ beeinträchtigen, begrenzt. Unterschiedliche Behandlungen der Pflanzen können den Anteil an antinutritiven Substanzen reduzieren. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, das nutritive Potential von Wasserpflanzen zu bestimmen. Die Wirkung der Behandlungen wie Sonnentrocknung oder Fermentierung zu bewerten und den Effekt ihrer Nutzung als Fischfutter auf das Wachstum von kultivierten Fischen zu erfassen. Dazu wurden Rationen mit einem geringen Gehalt an Fischmehl (3%) und bis zu 25% der Wasserpflanzen an die Fischspezies P. brachypomus und O. niloticus verfüttert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen dass, eine ausschließlich auf aquatischen Makrophyten basierende Fütterung nicht empfehlenswert ist. Indem sie jedoch mit anderen lokal verfügbaren Agrar-Nebenerzeugnissen oder sogar mit kommerziellen Futtermitteln kombiniert werden, könnten die Futterkosten erheblich reduziert werden und bäuerlichen Kleinbetrieben eine Möglichkeit zum Wettbewerb auf den lokalen Märkten eröffnen. / It is commonly known that aquaculture needs to increase further its net contribution to the total world fish supplies. However, at present almost all farming operations, based on the use of fish feed, are highly dependent on available fishery resources for the production of fish meal, becoming a reducing activity rather than an activity suppling fishery resources. If the aquaculture growth potential is to be maintained, then considerable quantities of nutrient inputs in the form of aquafeeds will have to be available on a sustainable basis. On a long-term the small producers will be unable to depend on commercial aquafeeds based traditionally on fish meal, due to its increased price. Small-scale farmers need an alternative fish feed wherever possible based on the use of non-food grade locally feed resources, which is available in rural areas, is low-cost and is suitable for the proper growth and maintenance of native fish. Aquatic plants are considered important nutritional sources for herbivorous-omnivorous fish. However, the use of plant-derived materials as fish feed ingredient is limited by the presence of wide variety of antinutrients that affect the normal fish growth negatively; so that plants should be processed to reduce the effects of these compounds. Considering these aspects, this study assessed the nutritional potential of aquatic plants available in rural Colombia treated by sun drying and by fermentation and the effect of their use as fish feed on the growth performance of common cultured tropical fish (Piaractus brachypomus and Oreochromis niloticus) fed low fishmeal diets (3%) and until 25% of aquatic plants. The results of this study showed that a feeding exclusively based on aquatic plants is not recommendable; but to combine them with other locally available by-products of agriculture or even with commercial diets might considerably reduce feeding cost and provide to the small-scale farmers the opportunity to compete in local markets.

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