Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was prompted by the increasing vulnerability and impoverishment of local fishing folk in Ukerewe District in Tanzania in the midst of the potential of the fishing sector to generate wealth and the many capable actors and stakeholders who can provide essential services and opportunities that can help the fishing folk to overcome their challenges and improve their lot in generating wealth. Taking the view that some forms of poverty have their roots in the moral system of the people, institutions and organisations involved, and considering the call made by Tanzania’s Second National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction to key actors and stakeholders to design and implement interventions that would improve the chances of poor actors to generate wealth, this study aimed to discover what would motivate capable actors and stakeholders in the fishing sector of Ukerewe District to do so. The study asked whether there are ethical values and principles that have the potential to inspire and guide capable actors and stakeholders to reconsider the fate of constrained local actors, and to make a responsible commitment to address their constraining conditions, as well as to determine how these ethical ideas, if any, can be explicated, formulated and implemented. Empirical research was undertaken in Ukerewe District from October 2012 to March 2013. It followed an applied ethics case study methodology, combined with focus groups, life narratives and in-depth individual interviews. Three hundred and ten local actors and stakeholders in the fishing sector of Ukerewe were engaged in progressive stages of critical self-reflection and dialogue within and between particular stakeholder groups. These 310 participants reflected and deliberated on what constituted the poverty of local actors, what it would take to overcome that poverty and what would motivate capable actors and stakeholders to combat that poverty. The collected evidence led to the establishment of the following: First, the fishing sector offers adequate opportunities to invest in and work to generate income and goods to improve socio-economic conditions. Second, local fishing folk fall into poverty because they are constrained from generating wealth. Third, the local fishing folk could improve their capacities to generate wealth and overcome their poverty through expanded opportunities to acquire and use the relevant competence, efficient productive forces and fisheries infrastructure, formal financial credit and insurance services. Fourth, fulfilling institutional and professional obligations, contributing to possible good consequences and preventing possible bad consequences in the life of the local fishing folk, the fishing sector, their own organisations and society, and showing care for, respect to and solidarity with local fishing folk would motivate most capable actors and stakeholders to undertake pro-poor actions in the fisheries sections. Based on what the respondents revealed to value and what they wanted to achieve in their fishing sector, an alternative development ethic, namely the Sufficient Capabilities and Wealth Ethic (SUCAWE), was constructed. The SUCAWE offers insightful and empowering moral resources for self-management and for the management of multiple actors and stakeholders in wealth creation and the combating of poverty. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ontstaan uit die toenemende weerloosheid en verarming van die plaaslike vissersgemeenskap van die Ukerewe Distrik in Tanzania te midde van die potensiaal van die visserysektor om welvaart te skep, en die vele agente en belanghebbendes wat in staat is daartoe om noodsaaklike dienste en geleenthede te voorsien wat kan help dat die visserygemeenskap hulle uitdagings oorkom en hulle lot verbeter deur welvaart te skep. Uitgaande van die standpunt dat sekere vorme van armoede wortel in die morele sisteem van die mense, instellings en organisasies betrokke, en met in ag neming van die oproep wat aan sleutelagente en belanghebbendes gerig is met Tanzania se Second National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction om ingrepe te ontwerp en te implementeer wat die kanse sal verbeter van armes om welvaart te skep, het hierdie studie beoog om dit bloot te lê wat vermoënde agente en belanghebbendes in die visserysektor van die Ukerewe Distrik sou motiveer om dit te doen. Hierdie studie het die vraag gestel of daar etiese waardes en beginsels is met die potensiaal om vermoënde agente en belanghebbendes te inspireer en daartoe te lei om die lot van plaaslike agente wat deur armoede beperk word, in heroorweging te neem, en 'n verantwoordelike verbintenis aan te gaan om hierdie beperkende omstandighede aan te spreek, en het ook gepoog om te bepaal hoe hierdie etiese idees, indien enige, blootgelê, geformuleer en geïmplementeer kan word. Empiriese navorsing is onderneem in die Ukerewe Distrik vanaf Oktober 2012 to Maart 2013. Hierin is die metodologie van 'n gevallestudie in toegepaste etiek gevolg, gekombineer met fokusgroepbesprekings, lewensverhale en in-diepte individuele onderhoude. Driehonderd en tien plaaslike agente en belanghebbendes in die visserysektor van Ukerewe is betrek in progressiewe fases van kritiese self-refleksie en dialoog in en tussen spesifieke groepe van belanghebbendes. Hierdie 310 deelnemers het dit wat die armoede van plaaslike agente meebring, ontleed en oorweeg, asook wat dit sou behels om hierdie armoede te oorkom, en wat vermoënde agente en belanghebbendes sou kon motiveer om hierdie armoede te beveg. Op grond van die inligting wat versamel is, kon die volgende bepaal word: Eerstens, die visserysektor bied voldoende geleenthede vir beleggings en werk waardeur inkomste en goedere tot stand kan kom waardeur sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede verbeter kan word. Tweedens, plaaslike vissers verval in armoede omdat hulle beperk word om welvaart te skep. Derdens, plaaslike vissers kan hulle vermoë om welvaart te skep om armoede te oorkom, verbeter deur die geleenthede uit te brei vir hulle om relevante vaardighede, doeltreffende produksiekragte en vissery-infrastruktuur, formele finansiële krediet en versekeringsdienste te bekom en te gebruik. Vierdens, die meeste vermoënde agente en belanghebbendes wat in staat is tot pro-arm optrede in die visserysektor sou daartoe gemotiveer kon word deur institusionele en professionele verpligtinge na te kom, deur by te dra tot moontlike goeie gevolge en moontlike slegte gevolge in die lewe van plaaslike vissers, die visserysektor, hulle eie organisasies en die samelewing te voorkom, en deur sorgsaamheid vir, respek teenoor en solidariteit met die plaaslike vissersgemeenskap te openbaar. Op grond van wat die deelnemers openbaar het oor dit waaraan hulle waarde heg, asook wat hulle graag sou wou bereik in die deel van die visserysektor waarby hulle betrokke is, is 'n alternatiewe ontwikkelingsetiek geformuleer, te wete die Sufficient Capabilities and Wealth Ethic (SUCAWE). Die SUCAWE bied insiggewende en bemagtigende morele hulpbronne vir self-bestuur, asook vir die bestuur van 'n verskeidenheid van agente en belanghebbendes betrokke by die skepping van welvaart en die bekamping van armoede.

<p>The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to a better understanding of how global seafood trade interacts with the governance of small-scale fisheries (SSFs). As global seafood trade expands, SSFs have the potential to experience significant economic, social, and political benefits from participation in export markets. At the same time, market connections that place increasing pressures on resources pose risks to both the ecological and social integrity of SSFs. This dissertation seeks to explore the factors that mediate between the potential benefits and risks of global seafood markets for SSFs, with the goal of developing hypotheses regarding these relationships. </p><p>The empirical investigation consists of a series of case studies from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. This is a particularly rich context in which to study global market connections with SSFs because the SSFs in this region engage in a variety of market-oriented harvests, most notably for octopus, groupers and snappers, lobster, and sea cucumber. Variation in market forms and the institutional diversity of local-level governance arrangements allows the dissertation to explore a number of examples. </p><p>The analysis is guided primarily by common-pool resource (CPR) theory because of the insights it provides regarding the conditions that facilitate collective action and the factors that promote long-lasting resource governance arrangements. Theory from institutional economics and political ecology contribute to the elaboration of a multi-faceted conceptualization of markets for CPR theory, with the aim of facilitating the identification of mechanisms through which markets and CPR governance actually interact. This dissertation conceptualizes markets as sets of institutions that structure the exchange of property rights over fisheries resources, affect the material incentives to harvest resources, and transmit ideas and values about fisheries resources and governance.</p><p> The case studies explore four different mechanisms through which markets potentially influence resource governance: 1) Markets can contribute to costly resource governance activities by offsetting costs through profits, 2) markets can undermine resource governance by generating incentives for noncompliance and lead to overharvesting resources, 3) markets can increase the costs of resource governance, for example by augmenting monitoring and enforcement burdens, and 4) markets can alter values and norms underpinning resource governance by transmitting ideas between local resource users and a variety of market actors. </p><p>Data collected using participant observation, survey, informal and structured interviews contributed to the elaboration of the following hypotheses relevant to interactions between global seafood trade and SSFs governance. 1) Roll-back neoliberalization of fisheries policies has undermined cooperatives’ ability to achieve financial success through engagement with markets and thus their potential role as key actors in resource governance (chapter two). 2) Different relations of production influence whether local governance institutions will erode or strengthen when faced with market pressures. In particular, relations of production in which fishers own their own means of production and share the collective costs of governance are more likely to strengthen resource governance while relations of production in which a single entrepreneur controls capital and access to the fishery are more likely to contribute to the erosion of resource governance institutions in the face of market pressures (chapter three). 3) By serving as a new discursive framework within which to conceive of and talk about fisheries resources, markets can influence norms and values that shape and constitute governance arrangements.</p><p>In sum, the dissertation demonstrates that global seafood trade manifests in a diversity of local forms and effects. Whether SSFs moderate risks and take advantage of benefits depends on a variety of factors, and resource users themselves have the potential to influence the outcomes of seafood market connections through local forms of collective action.</p> / Dissertation

Testing ecological theory at macroecological scales may be useful for disentangling abiotic influences from anthropogenic disturbances, and thus provide insights into fundamental processes that structure ecological communities. In tropical coral reef systems, our understanding of community structure is limited to small-scale studies conducted in moderately degraded regions, while larger regional or ocean scale analyses have typically focused on identifying human drivers of reef degradation. In this thesis, my collaborators and I combined stable isotope specimens, underwater visual censuses, and remote sensing data from 43 Pacific islands and atolls in order to examine the relative roles of natural environmental variation and anthropogenic pressures in structuring coral reef fish and benthic communities. First, at unexploited sites on Kiritimati Atoll (Kiribati), isotope estimates indicated that trophic level increased with body size across species and individuals, while negative abundance ~ body size relationships (size spectra) revealed distinct energetic constraints between energy-competing carnivores and energy-sharing herbivores. After demonstrating size structuring of reef fish communities in the absence of humans, we then examined evidence for size-selective exploitation impacts on coral reefs across the Pacific Ocean. Size spectra 'steepened' as human population density increased and proximity to market center decreased, reflecting decreases in large-bodied fish abundance, biomass, turnover rate, and mean trophic level. Depletion of large fish abundances likely diminishes functions such as bioerosion by grazers and food chain connectivity by top predators, further degrading reef community resilience. Next, we considered the relative strengths of abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic influences in determining reef benthic state across spatial scales. We found that from fine (0.25 km2) to coarse (1,024 km2) grain scales the phase shift index (a multivariate metric of the relative cover of hard coral and macroalgal) was primarily predicted by local abiotic and bottom-up influences, such that coral-dominated reefs occurred in warm, productive regions at sites exposed to low wave energy, irrespective of grazing or human impacts. Our size- based analyses of reef fish communities revealed novel exploitation impacts at ocean-basin scales, and provide a foundation for delineating energetic pathways and feeding interactions in complex tropical food webs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that abiotic constraints underpin natural variation among fish and benthic communities of remote uninhabited reefs, emphasizing the importance of accounting for local environmental conditions when developing quantitative baselines for coral reef ecosystems. / Graduate / 0329

Public guards and their roles in nature protection Summary The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the position and roles of the public guard in the Czech Republic. The thesis is composed of six chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the public guard. Chapter One is introductory and defines the institution of the public guard. Chapter Two is dealing with history of the public guard. Chapter Three and Four examine the position, the legislation and the role of public guard in the Czech Republic. Chapter Five illustrates the approach to the instituion of the public guard in Slovak Republic, Poland and Hungary and compares legislation with each other. Conclusion are drawn in Chapter Six. The main aim of thesis is to analyze the position and roles of the public guard, compare it with legislation, roles and with the position of the public guard in Slovak Republic, Poland and in Hungary. Finally I try to suggest legislative changes, that will improve the functioning of the public guards. The article 35 of the Basic Charter of rights and freedoms of the Czech Republic establishes the right of each person to the favourable environment and the obligation of each person to protect the environment. According to the Act, public guards are a kind of a voluntary service. Main obligation of public guards...

Cette étude archéologique et archéo-ichtyologique a pour but d’aborder une activité rarement décrite par les historiens : la pêche sur le littoral de l’Aquitaine romaine (Ier - IIIe siècle). Le renouvellement des informations, peu nombreuses sur ce sujet, nécessitait une approche archéo-ichtyologique, menée sur quatre sites archéologiques : Barzan (Charente-Maritime), Bordeaux et Biganos (Gironde), et un site de production de sauces et salaisons de poisson à Guéthary (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Pour la première fois dans cette région, le matériel archéo-ichtyofaunique a été récolté selon des stratégies d’échantillonnage adaptées aux caractéristiques de chaque gisement, afin de disposer de données représentatives des espèces consommées. Ces données ont été confrontées aux sources écrites et figurées antiques et aux travaux plus récents d’époques moderne et contemporaine portant sur la pêche et l’écologie des écosystèmes concernés. Cette méthode comparative a permis d’éclairer des textes antiques quelquefois obscurs et d’émettre des hypothèses sur les techniques de pêche utilisées en fonction des espèces de poisson présentes sur les sites, de leur taille et de leur saison de capture. En fonction de la finalité économique (consommation de poisson frais ou transformation en sauces et salaisons), les spécificités de la pêche et les relations entre les milieux exploités et les techniques utilisées ont été étudiées. L’activité de pêche répondait à une adaptation aux milieux et aux espèces ciblées mais également à des critères économiques et culturels, propres à l’époque romaine. Les échanges entre les agglomérations étudiées ont été abordés afin de réfléchir sur l’approvisionnement de Bordeaux en poissons marins. Dans ce cadre, la portée économique de l’unique établissement à salaisons d’Aquitaine romaine, situé à Guéthary, a été discutée. La part de l’influence romaine dans le développement de cette production a été démontrée par la convergence de multiples données archéologiques et historiques. / The goal of this archaeological and archaeo-ichthyological study is to address an activity rarely described by historians: the fishing on the coast of Aquitaine during the Roman period (1st – 3rd century AD). The renewal of the information, few concerning this subject, required an archaeo-ichthyological study conducted on four archaeological sites: Barzan (Charente-Maritime), Bordeaux and Biganos (Gironde), and the salting installation of Guéthary (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). For the first time in this region, the fish bones remains were collected according to sampling strategies adapted to the characteristics of each archaeological site, in order to obtain representative data of the consumed fish species. These data were compared with ancient written and iconographic sources and with modern and contemporary works concerning the fishing and the ecology of the studied ecosystems. This comparative method allowed to clarify ancient texts, and to suggest hypothesis about the fishing techniques used thanks to the fish species discovered on the sites, their size and their season of capture. According to the economic purpose (fresh fish consumption or fish processing), the fishing specificities but also the connections between the exploited environments and the used techniques were studied. The fishing activity involved an adaptation to ecosystems targeted but also to economic and cultural criteria, specific to the Roman period. The exchanges between the studied sites were discussed in order to think about the supply of marine fishes to Bordeaux. In this context, the economic significance of the unique salting installation of Roman Aquitaine, situated in Guéthary, was discussed. The part of the Roman influence in the development of this production was demonstrated by the convergence of several archaeological and historical data.

Sous les effets combinés de la surexploitation des ressources marines et du changement climatique la mer Méditerranée se transforme progressivement en un point chaud du changement global. En dépit d’un grand nombre de modèles développés localement ou régionalement en mer Méditerranée, aucun ne s’est encore attelé aux modifications d'assemblages d’espèces à l’échelle du bassin avec une modélisation intégrée des écosystèmes de la physique jusqu’aux prédateurs et représentant explicitement les dimensions à la fois multi-spécifique, spatiale, et trophique. Ces travaux de thèse présentent donc un triple enjeu : (i) mettre en œuvre une telle modélisation de la richesse spécifique en Méditerranée basée sur les traits de vie et représentant l'intégralité du cycle de vie d’espèces en interaction ; (ii) projeter les conséquences des changements physiques et biogéochimiques induits par le changement climatique sur la distribution spatiale des espèces et sur la structure et le fonctionnement trophique de l'écosystème méditerranéen ; (iii) explorer des scénarios de gestion des pêches visant à reconstituer certains stocks d'intérêts commerciaux dans un contexte de changement climatique. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, un modèle end-to-end, OSMOSE-MED, s’appuyant sur le couplage d’un modèle de hauts niveaux trophiques OSMOSE à des modèles de physique et de biogéochimie NEMOMED12 et ECO3M-S, a été développé. Avec cent espèces modélisées, représentant près de 95 % des captures effectuées en Méditerranée, il s’agit du premier modèle trophique de ce type intégrant une aussi grande richesse spécifique, sur une échelle spatiale aussi vaste (la mer Méditerranée dans son ensemble) et à fine résolution (20x20 km²). Selon le scénario d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre RCP8.5, les projections réalisées avec le modèle OSMOSE-MED mettent en évidence une augmentation globale de la biomasse et des captures, respectivement de 22% et 7% d'ici la fin du siècle. Ces augmentations masquent néanmoins de grandes disparités géographiques. Le bassin oriental se démarque par une augmentation globale de la biomasse associée aux espèces exotiques. Au regard des captures, le modèle prévoit des augmentations dans le bassin oriental et une diminution importante dans la partie occidentale. Un changement de la composition spécifique des captures pourrait apparaître au cours du 21ème siècle avec l'apparition d'espèces gagnantes (e.g. anchois) et perdantes (e.g. merlu). Les espèces gagnantes seraient principalement les espèces de petits pélagiques, thermophiles et/ou exotiques, de plus petites tailles et de plus bas niveaux trophiques tandis que les espèces perdantes seraient généralement les grands démersaux et pélagiques, pouvant pâtir d'un décalage spatial avec leurs proies potentielles à la suite d'une contraction ou d'un déplacement de leur aire de répartition géographique. Dans ce contexte, les projections de scénarios de gestion des pêches mettent en évidence les avantages d'une plus grande sélectivité ou d'une réduction de la mortalité par pêche pour reconstituer certains stocks d'intérêts commerciaux, en particulier parmi les organismes appartenant au groupe des démersaux, benthiques et grands pélagiques. Une réduction de la mortalité par pêche pourrait en outre inverser les tendances projetées à la baisse de la biomasse et des captures totales en Méditerrannée occidentale. / Under the combined effects of overexploitation of marine resources and climate change the Mediterranean Sea is gradually becoming a hotspot of global change. Despite a large number of models developed locally or regionally in the Mediterranean Sea, no previous studies have addressed changes in species assemblages at the basin scale with an integrated ecosystem modelling from physics to predators and explicitly representing the multi-species, spatial, and trophic dimensions. This thesis work presents a threefold challenge: (i) implementing such a model of the species richness in the Mediterranean Sea based on life history traits and representing the entire life cycle of interacting species; (ii) projecting the consequences of physical and biogeochemical changes induced by climate change on the spatial distribution of species and on the structure and trophic functioning of the Mediterranean ecosystem; (iii) exploring fisheries management scenarios aiming at rebuilding some stocks of commercial interest in a climate change context. To address these challenges, an end-to-end model, OSMOSE-MED, based on the coupling of a high trophic level OSMOSE model with NEMOMED12 and ECO3M-S physical and biogeochemical models, has been developed. With 100 modelled species, representing nearly 95% of the catches made in the Mediterranean Sea, it is the first trophic model of this type to integrate such a large diversity of species, on such a large spatial scale (the Mediterranean Sea as a whole) and at fine resolution (20x20 km²). According to the greenhouse gas emissions scenario RCP8.5, projections made with the OSMOSE-MED model show an overall increase in biomass and catches of 22% and 7% respectively by the end of the century. However, these increases mask large geographical disparities. The eastern basin is characterized by an overall increase in biomass associated with exotic species. With regard to catches, the model projects increase in the eastern basin and a significant decrease in the western part. A change in the species composition of catches could appear during the 21st century with winner (e.g. anchovy) and loser (e.g. hake) species. Winner species would mainly belong to the small pelagics group, are thermophilic and/or exotic, of smaller sizes and of low trophic level while loser species are generally large-sized, some of them of great commercial interest, and could suffer from a spatial mismatch with potential prey subsequent to a contraction or shift of their geographic range. Fisheries management scenario projections highlight the benefits of greater selectivity or reduced fishing mortality for the recovery of certain stocks of commercial interest, particularly among organisms belonging to the demersal, benthic and large pelagic groups. A reduction in fishing mortality could also reverse the projected decline in biomass and total catches in the Western Mediterranean.

Presented dissertation thesis focuses on legal regulation of hunting in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland and Germany. Due to the fact that the hunting legislation is largely a matter of national law, the work discusses about the fundamental institutes of legal regulation of hunting wild animals (games and fishes). Institutes common to all the countries are the term "game" and the protection of the gene pool. Along with legal regulation of hunting shall be considered property right and its relation to the enforcement of hunting or fishing rights. The common feature of all the legislation is to determine the conditions under which natural persons may hunt or fish, hunting periods, hunting methods, and regulation of the establishment and use of hunting districts. National legislation of hunting and fishing, as is the case in other areas of law, cannot be isolated from the effects of international law and EU law, therefore work also provides an overview of the basic acts of international and supranational law affecting hunting and fishing. In conclusion, the work offers the author's de lege ferenda opinions.

Esta dissertação discute o contexto regional de ocupação das populações sambaquieiras do litoral sul do Estado de Santa Catarina em uma área lagunar de formação holocênica que, quando do máximo transgressivo do nível médio marinho, teria tomado a conformação de uma grande baía, com recortes microambientais variados e diversas formações insulares, denominada aqui como Paleolaguna de Santa Marta. Por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas, visitas de campo, levantamentos regionais extensivos, prospecções intensivas e intervenções arqueológicas, foi confeccionado um cadastro contendo informações de todos os sítios conhecidos na área (mais de 90 sambaquis, além de sítios relacionados aos grupos Guarani e Je do Sul), incluindo localização, implantação, estrutura estratigráfica, composição e estado de preservação, tendo-se também datado vários deles. Estes dados propiciaram uma análise de distribuição espacial e cronológica deste conjunto de sambaquis a partir de um enfoque regional, possibilitando inferências acerca do sistema de ocupação e territorialidade das populações pescadoras-caçadoras-coletoras que ali habitaram em um período compreendido entre 7000 e 1000 anos AP. / This dissertation discusses the settlement system of the sambaqui mounbuilders from the southern shores of Santa Catarina between 7000 and 1000 years BP, focusing in a regional level. The lagoonal study area has formerly been an open bay environment by the time of the transgressive maximum sea level, with a wider variety of micro-environmental settings and internal islands. By means of intensive field survey and systematic site intervening, a catalog of sites has been compiled with information on more than 90 sambaquis therein recorded so far (plus a number of later Guarani and southern Je sites), that includes site location and environmental setting, stratigraphy and composition, as well as their preservation conditions. A chronological framework has been established by dating several of these mounds, allowing the modeling of settlement evolution and territorial patterns of this long lasting, transitional, fisher-gatherer society.

Fundamentado na inter-relação dos sistemas naturais, sociais e culturais, esse estudo procurou compreender como se organiza a pesca da manjuba (Anchoviella lepidentostole) em Iguape/ SP, as dinâmicas de apropriação dos espaços produtivos e os conhecimentos envolvidos na prática dessa atividade. Do mesmo modo, objetivou compreender quais os fundamentos que viabilizam o uso compartilhado dos recursos pesqueiros. A partir dessas concepções foram descritas as lógicas comunitárias que permeiam as formas de acesso e exercem a manutenção e a gestão desses espaços.Os contornos do trabalho foram delimitados pelos conhecimentos tradicionais dos pescadores, que, fomentaram, juntamente com as inclinações teóricas utilizadas, o diálogo com o conhecimento cientifico. Buscou-se, dessa forma, valorizar a articulação dos saberes, a interação entre Sociedade e Natureza a fim de colaborar com as discussões contemporâneas sobre o manejo dos recursos naturais. / Based on the ecological, social and cultural interaction, this work has searched for the understanding of Manjuba fishing organization (Anchoviella lepidentostole) in the city of Iguape, (São Paulo Brazil), the dynamic of productive marine space appropriation and the knowledge involved in this practice. At the same time, looked for a comprehension of the fishing resource sharing fundamentals. These concepts were the foundation to the description of the local rules for management that are used by artisanal fishers, and for aspects of territoriality. This work borders were limited by the traditional fishers knowledge, that, together with the theory inclinations foment the scientific knowledge dialog. The final objective was demonstrating the interaction value of the human and nature, include the importance in using local rules for natural fishing resources management.

O presente estudo analisa os saberes e técnicas patrimoniais utilizadas pela população dos pescadores caiçaras que atuam na região da Ilha Anchieta e Enseada do Flamengo, em Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. Este corpo cumulativo de habilidades especiais, transmitidas oralmente, compõe o conhecimento tradicional pesqueiro local, patrimônio imaterial sobre o qual fundamentam sua reprodução sociocultural e o manejo de seus pesqueiros2 tradicionais. Abordamos através de pesquisa qualitativa não dirigida, as relações entre a apropriação social do ambiente marinho e os conflitos decorrentes do embate entre essa noção ancestral de propriedade por parte dos pescadores artesanais locais frente às questões legais do gerenciamento territorial desses pesqueiros pelos órgãos oficiais, utilizando uma abordagem etnográfica em nosso trabalho de campo, seguindo preceitos etnocientíficos, aspectos da etno-oceanografia e da socioantropologia marítima. Hoje, a disputa pelo domínio sobre esses recursos pesqueiros comuns (seja por órgãos governamentais conservacionistas ou de fomento à pesca, seja pela pressão política da pesca capitalista de escala industrial e da pesca esportiva amadora) cria frágeis mecanismos de regulação do acesso a esses pesqueiros tradicionais e aos recursos que neles ocorrem, quase sempre excluindo o pequeno pescador artesanal do processo de tomada de decisão e governança. Concluímos que esta regulação pesqueira, federal ou estadual, feita de cima para baixo ignorando deliberadamente as peculiaridades locais e os processos e mecanismos pelos quais os pescadores estabelecem, mantêm e defendem o usufruto ou a posse de espaços marítimos, confirma a hipótese de que este sistemático des-respeito atropela as regras tradicionais baseadas no direito consuetudinário e põe em risco a característica fundamental que rege e sustenta todo o universo sociocultural e simbólico dessas populações tradicionais locais: a sua liberdade e autonomia, ou seja, a capacidade de governarem a si próprios. / The present study aims to investigate the traditional knowledge and the patrimonial techniques used by the caiçaras fishermen population at the Anchieta Island and Flamengos Bay areas, at Ubatuba city, north shore of São Paulo state. This cumulative body of skills, orally transmitted, compound the traditional fishermen knowledge, an immaterial patrimony in which they underlay local sociocultural reproduction and customary management of the traditional pesqueiros3 (fishing grounds). We investigate through qualitative research the relationships between sea tenure, customary laws, social appropriation of the marine environment and the many conflicts that arise from the clash between this ancient local fisherfolk notion of ownership and the legal matters of territorial management of these pesqueiros by official agencies, using an ethnographic approach in our fieldwork, following ethnocientific precepts and also aspects of ethno-oceanography and maritime socio-anthropology. Today, the struggle for dominance over these common fishery resources (either by fomenting fishing or conservationists government agencies, either by capitalist industrial scale politics and amateur sport fishing lobbying), creates weak regulatory mechanisms for these fishing grounds and the resources from within, often excluding small fishermen from the decision-making process and governance. We conclude, confirming our hypothesis, that this federal or state fishing policies made top-down deliberately ignoring the local peculiarities and the processes and mechanisms by which groups establish, maintain and defend usufruct or possession of maritime spaces, run over and endangers the key feature that rules and sustains, by customary laws, all socio-cultural and symbolic universe of these traditional fisherfolk populations: their freedom and autonomy, the natural aptitude to govern themselves.