Today, many pressures (socio-economic, resource scarcity, policy, and regulation) make fishers and their communities vulnerable on a variety of fronts. These pressures threaten fishing communities along the South African coast. Both natural and social changes in the traditional handline fishery affect the social-ecological system of a region as a whole. Fishers need to cope with these local global changes and require systems that support their strategies to achieve resilience. Furthermore, stressors that drive variability in the fishery system occur on multiple temporal and spatial scales thereby exposing fishers and communities to multiple stressors. The impact and interplay of these stressors at multiple scales need to be taken into account to develop a clear understanding of social-ecological linkages if sustainable livelihoods are to be promoted and guaranteed. There is however a shortage of appropriately scaled, context-specific data that is needed to inform various decision-making processes. To this end, participant-led research was conducted in six communities in the Southern Cape, where 50 participants were interviewed over a period of 6 months in 2013/2014. The interviews were an attempt to gather and record perceptions and knowledge regarding stressors that are responsible for the social- ecological system and ultimately affect the fishers' ability to fish successfully. Based on this knowledge, the research was aimed at gaining insight into what strategies are currently employed to ensure sustainable livelihoods. The data presented does not only offer valuable insights into the day-to-day experiences of the group of fishers, but also expose various knowledge gaps that exist in micro-scale interactions that influence the fishery system. This is achieved by first providing an analysis of various stressors, which include the impacts and responses to climate variability, challenges presented by policy and regulatory frameworks, social and economic considerations, challenges presented by infrastructure and political considerations. The adaptation, coping, and reaction strategies implemented are analysed using a place-based context and variability of strategies employed between each specific place is discussed. Apart from highlighting knowledge gaps, the development of a more complete understanding of current reacting, coping and adaptive strategies as well as the drivers behind the decisions contained in this thesis, provides valuable insight into a fishery system that is not well-described which underscores the need for context-specific research at smaller scales.

Bangladesh contains one of the richest and largest inland fisheries in South Asia and the third highest inland capture fisheries in the world and has a long history, which continues to the present, of conflict and cooperation between fishers and other diverse fishing interests over access to a range of fishing environments managed under a variety of leasing and tenurial arrangements. Several fishing communities are of ancient origin and over a long period of time have developed and adapted their indigenous fishing knowledge, including technologies, fishing practices and knowledge of diverse fishing environments to manage fisheries in a variety of environmental and ecological conditions. This thesis provides a detailed ethnographic account of one such community, the Koibortta fishers of Krishnapur village in the northeast flood plain region of Bangladesh, focusing on their management practices and indigenous fishing knowledge in selected inland common property fisheries. It examines, using documentary and oral historical sources, the ways in which they have adapted aspects of their indigenous fishing knowledge to changing economic and environmental circumstances over the past 50 years. It also examines, using case studies of three water bodies, how they were able to gain short-term and insecure access to selected water bodies, partly by drawing on traditional social networks at village and multivillage levels to mobilise fishers in negotiations with leaseholders. / The thesis argues that these social networks and fishers’ capacity to adapt aspects of their fishing knowledge to new circumstances were insufficient to gain long term, secure and direct access to productive water bodies as fishers lacked strong government commitment to their long term security. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the capacity of Krishnapur fishers to manage fish resources equitably and sustainably.

In January 2007, the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery took a step toward sustainability and began management under an individual fishing quota (IFQ) system. The hope is that direct ownership stakes by fishers brings more direct involvement on behalf of the boat owners and fishermen as well as more responsible and sustainable fishing practices on depressed fish populations. The research was conducted in order to study the welfare of local fishing communities as well as the effects on the red snapper fishery itself. Traditional fisheries and economic data were analyzed. In addition a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of the Florida Gulf Coast communities involved in the red snapper fishery was performed to compare to the analysis of fishing communities prepared by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Finally, online and phone surveys of fishermen involved in the red snapper fishery were performed to gauge their responses to the change in management. The study reveals a strong correlation between the DEA analysis of fishing communities affected and the analysis performed by NMFS, and reinforces DEA as a method of determining involvement in a fishery. Additionally, the thesis indicates the red snapper IFQ has performed as expected in some areas by its supporters – an average gulf-wide ex-vessel price per pound increase of 10% in just three years; elimination of the rush to fish due to guaranteed quota; and a shift in fleet composition as the number of share owners owning less than 2.00% have dwindled, and the number of shareholders possessing greater than 2.00% of the quota has increased gulf-wide by 50%. However, in other areas such as effort reduction and bycatch rates, the IFQ appears to have mixed results. A reported decline in effort is likely attributable to a reduction in the overall gulf-wide red snapper quota between 2007 and 2008 rather than the IFQ, and even NMFS doubts the bycatch data that are being reported by fishermen. Most importantly, current IFQ shareholders were surveyed via phone and internet revealing not only an overall disapproval by most fishers of the IFQ design process, but also effects contrary to those publicized by IFQ supporters, and a general distrust in fisheries management.

Les prud’homies de pêche sont des communautés de patrons pêcheurs qui sont nées en France au Moyen-Âge sur les côtes méditerranéennes en Provence et ont su se maintenir malgré les changements de régime tout en étant encadrées par le pouvoir central. Régies jusqu’à nos jours par le décret, à peine modifié, du 19 novembre 1859 sur la police de la pêche dans le cinquième arrondissement maritime de Toulon, les prud’homies ont des caractères originaux. Institutions ambiguës et hybrides, les prud’homies de pêche constituent à la fois une communauté professionnelle et une juridiction de pêcheurs. À leurs têtes, des prud’hommes pêcheurs élus par leurs pairs, exercent, sous le contrôle de l’administration maritime, une pluralité de pouvoirs : réglementaires, disciplinaires, de police et judiciaires souvent exorbitants du droit et de la procédure communs. Ils connaissent parfaitement les territoires de pêches et effectuent une régulation économique et écologique de la pêche en Méditerranée. À ce titre, ils apparaissent comme des acteurs importants de la protection des espaces maritimes et de la préservation des ressources halieutiques. Leur histoire et leur statut rendent compte de leur évolution face aux transformations de la pêche maritime. Cette évolution conduit à s’interroger sur l’effectivité de leur rôle face aux autres organisations de pêches maritimes, à la fois nationales et européennes. / Fishing Prud'homies are communities of ship-owners that were created in France in the Middle Ages on the Mediterranean coast in Provence and were able to survive despite regime changes, while being supervised by the central government. Governed to this day by the decree, only slightly modified, of November 19th 1859 on the police of fishing in the maritime fifth arrondissement in Toulon, prud'homies have an original character. Ambiguous and hybrid institutions, prud'homies form both a professional community and jurisdiction of fishermen. At their head, prud'hommes fishermen, elected by their peers, have under the control of the Maritime Administration a plurality of powers : regulatory, disciplinary, policing and judicial often exorbitant compared to common law and procedures. They know perfectly the fishing areas and perform an economic and ecological regulation of fishing in the Mediterranean sea. As such, they appear as important actors in the protection of maritime areas and the conservation of fishing resources. Their history and status report on their evolution in response to changes in sea fishing. This trend raises questions about the effectiveness of their role in relation to other fishing organisations, both national and European.

Fishing is one of the main extractive activities of marine resources and constitutes an important source of food, income and livelihood for millions of people around the world. Fishing communities are highly susceptible to economic, social, natural and climate changes. Climate change has affected the livelihoods of fishing communities, and the impacts and consequences are still poorly understood. Therefore, this thesis sought to provide a better understanding of the impacts of climate change on small-scale fishing communities, using an analytical approach focusing on perception and vulnerability. The study area was the South Brazil Bight region, defined as the continental shelf area that extends between Cabo Frio (RJ) and Cabo Santa Marta (SC). The region has unique characteristics, as it is located in the most urbanized and industrialized region of the country and has several small- and large-scale fishing communities. To represent the diversity of the fishing communities in the region, 8 communities with distinct characteristics were selected: Itaipu (RJ), Ilha do Araújo (RJ), Enseada (SP), Bonete (SP), Boqueirão Sul (SP), Mandira (SP), Pontal de Leste (SP) and Praia do Porto (SC). A total of 151 households were interviewed in the selected communities from November 2014 to September 2016. In the first chapter of this thesis, an ethno-oceanographic approach was applied to investigate fisher perceptions on climate and ocean changes and the impact of such changes on fisher livelihoods. The results show that fishers detected changes in the environment and that these changes are positively and negatively impacting their yields and livelihoods. In the second chapter, a cross-scale approach was used to assess and identify the key factors that affect the vulnerability of fishing communities to climate change. Among the vulnerability factors, the distance to the market and urban centers and the lack of institutional support increase fishing community vulnerability to climate change; community organization, strong leadership, partnership with researchers, co-management and livelihood diversification reduce the vulnerability of communities. In the third chapter, the vulnerability approach was used again but at the regional level, by comparing data from the South Brazil Bight with the southern Cape of South Africa. Among the factors that differentiate the two regions, a high dependence on fishing, a strong attachment to place, and the lack of policy focused on small-scale fisheries increase the vulnerability of the communities in the South Brazil Bight, while participation in the decision-making process, ownership of boats and fishing rights are factors that reduce the regional vulnerability of the South Brazil Bight. Therefore, these findings provide a better understanding of the impact of climate change on the livelihood of fishers and fishing communities and serve as a basis for the development of effective climate change adaptation strategies that have minimal social impacts. / A pesca é uma das principais atividades extrativistas de recursos marinhos e constitui importante fonte de alimento, renda e modo de vida para milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo. As comunidades pesqueiras são bastante susceptíveis às mudanças econômicas, sociais, naturais e também climáticas. Desta forma, as mudanças climáticas têm afetado o modo de vida das comunidades pesqueiras e seus impactos e consequências ainda são pouco explorados. Com isto, a presente tese buscou contribuir para um melhor entendimento dos impactos das mudanças climáticas em comunidades de pesca de pequena escala, usando a percepção e a vulnerabilidade como abordagens analíticas. A região alvo do estudo foi a costa Sudeste do Brasil, definida como a área da plataforma continental que se estende entre o Cabo Frio (RJ) e o Cabo de Santa Marta (SC). A região possui características únicas, pois situa-se na região mais urbanizada e industrializada do país, e abriga uma série de comunidades pesqueiras de pequena e grande escala. Com o intuito de representar a diversidade de comunidades pesqueiras da região, 8 comunidades com características distintas foram selecionadas: Itaipu (RJ), Ilha do Araújo (RJ), Enseada (SP), Bonete (SP), Boqueirão Sul (SP), Mandira (SP), Pontal de Leste (SP) e Praia do Porto (SC). Um total de 151 unidades familiares foram entrevistadas nas comunidades selecionadas no período de Novembro de 2014 a Setembro de 2016. No primeiro capítulo a abordagem etno-oceanográfica foi utilizada para investigar a percepção dos pescadores a respeito das mudanças no clima e nos oceanos e o impacto de tais mudanças no modo de vida dos pescadores. Os resultados encontrados mostram que os pescadores detectam mudanças no ambiente e que tais mudanças estão impactando positiva e negativamente os seus rendimentos e o modo de vida dos pescadores. No segundo capítulo foi utilizado uma abordagem ampla e multiescalar para avaliar e identificar os principais fatores que afetam a vulnerabilidade das comunidades pesqueiras às mudanças climáticas. Dentre os fatores temos a distância ao mercado e aos centros urbanos e a falta de suporte institucional que aumentam a vulnerabilidade; enquanto que organização comunitária, forte liderança, parceria com centros de pesquisa, gestão compartilhada e alternativas de modos de vida que reduzem a vulnerabilidade das comunidades. No terceiro capítulo a abordagem da vulnerabilidade foi novamente utilizada, mas desta vez em nível regional, através da comparação dos dados da costa Sudeste do Brasil com a costa sul da África do Sul. Entre os fatores que diferenciam as duas regiões estão a alta dependência da pesca, forte relação com a comunidade e falta de política pública voltada para a pesca de pequena escala que aumentam a vulnerabilidade das comunidades da costa Sudeste do Brasil; enquanto que participação no processo de tomada de decisão, posse de barcos e das licenças de pesca são fatores que reduzem a vulnerabilidade regional da costa Sudeste do Brasil. Desta forma, estes achados contribuem para melhor compreender o impacto das mudanças climáticas no modo de vida dos pescadores e nas comunidades pesqueiras, servindo de base para a elaboração de estratégias de adaptação às mudanças climáticas mais eficientes e de menor impacto social.

Fishing is one of the main extractive activities of marine resources and constitutes an important source of food, income and livelihood for millions of people around the world. Fishing communities are highly susceptible to economic, social, natural and climate changes. Climate change has affected the livelihoods of fishing communities, and the impacts and consequences are still poorly understood. Therefore, this thesis sought to provide a better understanding of the impacts of climate change on small-scale fishing communities, using an analytical approach focusing on perception and vulnerability. The study area was the South Brazil Bight region, defined as the continental shelf area that extends between Cabo Frio (RJ) and Cabo Santa Marta (SC). The region has unique characteristics, as it is located in the most urbanized and industrialized region of the country and has several small- and large-scale fishing communities. To represent the diversity of the fishing communities in the region, 8 communities with distinct characteristics were selected: Itaipu (RJ), Ilha do Araújo (RJ), Enseada (SP), Bonete (SP), Boqueirão Sul (SP), Mandira (SP), Pontal de Leste (SP) and Praia do Porto (SC). A total of 151 households were interviewed in the selected communities from November 2014 to September 2016. In the first chapter of this thesis, an ethno-oceanographic approach was applied to investigate fisher perceptions on climate and ocean changes and the impact of such changes on fisher livelihoods. The results show that fishers detected changes in the environment and that these changes are positively and negatively impacting their yields and livelihoods. In the second chapter, a cross-scale approach was used to assess and identify the key factors that affect the vulnerability of fishing communities to climate change. Among the vulnerability factors, the distance to the market and urban centers and the lack of institutional support increase fishing community vulnerability to climate change; community organization, strong leadership, partnership with researchers, co-management and livelihood diversification reduce the vulnerability of communities. In the third chapter, the vulnerability approach was used again but at the regional level, by comparing data from the South Brazil Bight with the southern Cape of South Africa. Among the factors that differentiate the two regions, a high dependence on fishing, a strong attachment to place, and the lack of policy focused on small-scale fisheries increase the vulnerability of the communities in the South Brazil Bight, while participation in the decision-making process, ownership of boats and fishing rights are factors that reduce the regional vulnerability of the South Brazil Bight. Therefore, these findings provide a better understanding of the impact of climate change on the livelihood of fishers and fishing communities and serve as a basis for the development of effective climate change adaptation strategies that have minimal social impacts. / A pesca é uma das principais atividades extrativistas de recursos marinhos e constitui importante fonte de alimento, renda e modo de vida para milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo. As comunidades pesqueiras são bastante susceptíveis às mudanças econômicas, sociais, naturais e também climáticas. Desta forma, as mudanças climáticas têm afetado o modo de vida das comunidades pesqueiras e seus impactos e consequências ainda são pouco explorados. Com isto, a presente tese buscou contribuir para um melhor entendimento dos impactos das mudanças climáticas em comunidades de pesca de pequena escala, usando a percepção e a vulnerabilidade como abordagens analíticas. A região alvo do estudo foi a costa Sudeste do Brasil, definida como a área da plataforma continental que se estende entre o Cabo Frio (RJ) e o Cabo de Santa Marta (SC). A região possui características únicas, pois situa-se na região mais urbanizada e industrializada do país, e abriga uma série de comunidades pesqueiras de pequena e grande escala. Com o intuito de representar a diversidade de comunidades pesqueiras da região, 8 comunidades com características distintas foram selecionadas: Itaipu (RJ), Ilha do Araújo (RJ), Enseada (SP), Bonete (SP), Boqueirão Sul (SP), Mandira (SP), Pontal de Leste (SP) e Praia do Porto (SC). Um total de 151 unidades familiares foram entrevistadas nas comunidades selecionadas no período de Novembro de 2014 a Setembro de 2016. No primeiro capítulo a abordagem etno-oceanográfica foi utilizada para investigar a percepção dos pescadores a respeito das mudanças no clima e nos oceanos e o impacto de tais mudanças no modo de vida dos pescadores. Os resultados encontrados mostram que os pescadores detectam mudanças no ambiente e que tais mudanças estão impactando positiva e negativamente os seus rendimentos e o modo de vida dos pescadores. No segundo capítulo foi utilizado uma abordagem ampla e multiescalar para avaliar e identificar os principais fatores que afetam a vulnerabilidade das comunidades pesqueiras às mudanças climáticas. Dentre os fatores temos a distância ao mercado e aos centros urbanos e a falta de suporte institucional que aumentam a vulnerabilidade; enquanto que organização comunitária, forte liderança, parceria com centros de pesquisa, gestão compartilhada e alternativas de modos de vida que reduzem a vulnerabilidade das comunidades. No terceiro capítulo a abordagem da vulnerabilidade foi novamente utilizada, mas desta vez em nível regional, através da comparação dos dados da costa Sudeste do Brasil com a costa sul da África do Sul. Entre os fatores que diferenciam as duas regiões estão a alta dependência da pesca, forte relação com a comunidade e falta de política pública voltada para a pesca de pequena escala que aumentam a vulnerabilidade das comunidades da costa Sudeste do Brasil; enquanto que participação no processo de tomada de decisão, posse de barcos e das licenças de pesca são fatores que reduzem a vulnerabilidade regional da costa Sudeste do Brasil. Desta forma, estes achados contribuem para melhor compreender o impacto das mudanças climáticas no modo de vida dos pescadores e nas comunidades pesqueiras, servindo de base para a elaboração de estratégias de adaptação às mudanças climáticas mais eficientes e de menor impacto social.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This work presents the ecological, economic, technological, and social relations and management associated with fishing activities in the municipality of PiÃma, located on the southern coast of EspÃrito Santo. The work was undertaken from January 2012 to April 2015 by means of differing methodologies. The identification of geoecological units and the monitoring of fisheries were necessary. It was also necessary to record the oral history of professionals in the fishing sector of the region, in addition to the collection of specimens, laboratory work, loosely structured questionnaires, environmental education activities, and participatory workshops with fishers and mollusk gatherers for the collection of information related to the traditional ecological knowledge of those involved in the activities. This study was developed with the objective of presenting an integrated analysis of the geoecological units related to fishing activity as developed in the municipality of PiÃma, as well as to promote an analysis of the sustainability of fishing activities by means of a description of the systems of fishing, utilizing the RAPFISH model â a method of evaluation of the sustainability of fisheries through a multivaried ordered analysis of 54 atributes distributed across five dimensions: social, ecological, economic, technological, and handling. A series of variables categorized in numerical scale from 1 to 5 were determined for all of the attributes and the given arithmetic mean of each system was calculated. The identification of units was undertaken with the utilization of cartographic georeferenced images, with descriptive information regarding fishing activities undertaken, the forms of use and occupation, the impacts and the management proposals for each environment. After an integrated analysis was performed, it was revealed that the fishers and mollusk gatherers concentrated in age between 50 and 60 and on average engage in the activity for 27 years. They hold ecological knowledge passed down through generations, both practical and theoretical activities from old, since the indigenous fishing activities, passing through colonization and socioenvirionmental changes, up to current days. Nine geoecological units were identified (fluvial channel, estuarine channel, mangrove, beach strip, rocky shore, coastal reefs, ocean shoreline, coastal islands, and open sea), and 13 fishing systems developed in the municipality according to the type of fleet, fishing gear, target resource, exploited ecosystem, income of fishermen and labor relations. A sustainability analysis showed longline and line are the forms of fishing with the greatest level of sustainability. The other forms of fishing had, on average, lower levels. Currently there are six protected areas in PiÃma, and the proposal to create a federal marine conservation area in the municipality, together with ICMBio, is still in the works, although management and conservation activities are not observed in these areas. In 2015 the Fishing Colony of PiÃma celebrates 50 years since its founding and the fisheries production of the municipality stands out in the state of EspÃrito Santo. However, pollution, aggradation on the beaches and in the river mouth, real estate speculation; dredging, mineral, and petroleum projects in the region are among the changes and problems most perceived by the fishing community. These factors can negatively affect the quality of life, the production of fishing resources, and the sustainability of fisheries in the southern region of EspÃrito Santo. Research activities, teaching, and expansion aimed at undertaking a systematic collection of data, the monitoring and inspection of fishing activities and of environmental degradation practices, as well as an appreciation of the culture and traditions of those directly and indirectly involved in this important profession are suggested as solutions to the above mentioned problems. The data show the importance of government, institutional, business, and civic support for the maintenance and guarantee of sustainability of the exploited environments, of resources, and fisheries. Thus, integrated studies on fishing are necessary to subsidize the formulation of concrete proposals, as well as for the comanagement of fishing activities developed in the region. / Esse trabalho apresenta as relaÃÃes ecolÃgicas, econÃmicas, tecnolÃgicas, sociais e de manejo vinculadas a sustentabilidade das atividades pesqueiras no municÃpio de PiÃma, com Ãrea total de 72 km2, localizado no litoral sul do estado do EspÃrito Santo. O trabalho foi realizado de Janeiro de 2012 a abril de 2015 em uma Ãrea geogrÃfica de 55 km2, abrangendo regiÃes terrestres, estuarinas, costeiras e marinhas de PiÃma. Para isso foi necessÃria a identificaÃÃo dessas unidades geoecolÃgicas relacionadas Ãs atividades de pesca. TambÃm foi necessÃrio o registro da histÃria oral dos profissionais do setor pesqueiro na regiÃo, por meio de questionÃrios semiestruturado e oficinas participativas com pescadores e marisqueiras para o levantamento das informaÃÃes relacionadas ao conhecimento ecolÃgico tradicional dos envolvidos na atividade. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar uma anÃlise integrada das unidades geoecolÃgicas relacionadas aos sistemas de pesca desenvolvidos no municÃpio de PiÃma e promover uma anÃlise de sustentabilidade dessas pescarias, por meio da descriÃÃo dos sistemas de pesca, utilizando o modelo RAPFISH - um mÃtodo de avaliaÃÃo da sustentabilidade de pescarias, atravÃs de uma anÃlise de ordenaÃÃo multivariada de 54 atributos distribuÃdos em cinco dimensÃes: social, ecolÃgica, econÃmica, tecnolÃgica e de manejo. A identificaÃÃo das unidades realizou-se por meio do sensoriamento remoto com a utilizaÃÃo de imagens cartogrÃficas georreferenciadas e de imagens do Googleearth, sendo descritas informaÃÃes sobre as atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas, as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo, os impactos e as propostas de gestÃo para cada ambiente. ApÃs anÃlise integrada desenvolvida, foi revelado que os pescadores e as marisqueiras se concentram em idade de 50 a 60 e desenvolvem suas atividades hà mais de 27 anos em mÃdia. Eles possuem conhecimentos ecolÃgicos adquiridos atravÃs das geraÃÃes. Foram identificadas nove unidades geoecolÃgicas (canal fluvial; canal estuarino; manguezal; faixa de praia; costÃo rochoso; recifes costeiros; mar litorÃneo; ilhÃus/ilhas costeiras e mar pelÃgico) e 13 sistemas de pesca (cano, coleta manual, jererÃ, puÃÃ, tarrafa, rede de espera, rede de arrasto de praia, arrasto rebocado, linha com anol, mergulho, espinhel, corrico e cerco), desenvolvidos no municÃpio de acordo com o tipo de frota, arte de pesca, recurso alvo, ecossistema explorado, renda dos pescadores e relaÃÃes de trabalho. A anÃlise de sustentabilidade mostrou que espinhel e linha sÃo as pescarias com maiores nÃveis de sustentabilidade. Foi observado que todas as pescarias necessitem de investimentos para melhoria continua das cinco dimensÃes analisadas (social, ambiental, econÃmico, tecnolÃgico e de manejo). Atualmente existem seis Parques Naturais em PiÃma e ainda tramita, junto ao ICMBio, a proposta de criaÃÃo de uma unidade de conservaÃÃo federal marinha no municÃpio. Contudo nÃo sÃo observadas aÃÃes de pesquisa, manejo e conservaÃÃo nessas unidades. Em 2015 a ColÃnia de Pesca de PiÃma completa 50 anos de fundaÃÃo e a produÃÃo pesqueira do municÃpio à destaque no estado do EspÃrito Santo. Entretanto, a poluiÃÃo, a falta de fiscalizaÃÃo das prÃticas ilegais de pesca, o assoreamento das praias e na foz do rio, a especulaÃÃo imobiliÃria, projetos de dragagem, de minÃrio e petrolÃferos na regiÃo estÃo entre os problemas que mais foram percebidos pela comunidade pesqueira. Esses fatores podem prejudicar a qualidade de vida, a produÃÃo dos recursos pesqueiros e a sustentabilidade das pescarias da regiÃo sul do EspÃrito Santo. Para resoluÃÃo desses conflitos sÃo sugeridas aÃÃes de pesquisa, ensino e extensÃo voltadas à realizaÃÃo de coletas sistemÃticas de dados, o monitoramento e fiscalizaÃÃo das atividades pesqueiras e das prÃticas de degradaÃÃo ambiental, bem como a valorizaÃÃo da cultura e tradiÃÃes daqueles que estÃo envolvidos direta e indiretamente com essa profissÃo. Os dados mostram a importÃncia do apoio governamental, institucional, empresarial e da sociedade civil para manutenÃÃo e garantia da sustentabilidade dos ambientes explorados, dos recursos e das pescarias. Dessa forma, estudos integrados sobre a pesca tornam-se necessÃrios para subsidiar a formulaÃÃo de propostas concretas, como tambÃm para a co-gestÃo das atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas em determinadas regiÃes geogrÃficas.

Until the 1970s, small black fishing communities primarily populated Bahia’s north coast. A recent demand for luxury coastal real estate has radically altered the region’s social and environmental landscape. While Bahia’s population is roughly 80% poor and black, the coast is now a space of exclusivity and whiteness. Sewage infrastructure does not meet the needs of the growing population. Domestic sewage flows directly into urban rivers. Poor black fishers, whose food security and livelihoods depend on access to healthy water resources, suffer most in this context. This dissertation explores two interlinking forms of environmental racism – water pollution and racial profiling – that fishers in Praia de Buraquinho, Bahia, Brazil, experience daily. Based on fourteen months of ethnographic research, this project follows the lives of 75 fishers enmeshed in a struggle for environmental and racial justice. I uncover how coastal development has polluted the community's primary river fishery while private gated communities physically restrict fishers' access and subject them to racial profiling practices by private security guards. Ultimately, I argue that regional coastal development in Bahia represents a new model of capital accumulation through what I call “racialized environmental dispossession” that, as one Praia de Buraquinho fishers suggests, is "like watching a brother die."

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Liandra Peres Caldasso.pdf: 1522757 bytes, checksum: 09da3cd6391ae01473128031e0f60dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Artisanal fisheries are suffering a decline in most coastal areas in Brazil and in the world, which leads to ecological problems, such as the subtraction or even extinction of particular fish species, and to social problems, since fishermen no longer have their main source of livelihood. In Brazil, state intervention has not been sufficient to overcome these difficulties. Therefore, in order to face the crisis in the fisheries sector, an alternative form of management of common property resources arises in the literature. Intellectuals who study this issue have accepted shared management (collective management or co-management) as the best institutional arrangement alternative to avoid the perverse effects of over-exploitation. In this sense, the present work has as its main objective to analyse the shared management form implemented in the estuary of Lagoa dos Patos/Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) through the creation of the Lagoa dos Patos Forum, in 1996. Since this management alternative is based on the relevant role played by the managing bodies and users of such resources, we decided to use the contributions of theoretical analysis on common property resources, focusing on shared management, as we believe that this form of co-management can contribute to the efficient and sustainable use of fishery resources. / A pesca artesanal encontra-se em decl?nio na maior parte das zonas costeiras do Brasil e do mundo, levando a problemas ecol?gicos com a subtra??o ou mesmo a extin??o de determinadas esp?cies de pescado e a problemas sociais, j? que os pescadores n?o disp?em de seu principal meio de subsist?ncia. No Brasil, a interven??o estatal n?o foi suficiente para superar essas dificuldades. Assim, diante da crise no setor pesqueiro, surge na literatura que trata dos recursos de propriedade comum, uma forma alternativa de manejo para esses recursos. A forma de gest?o compartilhada (gest?o coletiva ou co-gest?o), tem sido aceita por intelectuais que se dedicam ao tema, como a melhor alternativa de arranjo institucional para evitar os efeitos perversos da sobre-explora??o. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal, analisar as forma de gest?o compartilhada implementada no estu?rio da Lagoa dos Patos/RS por meio da cria??o do F?rum da Lagoa dos Patos em 1996. Tendo em vista que essa alternativa de manejo fundamenta-se pelo relevante papel desempenhado pelos ?rg?os gestores e usu?rios de tais recursos, optou-se por utilizar as contribui??es da an?lise te?rica sobre recursos de propriedade comum, enfocando na gest?o compartilhada, acredita-se que essa forma de co-gest?o possa contribuir para o uso eficiente e sustent?vel dos recursos pesqueiros.