BASILIO, Thiago Holanda; SILVA, Edson Vicente da. Análise integrada e de sustentabilidade da pesca artesanal no município de Piúma, litoral sul do Espírito Santo. Fortaleza-CE. 178 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T14:04:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_thbasilio.pdf: 7178208 bytes, checksum: 803038ecd2871348ae78b582d503797c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-16T12:28:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_thbasilio.pdf: 7178208 bytes, checksum: 803038ecd2871348ae78b582d503797c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T12:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_thbasilio.pdf: 7178208 bytes, checksum: 803038ecd2871348ae78b582d503797c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This work presents the ecological, economic, technological, and social relations and management associated with fishing activities in the municipality of Piúma, located on the southern coast of Espírito Santo. The work was undertaken from January 2012 to April 2015 by means of differing methodologies. The identification of geoecological units and the monitoring of fisheries were necessary. It was also necessary to record the oral history of professionals in the fishing sector of the region, in addition to the collection of specimens, laboratory work, loosely structured questionnaires, environmental education activities, and participatory workshops with fishers and mollusk gatherers for the collection of information related to the traditional ecological knowledge of those involved in the activities. This study was developed with the objective of presenting an integrated analysis of the geoecological units related to fishing activity as developed in the municipality of Piúma, as well as to promote an analysis of the sustainability of fishing activities by means of a description of the systems of fishing, utilizing the RAPFISH model — a method of evaluation of the sustainability of fisheries through a multivaried ordered analysis of 54 atributes distributed across five dimensions: social, ecological, economic, technological, and handling. A series of variables categorized in numerical scale from 1 to 5 were determined for all of the attributes and the given arithmetic mean of each system was calculated. The identification of units was undertaken with the utilization of cartographic georeferenced images, with descriptive information regarding fishing activities undertaken, the forms of use and occupation, the impacts and the management proposals for each environment. After an integrated analysis was performed, it was revealed that the fishers and mollusk gatherers concentrated in age between 50 and 60 and on average engage in the activity for 27 years. They hold ecological knowledge passed down through generations, both practical and theoretical activities from old, since the indigenous fishing activities, passing through colonization and socioenvirionmental changes, up to current days. Nine geoecological units were identified (fluvial channel, estuarine channel, mangrove, beach strip, rocky shore, coastal reefs, ocean shoreline, coastal islands, and open sea), and 13 fishing systems developed in the municipality according to the type of fleet, fishing gear, target resource, exploited ecosystem, income of fishermen and labor relations. A sustainability analysis showed longline and line are the forms of fishing with the greatest level of sustainability. The other forms of fishing had, on average, lower levels. Currently there are six protected areas in Piúma, and the proposal to create a federal marine conservation area in the municipality, together with ICMBio, is still in the works, although management and conservation activities are not observed in these areas. In 2015 the Fishing Colony of Piúma celebrates 50 years since its founding and the fisheries production of the municipality stands out in the state of Espírito Santo. However, pollution, aggradation on the beaches and in the river mouth, real estate speculation; dredging, mineral, and petroleum projects in the region are among the changes and problems most perceived by the fishing community. These factors can negatively affect the quality of life, the production of fishing resources, and the sustainability of fisheries in the southern region of Espírito Santo. Research activities, teaching, and expansion aimed at undertaking a systematic collection of data, the monitoring and inspection of fishing activities and of environmental degradation practices, as well as an appreciation of the culture and traditions of those directly and indirectly involved in this important profession are suggested as solutions to the above mentioned problems. The data show the importance of government, institutional, business, and civic support for the maintenance and guarantee of sustainability of the exploited environments, of resources, and fisheries. Thus, integrated studies on fishing are necessary to subsidize the formulation of concrete proposals, as well as for the comanagement of fishing activities developed in the region. / Esse trabalho apresenta as relações ecológicas, econômicas, tecnológicas, sociais e de manejo vinculadas a sustentabilidade das atividades pesqueiras no município de Piúma, com área total de 72 km2, localizado no litoral sul do estado do Espírito Santo. O trabalho foi realizado de Janeiro de 2012 a abril de 2015 em uma área geográfica de 55 km2, abrangendo regiões terrestres, estuarinas, costeiras e marinhas de Piúma. Para isso foi necessária a identificação dessas unidades geoecológicas relacionadas às atividades de pesca. Também foi necessário o registro da história oral dos profissionais do setor pesqueiro na região, por meio de questionários semiestruturado e oficinas participativas com pescadores e marisqueiras para o levantamento das informações relacionadas ao conhecimento ecológico tradicional dos envolvidos na atividade. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar uma análise integrada das unidades geoecológicas relacionadas aos sistemas de pesca desenvolvidos no município de Piúma e promover uma análise de sustentabilidade dessas pescarias, por meio da descrição dos sistemas de pesca, utilizando o modelo RAPFISH - um método de avaliação da sustentabilidade de pescarias, através de uma análise de ordenação multivariada de 54 atributos distribuídos em cinco dimensões: social, ecológica, econômica, tecnológica e de manejo. A identificação das unidades realizou-se por meio do sensoriamento remoto com a utilização de imagens cartográficas georreferenciadas e de imagens do Googleearth, sendo descritas informações sobre as atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas, as formas de uso e ocupação, os impactos e as propostas de gestão para cada ambiente. Após análise integrada desenvolvida, foi revelado que os pescadores e as marisqueiras se concentram em idade de 50 a 60 e desenvolvem suas atividades há mais de 27 anos em média. Eles possuem conhecimentos ecológicos adquiridos através das gerações. Foram identificadas nove unidades geoecológicas (canal fluvial; canal estuarino; manguezal; faixa de praia; costão rochoso; recifes costeiros; mar litorâneo; ilhéus/ilhas costeiras e mar pelágico) e 13 sistemas de pesca (cano, coleta manual, jereré, puçá, tarrafa, rede de espera, rede de arrasto de praia, arrasto rebocado, linha com anol, mergulho, espinhel, corrico e cerco), desenvolvidos no município de acordo com o tipo de frota, arte de pesca, recurso alvo, ecossistema explorado, renda dos pescadores e relações de trabalho. A análise de sustentabilidade mostrou que espinhel e linha são as pescarias com maiores níveis de sustentabilidade. Foi observado que todas as pescarias necessitem de investimentos para melhoria continua das cinco dimensões analisadas (social, ambiental, econômico, tecnológico e de manejo). Atualmente existem seis Parques Naturais em Piúma e ainda tramita, junto ao ICMBio, a proposta de criação de uma unidade de conservação federal marinha no município. Contudo não são observadas ações de pesquisa, manejo e conservação nessas unidades. Em 2015 a Colônia de Pesca de Piúma completa 50 anos de fundação e a produção pesqueira do município é destaque no estado do Espírito Santo. Entretanto, a poluição, a falta de fiscalização das práticas ilegais de pesca, o assoreamento das praias e na foz do rio, a especulação imobiliária, projetos de dragagem, de minério e petrolíferos na região estão entre os problemas que mais foram percebidos pela comunidade pesqueira. Esses fatores podem prejudicar a qualidade de vida, a produção dos recursos pesqueiros e a sustentabilidade das pescarias da região sul do Espírito Santo. Para resolução desses conflitos são sugeridas ações de pesquisa, ensino e extensão voltadas à realização de coletas sistemáticas de dados, o monitoramento e fiscalização das atividades pesqueiras e das práticas de degradação ambiental, bem como a valorização da cultura e tradições daqueles que estão envolvidos direta e indiretamente com essa profissão. Os dados mostram a importância do apoio governamental, institucional, empresarial e da sociedade civil para manutenção e garantia da sustentabilidade dos ambientes explorados, dos recursos e das pescarias. Dessa forma, estudos integrados sobre a pesca tornam-se necessários para subsidiar a formulação de propostas concretas, como também para a co-gestão das atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas em determinadas regiões geográficas.

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The impact of natural disasters is often exacerbated by a disparity between resources for relief and recovery. When the barrio of Punta Santiago in Puerto Rico was devastated by Hurricane Maria in September of 2017, many of its residents lived in the remains of their homes for over a year while they rebuilt from wind damage and flood waters that rose over 6 feet. As climate change leads to an even more constrained timeline for response with increasingly frequent and intense storms, the future of Punta Santiago and other coastal communities worldwide will necessitate strategies ranging from nature-based shore protection systems, coastal setbacks, and managed retreat. This thesis investigates the time disparate processes of disaster relief, recovery, and climate adaptation through the lens of their impact upon the interdependent identities of people and place as informed by theorists and designers including J.B. Jackson and Patrick Geddes. My approach works from the scale of the Antón Ruíz watershed to the delta to uncover the historical and contemporary processes that knit people in the region to the land. I identify commonalities in the immediate recovery needs and long-term resiliency of the community and ecosystems, and seek to support ongoing globally significant research of the rare coastal systems surrounding Punta Santiago. The proposed design, a causeway linking the coast to the hills, dovetails disaster relief and recovery with climate adaptation by providing a persistent connection that restores and reveals the dynamic coastal landscape. / Master of Landscape Architecture / Global warming is correlated with an increase in sea level rise, atmospheric moisture (water content in the air), and surface sea temperatures. The body of research around the complex interaction of these factors is growing, but current projections are that warmer seas will cause more intense hurricanes. Coastal communities, particularly those with fewer economic resources, bear the brunt of this trend and recovery is more difficult with each passing storm. After Hurricane Maria struck in September 2017, many residents of the barrio of Punta Santiago in Puerto Rico lived in the remains of their homes for over a year with little resources to rebuild from the severe wind damage and flood waters that rose over 6 feet. Recovery is still underway almost two years later. A sustainable way forward for Punta Santiago and other coastal communities worldwide necessitates strategies ranging from natural shore stabilization techniques like mangrove buffers and living reefs to restrictions on coastal development, and even the relocation of communities. This thesis investigates the time disparate processes of disaster relief, recovery, and climate adaptation through the lens of their impact upon the interdependent identities of people and place as informed by theorists and designers including J.B. Jackson and Patrick Geddes. My approach works from the scale of the Antón Ruíz watershed to the delta to uncover the historical and contemporary land use that knit people in the region to the land. I identify commonalities in the immediate recovery needs and long-term resiliency of the community and ecosystems, and seek to support ongoing globally significant research of the rare coastal systems surrounding Punta Santiago. The proposed design, a causeway linking the coast to the hills, dovetails disaster relief and recovery with climate adaptation by providing a persistent connection that restores and reveals the dynamic coastal landscape.

Marine fish stocks are under serious threat of depletion due to increasing numbers of resource users with competing interests, resulting in degradation and the decline of fish catch. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, household surveys and remote sensing and GIS, this study addresses: (1) the complex and inter-related nature of resource dependency, (2) the role of assets in determining survival strategies of households in artisanal fishing communities in Ponnani, India, (3) how asset degradation impacts resource-dependent households, (4) how households develop survival strategies, and (5) considers access to social, political, physical, human and financial assets. Information is organized using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) with modifications to suite the local complexities. Results show that households - engaged in diverse activities, including fishing, fish processing/marketing/culture and daily labour - evolved property rights of natural resources over generations. The Pathemari cargo business’s limited knowledge of fisheries compared to artisanal fishers, and the government led modernization resulted in resource degradation. Therefore, artisanal fishers living in coastal wards threatened by intense erosion, abandoned traditional occupations in pursuit of livelihood security. Results from image analysis and derived thematic maps indicate increased erosion of 0.35 sq km shoreline coinciding with government development initiatives. To improve livelihood options, the results indicate that 50% surveyed accessed political assets such as fishers’ cooperatives and only 20% accessed financial assets such as government sponsored schemes and loans. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions revealed many limiting factors of access, specifically marginalization and lack of financial assets: only 6% surveyed could raise enough money to migrate. With changes in technology, from harvesting to processing, gender roles are being radically altered. Women are losing jobs and income. Politically, the study revealed that local participation helped governing bodies prioritize on housing, roads, water and sanitation. Analysis of the information through the modified SLF suggests three strategies to enhance the asset base of coastal poor: strengthening grassroots organizations; transforming state relations; and developing new alternatives to conventional coastal development practice. Finally, the study suggests resource management policies to improve the households’ livelihood options and well-being.

Over the past two decades, environmental history as an approach to the understanding and explanation of historical processes has become gradually fashionable amongst academics; empirical data collected over the North Atlantic proposed new trends with regards to economic patterns during the Viking Age. The increasing number of Viking Age sites exposed in Iceland, the amount of zooarchaeological collections highlighting an abundant presence of fish bones in the overall archaeofauna, together with one’s expertise in environmental history as well as a strong interest in socio-economic development during the Viking Age and medieval periods were many factors which help identify strengths and weaknesses with regards to the understanding of the emergence of commercial fish trade in Iceland, and to a lesser extent, the Faeroe Islands. The thesis proposes a new theory with regards to human adaptation to new environments, and subsequent economic developments based on the commercial exploitation of fish. The interdisciplinary aspect of this project using cultural sediment analysis and zooarchaeology, as well as concepts from anthropology and economic anthropology, allows for the theory to be tested by empirical data.

The study explored, described and explained the current models of voluntary counselling and testing services delivery and analysed the extent to which a given VCT model had influenced uptake of VCT services in the fishing communities along the shores of Lake Victoria, in Wakiso District, with an aim of designing optimal VCT service delivery strategies. The study was therefore exploratory, descriptive and explanatory, and collected both qualitative and quantitative data in a three-phased approach. Phase I involved the Kasenyi fishing community respondents, while phases II and III involved VCT managers and VCT counsellors at the Entebbe and Kisubi Hospitals. The findings indicated that VCT services are generally available onsite at health facilities, and in the field through mobile VCT outreach or home-based VCT services provided at clients’ homes. Both client-initiated and health provider-initiated VCT services are available and services are integrated with other health services. Despite the availability of VCT, only about half of the respondents in phase I had accessed VCT services although almost all indicated a willingness to undergo HIV testing in the near future. The main challenges to service delivery and utilisation included limited funding and staffing as well as limited awareness in target communities. The strategies drawn are based on the need to increase availability, accessibility, acceptability and utilisation of VCT services. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The study explored, described and explained the current models of voluntary counselling and testing services delivery and analysed the extent to which a given VCT model had influenced uptake of VCT services in the fishing communities along the shores of Lake Victoria, in Wakiso District, with an aim of designing optimal VCT service delivery strategies. The study was therefore exploratory, descriptive and explanatory, and collected both qualitative and quantitative data in a three-phased approach. Phase I involved the Kasenyi fishing community respondents, while phases II and III involved VCT managers and VCT counsellors at the Entebbe and Kisubi Hospitals. The findings indicated that VCT services are generally available onsite at health facilities, and in the field through mobile VCT outreach or home-based VCT services provided at clients’ homes. Both client-initiated and health provider-initiated VCT services are available and services are integrated with other health services. Despite the availability of VCT, only about half of the respondents in phase I had accessed VCT services although almost all indicated a willingness to undergo HIV testing in the near future. The main challenges to service delivery and utilisation included limited funding and staffing as well as limited awareness in target communities. The strategies drawn are based on the need to increase availability, accessibility, acceptability and utilisation of VCT services. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)