Långtidsarbetslöshet har i Sverige sedan mitten av 1990-talet varit en återkommande och omdebatterad politisk fråga. För att arbeta med problemet har det sedan dess fokuserats på en aktiv arbetsmarknadspolitik innehållandes åtgärder som arbetsmarknadspolitiska program, utbildningar samt subventionerade anställningar. Sedan 2006 har nyttjandet avsubventionerade anställningar ökat i Sverige. Nystartsjobben som infördes 2007 är en subventionerad anställningsform med syfte att stimulera arbetsgivare att anställa personer med en längre tids frånvaro från arbetsmarknaden. Arbetsgivare får med nystartsjobb en kreditering av arbetsgivaravgiften när de anställt en långtidsarbetslös person. Att subventionerade anställningar har en mekanism som ger en positiv effekt på flödet från långtidsarbetslöshet till anställning har påvisats i ett antal studier. Resultaten är dock varierande och då olika subventioner skiljer sig åt i utformningen är det svårt att få en entydig bild. Denna uppsats har studerat vilken påverkan nystartsjobben har på långtidsarbetslösheten. Med paneldata över Sveriges 290 kommuner observerade mellan 2007–2019 och en regressionsanalys med fixa effekter som metod, har studien besvarat frågeställningen: ”Minskar nystartsjobben långtidsarbetslösheten?” Kontrollvariabler som inkluderas i regressionen är andel personer i övriga subventionerade anställningar, vakanser, utbildning samt andel äldre och yngre. Resultaten visar att när andelen i nystartsjobb ökar, minskar långtidsarbetslösheten. Effekten av andel personer i nystartsjobb på andel långtidsarbetslösa visar ett estimat på -0,329% då kontrollvariablerna är mätta ett år innan andel långtidsarbetslösa. Det tolkas som att vid en procentenhets ökning av andel i nystartsjobb ses i genomsnitt en minskning av andel långtidsarbetslösa med 0,329 procentenheter. Med detta konstateras slutligen att studiens resultat visat på att det finns en totaleffekt på långtidsarbetslösheten av nystartsjobben, men den är inte markant / Long-term unemployment has since the mid 90´s been a recurring political question in Sweden. The issue has been dealt with through the usage of active labor market policies, such as different labor market programs, vocational education and training and subsidized employment. Since 2006, the usage of subsidized employments in Sweden has increased. New-start-jobs, a subsidized employment with the purpose to invigorate employers to hire long-term unemployed persons were introduced in 2007. It gives the employer a tax relief when hiring a person who has been unemployed for a certain period of time. Previous research has shown that subsidized employments have a positive effect on the flow from long term unemployment to employment. However, the results vary and since many subsidies differ in their design it is complicated to get an unambiguous answer. This thesis has examined what impact the new-start-jobs have on the long-term unemployment rate. The purpose has been to answer the question “Does the new-start-jobs reduce long-term unemployment?” The method used in the study is a fixed effect regression model using panel data of Sweden’s 290 municipalities during the period 2007-2019. The results indicate that when the proportion of people in new-start-jobs increase, the long term unemployment rate decreases. Control variables have been included and consists of proportion of individuals in other subsidized employments, vacancies, education, share of older and younger people in the population. The estimated effect of share of people in new start-jobs on long-term unemployment in the working age population is -0,329%, when the control variables is lagged one year. The result in this study means that one percentage pointincrease in the proportion of people participating in new-start-jobs, on average decreases the proportion of long-term unemployed with 0,329 percentage points. With that result established, an effect is seen, but it is not particularly strong.

The level of labor productivity differs among the European Union countries, especially when you compare a developing country to a more developed country in the EU. This is an issue because the achievement of high labor productivity is a necessary stipulation for a developing economy to realize economic growth and more economic development. On the other hand, the more individuals in an economy with access to the internet (internet connectivity) depicts how developed the economy is in terms of information and communication technology (ICT). Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether there is a positive relationship between countries having high internet connectivity and labor productivity in the EU. In doing so, Political and entrepreneurial decision-makers can use these findings to decide how much attention or budget to put on the ICT sector to improve labor productivity. To understand the factors that affect labor productivity, Adam Smith and Karl Marx’s theory on labor productivity is used to gain a better understanding. A panel data analysis using a fixed-effect model and pooled OLS regression model is applied in the study to predict the relationship. The result of the study indicates that internet connectivity does not have a significant impact on Labour productivity, or there was not enough evidence showing that they are positively correlated with each other.

Greenhouse Gas emission increase is largely attributed to carbon dioxide emissions as the major gas causing climate change and atmospheric warming. According to Environmental Kuznets Curve Theory (EKC), the increase in economic growth is expected to reduce the environmental pollution from carbon dioxide emission caused at the beginning stages of economic growth. In this thesis, I examined the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emission. The key hypothesis tested in this study is the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Data from 1967 to 2016 from over 15 countries in North and South America, published by the World Bank were used. Since EKC posits a non-linear relationship between economic growth (GDP/capita) and Carbon dioxide emission, I used a quadratic component in the regression model. I analyzed the data using the OLS regression as my baseline model. Each country is unique in many respects that are hard to capture by a set of variables in econometrics model. This poses a challenge to estimating an unbiased estimate. Using panel data model allowed controlling for time invariant unobserved country-specific factors that could bias the estimates. I estimated a fixed effect panel regression to examine the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth is primarily measured with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The results of the fixed effect panel regression showed that all variables are significant, except export and inflation which were not significant. OLS could not solve the issue of heterogeneity among the variables. Estimating country-specific fixed effects model eliminates unobserved heterogeneity across countries and, therefore provides relatively unbiased estimates compared to OLS estimates. The positive correlation between Total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita suggests that carbon dioxide emissions increase as GDP/ capita increases before the turning point. The negative correlation between Total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita squared suggests that there is a polynomial (quadratic) form which is like that of inverted U-shape of the EKC curve. The coefficient, although it is very small, suggests the impact of the negative relationship after the turning point at the vertex of EKC curve is fractional. As expected, the result indicates a higher population causes an increase in total CO2 emissions. The result from CO2 emissions from liquid shows a negative relationship between the dependent variable CO2 emissions from liquid and the independent variable GDP per capita at the highest level of significance. This result is different from that of total carbon dioxide emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas. Carbon emission from liquid looks different from carbon emissions from solid and gas. There are high and constant emission throughout all the years and in all countries used in the analysis. EKC hypothesis is proven to be true for total carbon dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide emission from solid and gas. The hypothesized correlation between GDPs per capita square and CO2 emissions is statistically supported for Total CO2 emission, CO2 emission from solid and CO2 emission from gas. CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita squared suggest that there is a polynomial (quadratic) form which is like that of inverted U-shape of the EKC curve. This proves that EKC model is proven to be true for my data. Policies like population policies can help in increasing growth in GDP per capita and reducing growth in the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Population policies could play a significant role aimed at mitigating and reducing climate change.

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This paper adopts a quantitative and qualitative lens, through which we explore the economic relationship between the region of Sub-Saharan Africa and China as a consequence of Chinese Foreign direct investments (FDI).  Primarily, the paper’s direction, analysis, and discussions are dictated by the usage of primary and secondary data. Our primary data is constructed as a panel data set including GDP for 38 countries alongside the Chinese FDIs for each country during the period 2003-2021. Our secondary data includes already existing papers on topics related to our purpose and the data found in them. The main points include the economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa, the subsequent enforced Chinese economic policy, and further the gains China see from their strides into the region. In order to prove our hypothesis and research questions we've used econometric models.The panel data was used to conduct several time series regressions, where we further used different models and tests to get the best possible result Due to the fact that our regression shows a significant and positive correlation between economic growth in the region as a result of Chinese FDI, we can establish that past research is reinforced. Through the used model we’re enabled to look at the individual effects of every country in the region. In addition, by comparing these effects with the level of corruption and which type of income group the countries belong to, we can further highlight the fact that China tends to invest in countries who can offer something in return. Examples of such cases could be South Africa and Angola who are two of the biggest receivers of Chinese FDI in the region, which we, throughout the paper, attribute to the fact that they have an abundance of natural resources.

近年來中國籍與外籍配偶家庭快速的增加，成為台灣社會備受到關注的一個新興議題。面對日益普遍的台灣外籍配偶現象，本文以2001年至2005年台灣各縣市的追蹤資料，並以固定效果模型分別針對整體、中國籍以及東南亞籍外籍女性配偶進行估計，來檢驗影響台灣外籍女性配偶規模的決定因素。總體而言，本文發現台灣外籍配偶現象已相當普遍，在經濟高度發展下，選擇外籍配偶並不只侷限在發展相對落後的地區。 此外，薪資所得高低會影響外籍配偶的規模，即表示多數的外籍配偶家庭經濟情況屬於中低階層，與一般社會大眾認知相同。而失業率與整體外籍配偶規模的估計結果呈現負相關，亦即失業率越高的地區，外籍配偶規模越小。顯示在失業率居高不下的情形下，降低台灣男性結婚的動機，以及外籍配偶來台意願。但是東南亞籍的外籍配偶在失業率高的地方規模較大，與本文實證變數假設相符。 最後，由模型的固定效果與時間效果分析可知，各縣市間並無顯著的特質效果影響外籍配偶的規模，也就是說外籍配偶的現象在台灣已經相當普遍。而由時間效果來看，外籍配偶的熱潮近兩年來有顯著趨緩的現象，這是否意味著外籍配偶所帶來之社會問題層出不窮，帶給民眾過多的負面印象，使得未婚男性對於選擇外籍配偶有所保留，值得後續研究來檢驗。 / In recent years, foreign bride has become a new issue, and there are more and more families with foreign brides in Taiwan. This study adopts fixed-effect model to investigate the determinants of foreign bride’s scale in Taiwan with 23 regions’ panel data during the period of 2001-2005. The result shows the phenomenon of foreign bride is general in Taiwan society. In addition, wage and unemployment rate are the most important factors to affect foreign bride’s scale in Taiwan. Wage reflects the living standard, and most families with foreign brides in Taiwan are bottom feeders. Furthermore, unemployment rage has a negative relationship to foreign bride’s scale in Taiwan, and the amount of foreign bride has a decreasing trend. Finally, in order to reduce the mistakes occurred in positive models and enable the study more rigorous, then uses more methods to the models and the result.

This paper examines the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on health using the data of 61 countries between 2000 and 2009 from the World Bank. The ICT variables considered in this paper include internet, fixed phones, and mobile phones. Based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of the United Nations, we select several health variables and examine the impact of ICT on these variables. These variables include life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, and prevalence of HIV. The estimation strategies are the pooling OLS model, the fixed effect model, and the random effect model. The empirical results suggest that ICT indeed plays a significant role in improving the health level of a country. ICT effectively decreases infant mortality rates and children mortality rates, and also increases life expectancy. This finding supports the viewpoints of United Nations (UN), World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that ICT has great potential in improving a country¡¦s health. The finding also confirms the arguments of several literatures, including McNamara (2007) and Lucas (2008), that ICT can lead to a more effective health system. In addition, we also find that fixed phones and mobile phones, which have more powerful functions in communicating and have greater flexibility, help decrease deaths due to acute diseases or emergencies; while internet displays more profound impact on improving health with the accumulation of time. Our results suggest that adopting and promoting ICT is an effective way for developing countries and less-developed countries to enhance the level of health of people. We also expect that ICT can help these countries to meet at least part of the Millennium Development Goals.

This thesis explores how economic performance, measured as real GDP-growth per capita, affects the vote share of parties which relies on radical ideological platforms. Using a fixed effect model with panel data, based on real electoral outcomes of 18 western European democracies, the result reveals an ambiguous reality. The overall conclusion implies that low growth rates benefit the electoral success of radical-right parties and holds for robustness checks. No solid evidence of the relationship is found on the radical-left side.The result further reveals that the individuals decision to vote radical is relative more affected by the ongoing business cycle trend between the elections rather than sudden changes close to the election day. The relationship also appears to be stronger among nations of southern Europe.

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