Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) avaliar o efeito do envelhecimento por ciclagem mecânica (3 milhões de ciclos a uma freqüência de 1 Hz) na resistência à flexão de quatro materiais cerâmicos utilizadas na confecção de próteses parciais fixas livre de metal: a) uma zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por ítria (Y-TZP); b) uma alumina policristalina (AL); c) compósito de alumina infiltrado por vidro (ICA) e d) um compósito de alumina e zircônia infiltrado por vidro (ICZ) e, 2) determinar o efeito da ciclagem mecânica no conteúdo de fase monoclínica de duas cerâmicas odontológicas contendo zircônia: a) zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por ítria e b) compósito de alumina e zircônia infiltrado por vidro. Material e método: Discos cerâmicos (12 mm x 1 mm) foram confeccionados conforme as recomendações dos fabricantes e testados em resistência à flexão biaxial. O grupo controle (sem ciclagem) de todos os materiais estudados foi submetido à estatística de Weibull para determinação da resistência característica (0) e módulo de Weibull (m). Os grupos envelhecidos mecanicamente foram fraturados em flexão biaxial e os valores obtidos foram comparados com seus respectivos grupos controle. A análise de difração de raios X (DRX) foi realizada para verificar do conteúdo de zircônia monoclínica. Resultados: Os valores médios de resistência à flexão apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante para ambos os compósitos estudados, sendo que ICA apresentou diminuição no valor médio de resistência após a ciclagem mecânica (controle: 309,5 MPa; ciclado: 257,1 MPa) e ICZ, por outro lado, mostrou aumento da resistência após aplicação do protocolo de envelhecimento (controle: 315,6 MPa; ciclado: 359,1 MPa). As médias obtidas para materiais policristalinos foram semelhantes entre seus respectivos grupos ciclado e controle, com valores de 786,1 MPa (controle) e 841,7 MPa (ciclado) para Y-TZP e 383,5 MPa (controle) e 405,4 MPa (ciclado) para AL. Nos padrões de DRX das superfícies polidas de amostras de Y-TZP e ICZ dos grupos controle e ciclado foram observados apenas picos de difração correspondentes à fase da zircônia tetragonal. Conclusão: apenas o compósito ICA apresentou diminuição significativa nos valores de resistência à flexão após a aplicação do protocolo de ciclagem. Os outros materiais testados não sofreram degradação significativa da resistência mostrando, portanto, um melhor desempenho mecânico após uma simulação de três anos de utilização clínica. A ciclagem não causou aumento no conteúdo de zircônia monoclina nos materiais Y-TZP e ICZ / The objectives of this study were: 1) To evaluate the effect of aging by mechanical cycling (3 million cycles at a frequency of 1 Hz) on the biaxial flexural strength of four dental ceramics used as framework for the manufacture of metal free fixed partial dentures: a) yttria partially stabilized zirconia tetragonal polycrystals (Y-TZP), b) alumina polycrystals (AL), c) alumina glass infiltrated ceramic (ICA) and d) alumina-based zirconia-reinforced glass infiltrated ceramic (ICZ); and 2) to determine the effect of mechanical cycling on the monoclinic zirconia content of two dental ceramics: a) yttria partially stabilized zirconia tetragonal polycrystals (Y-TZP) and b) alumina-based zirconia-reinforced glass infiltrated ceramic. Materials and Methods: Disc-shaped specimens (12 mm x 1 mm) were prepared according to manufacturer\'s recommendations and tested in biaxial flexure strength. The control group (no cycling) of all materials studied was subjected to Weibull statistics to determine the characteristic strength (0) and Weibull modulus (m). After mechanical aging, the specimens were fractured and the values obtained were compared with their respective control groups. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to analyze the monoclinic zirconia content. Results: The mean values of flexural strength showed statistically significant differences for both composites studied, being that the ICA showed a decrease in the average value of resistance after mechanical cycling (control: 309.5 MPa; cycled: 257.1 MPa) and ICZ, on the other hand, showed increase in the resistance after application of the cycling protocol (control: 315.6 MPa; cycled 359.1 MPa). The means obtained for polycrystalline materials were similar between the respective groups cycled and control, with values of 786.1 MPa (control) and 841.7 MPa (cycled) for Y-TZP and 383.5 MPa (control) and 405.4 MPa (cycled) for AL. In the XRD patterns of the polished surfaces of Y-TZP and ICZ samples both cycled and control groups were observed only diffraction peaks corresponding to the tetragonal phase of zirconia. Conclusion: Only the composite ICA showed significant decrease in flexural strength values after applying the cycling protocol. The other materials tested did not suffer significant degradation resistance showing great mechanical performance after a simulated three years of clinical use. The mechanical cycling did not cause increase in the content of monoclinic zirconia in Y-TZP and ICZ.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito de tratamentos por calor nas propriedades mecânicas de resistência flexional e microdureza Knoop de três marcas comerciais de resinas compostas para uso direto (FillMagic, P60 e TPH), na condição de incluída ou não em revestimento durante um tratamento térmico (calor seco/170°C), por três períodos (5, 10 e 15 min). A temperatura adotada para os tratamentos foi baseada em análises prévias (termogravimetria e calorimetria exploratória diferencial) com a finalidade de se determinar a temperatura de início de perda de massa e de transição vítrea das resinas. Os corpos-de-prova (n=7) foram confeccionados com o auxílio de uma matriz metálica (10 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm), sendo o compósito inserido em bloco único e irradiado numa única superfície (600mW/cm 2 por 40s). Foram obtidos, no total, sete grupos experimentais por resina, sendo o controle a condição de apenas fotoativada. Os espécimes foram submetidos ao ensaio de resistência à flexão, com distância entre apoios de 8 mm, em uma velocidade constante de 0,5 mm/min e célula de carga de 1000N. A dureza Knoop foi obtida com carga de 100 g e tempo de penetração de 15 s. As médias de resistência flexional, em MPa, foram de 174,80 para a resina FillMagic, 182,64 para a P60 e 172,22 para a TPH. Na mesma ordem, as médias de microdureza Knoop foram de 73,1; 102,0 e 74,0.A análise de variância dos resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que os tratamentos experimentais aumentaram a resistência flexional das resinas indistintamente. Os valores de microdureza também aumentaram, mas houveram diferenças de suscetibilidade ao tratamento térmico entre as resinas / The aim of this study was to assess the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of flexure strength and Knoop micro hardness of three commercially available brands of resin composites for direct use (FillMagic, P60 and TPH) included or not in investments during heat treatment (dry heat/170ºC) by three periods (5, 10 and 15 min.) The temperature adopted for the treatments was based on previous analysis (thermo gravimetric and differential exploratory heating) in order to determine the initial temperature of mass loss and glass transition of resin composites. The samples (n=7) were prepared with a metallic matrix (10 mm x 2mm x 2mm) in which the resin composite was inserted in a single block and only one surface was irradiated (600mW/cm 2 40s). Seven experimental groups were obtained for each resin composite in which the control group was solely light-cured. The flexure strength test was performed with a support distance of 8 mm, cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. and 1000 N load. Knoop micro hardness was obtained with a load of 100 g and penetration time of 15 s. The flexure strength averages in MPa were 174.80 for FillMagic, 182. 64 for P60 and 172. 22 for TPH. Thus, Knoop micro hardness means were 73.1; 102.0 and 74.0. The analysis of variance indicated that the experimental treatments increased flexure strength of resin composites. Micro hardness values also increased, but there were differences in the resin composites susceptibility to the heat treatment

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana de Oliveira Silva.pdf: 854698 bytes, checksum: 0fe1099b901133907165a1d0a216a8e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-07-27 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of two fibers glass and two ceramics systems used like substructure of prosthesis fixed partial using a three point bending test. Four groups, with ten specimens and dimensions of 25+ 2mm X 2+ 0,1mm X 2+ 0,1mm (ISO 10477) to fibers glass and 25+ 5 mm X 4+ 0,25 mm X 1,2+ 0,2 mm (ISO 6872) to ceramics were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions, where: GI-Vectris Pontic® (Ivoclar/Vivadent), GII-Fibrex Medial® (Angelus Soluções Odontológicas), GIII- IPS Empress ®2(Ivoclar/Vivadent) e GIV- VITA In- Ceram® Zircônia. The specimens were dry stored, in plastic recipient, without light on room temperature and submitted on three point test at universal machine Instron® Corp. 2KN(crosshead speed of 0,75mm/min) and the results of the mean values of flexural strength were 516,04 + 58,44 MPa to GI , 505,23 + 85,57 MPa to GII, 182,73+ 50,33 MPa to the GIII and 442,37 + 99,89 MPa to GIV. The predominance of failure was incomplete fracture to fibers glass and complete fracture to ceramics. The results were submitted on statistical analysis, Anova (p<0,05) and there were observed differences statistically insignificant among the fibers’ group (p=0.7460) and differences statistically significant among the ceramics’ group. Concluded that fibers tested presented similar performance of flexural strength and the result suggested the possibility of fibers glass be used like alternative of alloy in good indication of clinical situation of prosthesis fixed partial. The ceramics presented not similar performance of flexural strength being VITA In-Ceram® Zircônia system able to support more load when compared with IPS Empress® 2 Ivoclar/Vivadent system. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência flexural de dois sistemas de fibras de vidro unidirecionais e duas cerâmicas utilizadas como subestrutura de próteses parciais fixas, através do teste de três pontos. Quatro grupos, com 10 corpos-deprova cada, e dimensões de 25+2mm X 2+0,1mm X 2+0,1mm (ISO 10477) para as fibras de vidro e 25+ 5 mm X 4+ 0,25 mm X 1,2+ 0,2 mm (ISO 6872) para as cerâmicas, foram obtidos seguindo as orientações dos fabricantes, sendo: GIVectris Pontic® (Ivoclar/Vivadent), GII- Fibrex Medial® (Angelus Soluções Odontológicas), GIII- IPS Empress ®2(Ivoclar/Vivadent) e GIV- VITA In-Ceram® Zircônia. Os corpos-de-prova foram armazenados, secos, à temperatura ambiente, em recipientes plásticos, sem interferência de luz e submetidos ao teste de três pontos em uma máquina de ensaio Instron® Corp. 2KN (velocidade de 0,75mm/min) obtendo-se valores médios de resistência à flexão de 516,04 + 58,44 MPa para GI, 505,23 + 85,57 MPa para GII, 182,73+ 50,33MPa para o GIII e 442,37 + 99,89 MPa para o GIV. O padrão de falha observado foi de fratura incompleta para as fibras de vidro e fratura completa para as cerâmicas. Os valores médios de resistência foram submetidos à análise estatística, teste Anova (p<0,05) e verificou-se a inexistência de diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos de fibras de vidro (p=0.7460) e a existência de diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos de cerâmicas. Concluiu-se que as fibras de vidro utilizadas no experimento apresentaram desempenhos de resistência flexural semelhantes e os resultados sugeriram a possibilidade da utilização das fibras de vidro como alternativa às ligas metálicas em situações clínicas bem indicadas de próteses parciais fixas. As cerâmicas apresentaram diferentes desempenhos de resistência flexural, sendo o sistema VITA In-Ceram® Zircônia capaz de resistir a maior carga aplicada comparada ao sistema IPS Empress® 2 Ivoclar/Vivadent.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD (Prosthodontics) / The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the physical properties of two core build-up materials (ParaCore and CoreXflow) and compare this to conventional composite material (Filtek Supreme Plus and SDR Flow) used as core build-up material.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) avaliar o efeito do envelhecimento por ciclagem mecânica (1 milhão de ciclos a uma freqüência de 2 Hz) sobre a resistência à flexão biaxial de três materiais cerâmicos utilizados para a construção infra-estruturas de próteses parciais fixas: a) uma zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por ítria (Y-TZP); b) uma alumina policristalina (AL) e c) um compósito de alumina e zircônia infiltrado por vidro (ICZ) e 2) determinar a influência da tensão gerada durante a ciclagem sobre a degradação da resistência das cerâmicas estudadas, já que para cada material a ciclagem foi realizada com dois níveis diferentes de tensão. Material e método: Espécimes em forma de disco (12 mm x 2 mm e 12 mm x 1 mm) foram confeccionados conforme as recomendações dos fabricantes. A resistência à flexão desses materiais foi determinada por meio do ensaio de flexão biaxial. Para o grupo controle de todos os materiais estudados (espécimes de 1 mm de espessura), foi realizada estatística de Weibull para determinação da resistência característica (0) e módulo de Weibull (m). Após o envelhecimento por ciclagem mecânica, realizado para todos os materiais nas duas espessuras, os espécimes foram fraturados e os valores obtidos foram comparados com seus respectivos grupos controle. Resultados: O valor de m foi estatisticamente semelhante para todos os materiais, o ICZ (12,2) apresentou o maior valor comparado ao do Y-TZP (9,0) e do AL (8,4). Os valores de resistência característica, 0, apresentaram diferenças significantes para todos os materiais, 828 MPa para a Y-TZP, 405,8 MPa para a AL e 328 MPa para o ICZ. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as resistências medidas para os grupos controle e ciclado para nenhum dos materiais nas duas espessuras avaliadas. Conclusão: O envelhecimento por ciclagem mecânica não causou alterações significativas nos valores de resistência à flexão de nenhuma das cerâmicas testadas. O aumento no nível de tensão aplicada na ciclagem mecânica não gerou um aumento na degradação da resistência dos materiais estudados. / The objectives of this study were: 1) To evaluate the effect of aging by mechanical cycling (1 million cycles at a frequency of 2 Hz) on the biaxial flexural strength of three dental ceramics used as framework materials for fixed partial dentures (FPDs): a) yttria partially stabilized zirconia tetragonal polycrystals (Y-TZP), b) alumina polycrystals (AL) and c) alumina-based zirconia-reinforced glass infiltrated ceramic (ICZ) and 2) determine the influence of stress level generated during mechanical cycling on the flexural strength degradation of the studied ceramics. Materials and Methods: Disc-shaped specimens (12 mm x 2 mm and 12 mm x 1 mm) were prepared according to manufacturer\'s recommendations. The flexural strength of these materials was determined by biaxial flexure test for the control group of all materials. The Weibull statistics was performed to determine the characteristic strength (0) and Weibull modulus (m). After mechanical aging, the specimens were fractured and the values obtained were compared with their respective control groups. Results: No statistically significant differences were founded between the strength obtained for the control and cycled groups for any of the materials in the two thicknesses tested. The m value was similar for all materials, ICZ (12.2) which showed the highest value, followed by the Y-TZP (9) and AL (8.4). The values for characteristic strength (0) showed significant differences for all materials, 828 MPa for Y-TZP, 405.8 MPa for AL and 328 MPa for ICZ. Conclusion: Aging by mechanical cycling did not cause significant changes in the values of flexural strength for all the ceramics tested. The increase in the stress level during cyclic loading did not cause an increase in the strength degradation of the materials studied.

Student Number : 0100677A - PhD thesis - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / This thesis presents the findings on empirical study of dry-stack masonry. Dry-stack masonry refers to a method of building masonry walls, where most of the masonry units are laid without mortar in the joints. Of late (since mid eighties) in modern construction, dry-stacking or mortarless technology is increasingly becoming popular because of its advantages. The construction industry is acknowledging the need to accelerate the masonry construction process, as the traditional method is labour intensive and hence slower due to the presence of a large number of mortar joints. Early attempts were made to increase the size of masonry units (block instead of brick), thereby reducing the number of mortar joints, wherein the use of bedding mortar imposed constraints on the number of courses to be constructed in a day. Elimination of bedding mortar accelerates construction; thereby reducing cost, variation due to workmanship and generally small pool of skilled labour is required in dry stacking. Dry-stack masonry is a relatively new technology not yet regulated in the code of practice and therefore very limited information on the structural behaviour of the masonry is available. This project is based on the investigation of the HYDRAFORM dry-stack system, which utilises compressed soil-cement interlocking, blocks. The system is now widely used in Africa, Asia and South America. The main objective of the project was to establish through physical testing the capacity of the system to resist lateral load (e.g. wind load), vertical load and dynamic load such as earthquake loading. In the first phase of the project investigations were conducted under static loading where series of full-scale wall panels were constructed in the laboratory and tested under lateral loading, and others were tested under vertical loading to establish the mode of failure and load capacity of the system. Series of control tests were also conducted by testing series of wallettes to establish failure mechanism of the units and to establish the flexural strength of the system. Finally the test results were used for modelling, where load prediction models for the system under vertical loading and under lateral loading were developed. The theoretical load prediction models were tested against the test results and show good agreement. After the load capacity was established the next step in the study was to further improve the system for increased capacity particularly under dynamic loading. The normal Hydraform system was modified by introducing a conduit, which allows introduction of reinforcements. Series of dry-stack seismic systems were constructed and initially tested under static lateral loading to establish the lateral load capacity. The second Phase of the project was to investigate the structural behaviour and performance of the Hydraform system under seismic loading. A shaking table of 20 tonnes payload, (4m x 4m) in plan was designed and fabricated. A full-scale plain dry-stack masonry house was constructed on the shaking table and subjected to seismic base motions. The shaking table test was performed using sine wave signals excitations starting from low to very severe intensity. A conventional masonry test structure of similar parameters was also constructed on the table and tested in a similar manner for comparison. The tests were conducted using a frequency range of 1Hz to 12Hz and the specimens were monitored for peak accelerations and displacements. For both specimens the initial base motion was 0.05g. The study established the mode of failure of the system; the structural weak points of unreinforced dry-stack masonry, the general structural response of the system under seismic condition and the failure load. The plain dry-stack masonry failed at 0.3g and the conventional masonry failed at 0.6g. Finally recommendations for further strengthening of system to improve its lateral capacity were proposed.

Impact strength is one of the most important structural properties for a designer to consider, but is often the most difficult to quantify or measure. A constant concern in the field of composites is the effect of foreign object impact damage because it is often undetectable by visual inspection. An impact can create interlaminar damage that often results in severe reductions in strength and instability of the structure. The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a damage arrestment device (DAD) on the mechanical behavior of composite sandwiches, following a low-velocity impact. A 7.56-lbf crosshead dropped from a height of 37.5-inches was considered for the low-velocity impact testing. In this study, the experimental and numerical analysis of composite sandwiches were investigated, which included static 4-point bend and vibration testing. Composite sandwiches were constructed utilizing four-plies of Advanced Composites Group LTM45EL/CF1803 bi-directional woven carbon fiber face sheets with a General Plastics Last-A-Foam FR-6710 rigid polyurethane core. Specimens were cured in an autoclave, using the manufacturer’s specified curing cycle. In addition to the experimental and numerical analysis of composite sandwiches, developing and building a data acquisition (DAQ) system for the Dynatup 8250 drop weight impact tester was accomplished. Utilizing National Instruments signal conditioning hardware, in conjunction with LabView and MATLAB, complete testing software was developed and built to provide full data acquisition for an impact test. The testing hardware and software provide complete force vs. time history and crosshead acceleration of the impact event, as well as provide instantaneous impact velocity of the projectile. The testing hardware, software, and procedures were developed and built in the Aerospace Structures/Composites laboratory at Cal Poly for approximately 15% of the cost from the manufacturer. In the first study, static 4-point bend testing was investigated to determine the residual flexural strength of composite sandwich beams following a low-velocity impact. Four different specimen cases were investigated in the 4-point bend test, with and without being impacted: first a control beam with no delamination or DAD, second a control beam with a centrally located 1-inch long initial delamination, third a DAD key beam with two transverse DADs centrally located 1-inch apart, and finally a DAD key beam with a centrally located initial delamination between two transverse DADs. The specimens used followed the ASTM D6272 standard test method. The specimens were 1-inch wide by 11-inch long beams. The experimental results showed that the presence of DAD keys significantly improved both the residual stiffness and ultimate strength of a composite sandwich structure that had been damaged under low-velocity impact loading, even with the presence of an initial face-core delamination. In the second study, vibration testing was investigated as a means to detect a delamination in the structure and the effect of impact damage on the vibrational characteristics, such as damping, on composite sandwich plates. Four different specimen cases were investigated in the vibration test, both with and without being impacted: first a control plate with no delamination or DAD, second three control plates with varying 1-inch initial delamination locations at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bending-mode nodes, third a DAD key plate with one DAD running the entire length longitudinally along the center of the plate, and finally three DAD key plates with one DAD running the entire length longitudinally along the center of the plate and varying 1-inch delamination locations at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bending mode-nodes. The response accelerometer location was varied at 1-inch increments along the length of the plate. From the experimental results, it was determined that varying the location of the accelerometer had a significant effect on the detection of face-core delamination in a composite sandwich structure. Additionally, it was shown that damping characteristics significantly degraded in control case plates after a low-velocity impact, but they were better retained when a DAD key was added to the structure. Numerical analysis utilizing the finite element method (FEM) was employed to validate experimental testing, as well as provide a means to examine the stress distribution and impact absorption of the structure. The impact event was modeled utilizing the LS-Dyna explicit FE solver, which generated complete force vs. time history of the impact event. Static 4-point bending and vibration analysis were solved utilizing the LS-Dyna implicit solver. Finally a damaged mesh was obtained from the explicit impact solution and subjected to subsequent static 4-point bending and vibration analysis to numerically determine the residual mechanical behavior after impact. All cases showed good agreement between the numerical, analytical, and experimental results.

This paper presents an analytical method for estimating the flexural strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates. The method is developed from the strain compatibility and equilibrium of forces. Based on the size of external FRP laminates, several flexural failure modes may be identified, namely tensile rupture of FRP laminates and concrete crushing before or after yielding of internal steel reinforcement. Upper and lower limits to the size of FRP laminates used are suggested to maintain ductile behaviour of strengthened RC sections. Comparisons between the flexural strength obtained from the current method and from experiments show good agreement. Design equations for calculating the size of FRP laminates externally bonded to RC sections to enhance their flexural strength are proposed.

Epoxy resin is an important engineering material in many industries such as electronics, automotive, aerospace, etc not only because it is an excellent adhesive but also because the materials based on it provide outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Epoxy resin has been proved to be an excellent matrix material for the nanocomposites when including another phase such as inorganic nanofillers. The properties of a nanocomposite material, in general, are a hybrid between the properties of matrix material and the nanofillers. In this sense, the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of a nanocomposite may be affected by the corresponding properties of matrix material. When the sonication is used to disperse the nanofillers in the polymer matrix, with the dispersal of the nanofillers, there comes some modification in the matrix as well and it finally affects the properties of nanocomposites. In this regard, we attempted to study the thermal, mechanical, and dynamic properties of EPON 862 epoxy resin where ultrasonic processing was taken as the effect causing variable. Uncured epoxy was subjected to thermal behavior studies before and after ultrasonic treatment and the cured epoxies with amine hardener EPICURE 3223 (diethylenetriamine) after sonications were tested for mechanical and dynamic properties. We monitored the ultrasonic processing effect in fictive temperature, enthalpy, and specific heat capacity using differential scanning calorimetry. Fictive temperature decreased whereas enthalpy and specific heat capacity were found to increase with the increased ultrasonic processing time. Cured epoxy rectangular solid strips were used to study the mechanical and dynamic properties. Flexural strength at 3% strain value measured with Dillon universal testing machine under 3-point bending method was found to degrade with the ultrasonic processing. The storage modulus and damping properties were studied for the two samples sonicated for 60 minutes and 120 minutes. Our study showed that the 60 minutes sonicated sample has higher damping or loss modulus than 120 minutes sonicated sample.