Capítulo 1. Objetivos: Medir e comparar o perfil de tensão residual da cerâmica de recobrimento aplicada sobre infraestruturas em zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por ítria (Y-TZP), em um compósito de alumina/zircônia (ZTA) e em uma alumina policristalina (AL). Material e Métodos: Os perfis de tensão residual de cada um dos materiais foi medido por meio do método \"hole-drilling\" em discos de 19 mm de diâmetro e 2,2 mm de espessura (0,7 mm de infraestrutura + 1,5 mm de porcelana de cobertura) .Resultados: Os espécimes de AL exibiram tensões de compressão que aumentaram numericamente com a profundidade, enquanto que as tensões compressivas mudaram para tensões de tração no interior das amostras de Y-TZP. As amostras de ZTA exibiram tensões de compressão na superfície, decrescendo com a profundidade até 0,6 mm, tornando-se compressivas novamente próximo à infraestrutura. Conclusão: O ZTA não apresentou tensões de tração em nenhum ponto ao longo da espessura da cerâmica de recobrimento. A AL apresentou um perfil de tensão residual mais favorável, gerado pelas tensões compressivas. A Y-TZP apresentou o perfil mais desfavorável, por apresentar tensões de tração próximo à infraestrutura. Capítulo 2. Objetivos: 1) Comparar os coeficientes de susceptibilidade ao crescimento subcrítico (n), de uma zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por ítria, obtidos por meio de dois ensaios de fadiga: cíclica e dinâmica. 2) Verificar o efeito da frequência usada no ensaio de fadiga cíclica no tempo de vida característico. Material e Métodos: Espécimes em forma de barras (25 mm x 4 mm x 3 mm) foram confeccionadas de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Os ensaios de fadiga dinâmica (n=70) e de fadiga cíclica (n=75) foram realizados por meio de resistência à flexão em quatro pontos para a obtenção dos parâmetros de crescimento de trincas subcrítico (SCG). O ensaio de fadiga cíclica também foi realizado em duas frequências (2 e 10 Hz), utilizando valores de tensão máxima entre 350 e 600 MPa. Todos os espécimes fraturados foram inspecionados em microscópio eletrônico de varredura para que fosse identificada a origem da fratura. Os dados de fadiga dinâmica foram analisados por meio das fórmulas apresentadas na ASTM C 1368-00. Os dados de fadiga cíclica foram analisados por meio da estatística de Weibull e por meio de análise tipo \"General Log Linear Model\". Resultados: A Y-TZP apresentou valores dos parâmetros de SCG obtidos no ensaio de fadiga dinâmica de ?fo = 667 MPa e n = 54. Os parâmetros de Weibull obtidos a partir dos resultados do mesmo ensaio foram de m = 7,9, ?0 = 968,9 MPa e ?5% = 767 MPa. Os parâmetros de Weibull obtidos no ensaio de fadiga cíclica foram estatisticamente semelhantes para as duas frequências utilizadas, o m* foi de 0,17 para 2Hz e de 0,21 10Hz; os tempos de vida característicos (?, em número de ciclos) foram de 1,93 x 106 e 40.768, respectivamente para 2 e 10 Hz. O valor de n obtido na fadiga cíclica foi de 48 e 40, nas frequências de 2 e 10 Hz, respectivamente. Não foi observado o efeito da frequência da aplicação da tensão, do nível de tensão, nem da interação dos dois no tempo de vida da Y-TZP, quando analisados pelo General Log Linear Model. Conclusão: Os coeficientes de susceptibilidade ao crescimento subcrítico (n) obtidos por meio de fadiga cíclica e dinâmica foram semelhantes para a Y-TZP testada. Os extensos intervalos de confiança obtidos nos ensaios de fadiga cíclica indicaram não haver efeito da frequência usado nesse método de fadiga nos tempos de vida característicos da Y-TZP testada. / Chapter 1. Objective: was: to measure and compare the residual stress profile in the veneering ceramic layered on three different polycrystalline ceramic frame-work materials: Y-TZP, alumina polycrystalline (AL) and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA).Materials and Methods. The stress profile was measured with the hole-drilling method in bilayered disk samples of 19 mm diameter with a 0.7 mm thick Y-TZP, AL or ZTA framework and a 1.5 mm thick layer of the corresponding veneering ceramic. Results: The AL samples exhibited increasing compressive stresses with depth, while compressive stresses switching into interior tensile stresses were measured in Y-TZP samples. ZTA samples exhibited compressive stress at the ceramic surface, decreasing with depth up to 0.6 mm from the surface, and then becoming compressive again near the framework. Conclusions: Y-TZP samples exhibited a less favorable stress profile than those of AL and ZTA samples. Chapter 2. Objectives: 1) To compare the stress corrosion coefficient (n) of a Y-TZP, obtained by two fatigue tests: cyclic and dynamic and 2) Evaluate the effect of frequency used in the cyclic fatigue test in the characteristic lifetime. Methods: Bar shaped specimens (4 mm x 25 mm x 3 mm) were prepared according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. The dynamic fatigue test (n = 70) and cyclic fatigue (n = 75) were performed by four-point bending to obtain the slow crack growth parameters (n) .The cyclic fatigue test was also conducted in two frequencies (2 and 10Hz), using stress levels between 350 and 600 MPa. All fractured specimens were inspected by SEM so that the origin of the fracture were identified. The dynamic fatigue data were analyzed using the formulas given in ASTM C 1368-00. Cyclic fatigue data were analyzed using Weibull statistics and by the Log General Linear Model. Results: The material showed values of parameters obtained in the SCG assay dynamic fatigue ?fo = 667 and n = 54. The Weibull parameters obtained from the same test results were m = 7.9, ?0 = 968, 9 and ?5% = 767. The Weibull parameters obtained by cyclic fatigue were statistically similar for the two frequencies used, the m* was 0.17 (2 Hz) and 0.21 (10 Hz); characteristic lifetimes (?) were 1.93 x 106 and 40768, respectively. The n value obtained by cyclic fatigue was 48 and 40 at frequencies of 2 and 10 Hz, respectively. There was no effect of the frequency, the stress level or the interaction of the two in the Y-TZP lifetime, when analyzed by General Log Linear Model. Conclusion: The n values obtained by cyclic and dynamic fatigue tests were similar to Y-TZP tested. The extensive confidence intervals obtained in cyclic fatigue tests showed no effect of frequency used this method in fatigue characteristic lifetimes of the Y-TZP tested.

O presente estudo avaliou a adição de fibras cerâmicas de 0,5mm de diâmetro de Al2O3/GdAlO3 obtidas por fusão a laser (método LHPG - laser heated pedestal growth) em porcelanas de cobertura dos sistemas In Ceram Alumina, In-Ceram 2000 Al Cubes e In-Ceram 2000 YZ Cubes para CEREC (VITA Zahnfabrik). Barras confeccionadas apenas com a porcelana de cobertura (VM7 ou VM9 - monolayers) ou constituídas por ambas a cerâmica da infraestrutura e porcelana de cobertura (bilayers) receberam as fibras dispostas longitudinalmente nas proporções de 10 ou 17% vol. Barras que não receberam fibras serviram como controle dos grupos. Os corpos-de-prova (CP) com fibras assim como os do grupo controle foram submetidos a um teste de flexão em três pontos. Foram calculadas as médias para a densidade e resistência à flexão dos CP, assim como para as fibras isoladamente. A tenacidade à fratura das fibras também foi mensurada. Em todos os casos a análise de variância de um fator e o teste de Tukey com 5% de significância foram aplicados. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi utilizada para caracterização microestrutural das fibras e para estudo fractográfico. Foram realizadas análises de difratometria por raio-x dos materiais cerâmicos nos estados pré e pós-sinterização, assim como foram determinados os coeficientes de expansão térmico-linear das porcelanas de cobertura por dilatometria. Os CP monolayers da porcelana VM9 contendo fibras apresentaram, após a sinterização, trincas e falhas, o que impediu a continuidade dos testes com os grupos de cerâmicas do sistema In-Ceram 2000 YZ Cubes. Os CP com fibras adicionadas à porcelana VM7 em 17% vol. apresentaram resistência à flexão aumentada em 43% comparados aos CP do grupo controle, sem fibras. Nos grupos bilayers as fibras propiciaram aumento apenas numérico da resistência à flexão do conjunto, porém de forma não significante. / This study evaluated the addition of 0.5mm of diameter Al2O3/GdAlO3 fibers obtained by LHPG (Laser Heated Pedestal Growth) to veneering porcelains of the following materials: porcelain monolayers: VM7 and VM9; Bilayers: In-Ceram Alumina + VM7, In-Ceram 2000 AL Cubes + VM7 and In-Ceram 2000 YZ Cubes for CEREC + VM9 (VITA Zahnfabrik). The specimens (bars) were composed by only the veneer porcelain (monolayer) or both the veneer and the framework (bilayer). The new ceramic composites contained longitudinal fibers in 10 or 17% vol. Specimens without fibers were used as control. A metallic device was developed for the standardization of the fibers position inside the specimens. The means of the fracture toughness, density and flexural strength of the developed fibers were calculated as well as the density and flexural strength of the composites. One way ANOVA and a Tukey test (5%) were applied. Characterizations of fiber/porcelain interface and fractographyc analysis were carried out after scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) of bars. X-ray difratometry and dilatometry were also performed. Vm9 porcelain showed incompatibility with the fibers, probably due to differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion of fibers and porcelain. VM7 monolayers with the addition of 17% of fibers in volume showed significantly higher resistance in relation to control. It was concluded that the inclusion of ceramic fibers of Al2O3/GdAlO3 to veneer porcelain improves its flexural strength.

Objetivo: Analisar a influência da matriz orgânica, do conteúdo inorgânico e do tratamento térmico (TT) sobre diferentes propriedades de compósitos experimentais, tais como o grau de conversão (GC), tenacidade à fratura (KIC), resistência à flexão (RF) e módulo de elasticidade (ME). Métodos: Para o experimento foram analisadas seis formulações de compósitos experimentais com proporções molares de Bis-GMA:TEGDMA de 5:5 e 7:3, a carga utilizada foi o vidro de bário, nas concentrações de 30, 50 e 70% em peso, e os fotoiniciadores a amina e canforoquinona. O GC foi analisado através da espectroscopia no infra-vermelho (FTIR) (n=5). A KlC foi avaliada pelo método single-edge notched beam (SENB). As imagens das superfícies de fratura foram capturadas por um estereomicroscópio e a KlC calculada (n=10). A análise da RF e ME foi realizada através do teste dos três pontos (n=10). Para todos os fatores de variação estudados, metade dos espécimes imediatamente após à confecção receberam TT em estufa convencional, a 170º C por 10 minutos e a outra metade não. Após 24 horas, as amostras foram destinadas de acordo com os ensaios realizados. Os dados foram analisados utilizando ANOVA/Tukey para o grau de conversão, tenacidade à fratura e resistência à flexão, e, Kruskal-Wallis para o módulo de elasticidade (=5%). Resultados: Na análise do GC (%) foi observada significância estatística para os três fatores de variação analisados individualmente (monômero, carga e TT), como também, para a interação monômero x TT (p<0,001). Para a KIC e RF, as alterações significantes foram observadas apenas nos três fatores de variação (monômero, carga e TT) analisados individualmente (p<0,001). Para o ME, os fatores individuais (monômero, carga e TT), a interação carga x TT apresentaram significância estatística (p<0,001), bem como a interação monômero x carga (p=0,001). Conclusões: A matriz orgânica e o conteúdo inorgânico dos compósitos experimentais influenciaram o GC, a KIC, a RF e ME, e o TT promoveu melhorias nas propriedades estudadas. / Objective: To analyze the influence of organic matrix, the inorganic content and thermic treatment (TT) on different properties of experimental composites, such as the degree of conversion (DC), fracture toughness (KIC), flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (EM). Methods: This experiment analyzed six formulations of experimental composites with 5:5 and 7:3 molar proportions of Bis-GMA: TEGDMA. The load used was barium glass at concentrations of 30, 50 and 70% by weight and the photoinitiators, camphorquinone and amine. GC was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (n=5). The KIC was evaluated by a \"single-edge notched beam\" (SENB). The images of the fracture surfaces were captured by a stereomicroscope and KIC calculated (n=10). The analysis FS and EM were performed by testing three points (n=10). For all the variation factors studied, half of the specimens immediately after the preparation received TT in conventional oven at 170º C for 10 minutes and the other half not. After 24 hours, the samples were designed according to the tests. Data were analyzed using ANOVA/Tukey the degree of conversion, fracture toughness and flexural strength, and Kruskal-Wallis test for the elastic modulus (=5%). Results: Analysis of GC (%) statistical significance was observed for the three variation factors analyzed individually (monomer, filler and TT), as well as for the interaction monomer x TT (p <0.001). For KIC and FS, significant changes were observed only in the three variation factors (monomer, filler and TT) analyzed individually (p<0.001). For EM, the individual factors (monomer, filler and TT) TT x filler interaction showed statistical significance (p <0.001), as well as the monomer x filler interaction (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The organic matrix and inorganic content of experimental composites influenced the GC, KIC, FS and EM, and the TT caused improvements in the properties studied.

Diante da evolução da composição das resinas compostas e do lançamento de compósitos do tipo bulk fill, faz-se necessário o estudo do desempenho dessa nova classe de materiais. Para isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar propriedades como grau de conversão (GC) , dureza Knoop (KHN), resistência à flexão (RF) e tenacidade à fratura (KIC) de sete compósitos bulk fill (EverX Posterior, EXP; Filtek Bulk Fill Flow, FBFF; Fill-Up!, FU; SonicFill, SF; Surefil SDR, SDR; Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, TECBF; Venus Bulk Fill, VBF) e um compósito nanohíbrido convencional (Charisma Diamond, CD). De forma complementar, foi realizado tratamento térmico a 170 °C por 10 minutos para melhor compreensão do comportamento desses materiais quanto ao potencial de conversão e à indução de tensões na interface carga/matriz. A avaliação do GC (n=3) foi realizada através de espectroscopia FTIR, a leitura da dureza Knoop foi realizada nas superfícies do topo e da base (n=3), e os ensaios de RF de três pontos (n=10) e KIC (n=10) em máquina de ensaios universais. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à analise de variância (complementados pelo teste de Tukey) ou teste Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. A análise do GC (%) revelou diferença entre os materiais testados, sendo que todas as resinas bulk fill apresentaram valores maiores que a resina convencional: SF (75,7) > VBF (66,7) = EXP (66,4) = SDR (62,8), sendo esta também semelhante a FU (60,0); FU, TECBF (56,6), FBFF (56,6) e CD (54,5) apresentaram conversão semelhante. Os valores de KHN variaram de acordo com o material e com a superfície: apenas SF apresentou KHN semelhante (na superfície do topo) a CD, entretanto não foi possível realizar a leitura da superfície da base deste último material; SF, TECBF e FBFF apresentaram valores de KHN diferentes nas superfícies topo e base; EXP, FU, SDR e VBF mantiveram os valores de dureza do topo semelhantes à superfície da base. Para a RF (MPa), os resultados variaram de acordo com o material: EXP (122,54) = SF (101,09) = CD (99,15), sendo estes dois últimos semelhantes a FU (83,86) e TECBF (82,71), os quais não diferiram da resina SDR (65,18); esta última também mostrou comportamento semelhante a FBFF (60,85) e VBF (59,90). Quanto ao KIC (MPa.mm0,5), EXP (3,35) apresentou o maior valor, semelhante a SF (2,42), que por sua vez também foi igual ao compósito convencional CD (2,01); CD apresentou KIC semelhante a SDR (1,74); SDR = VBF (1,59) = TECBF (1,57); TECBF, FU (1,54) e FBFF (1,37) apresentaram valores semelhantes. Na dependência do material, o tratamento térmico aumentou os valores dos parâmetros estudados, apontando limitações da reação de polimerização dos compósitos estudados. Com base nos resultados obtidos, podese concluir que: resinas bulk fill apresentam elevado GC, superior à resina convencional estudada; a nova classe de materiais restauradores é capaz de polimerizar em profundidade e alguns materiais apresentam KHN semelhantes no topo e na base de espécimes de 4 mm de profundidade; RF e KIC variaram de acordo com o material, e o compósito EXP apresentou os maiores valores para ambos os testes. / Facing the evolution of the resin composites and the release of the bulk-fill composite type, it is necessary to study the performance of this new class of materials. For this, the present study aimed to evaluate properties such as degree of conversion (DC), Knoop hardness (KHN), flexural strength (FS) and fracture toughness (KIC) of seven bulk-fill composites (EverX Posterior, EXP; Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable, FBFF; Fill-Up!, FU; SonicFill, SF; Surefil SDR, SDR; Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, TECBF; Venus Bulk Fill, VBF) and a conventional nanohybrid composite (Charisma Diamond, CD). Complementarily, heat treatment was performed at 170 °C for 10 minutes for better understanding the behavior of these materials. Evaluation of DC (n=3) was performed by FTIR spectroscopy, the evaluation of Knoop hardness was made on the top and bottom surfaces (n=3), and three point bending test (n=10) and KIC (n=10) were evaluated on a universal testing machine. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (complemented by Tukey test) or Kruskal-Wallis test with 5% significance level. Analysis of DC (%) revealed differences between tested materials, and all bulk-fill resins had higher values than the conventional resin: SF (75.7) > VBF (66.7) = EXP (66.4) = SDR (62.8), which was also similar to FU (60.0); FU, TECBF (56.6), FBFF (56.6) and CD (54.4) showed similar conversion. KHN values showed variations according to the material and the surface: only SF showed a similar KHN (on the top surface) to CD, however it was not possible to read the bottom surface of this latter material; SF, TECBF and FBFF presented different KHN values on the top and bottom surfaces; EXP, FU, SDR and VBF maintained top and bottom similar hardness values. For FS (MPa), the results varied according to the material: EXP (122.54) = SF (101.09) = CD (99.15), the latter two being similar to FU (83.86) and TECBF (82.71), which did not differ from SDR resin (65.18); the latter showed similar behavior to FBFF (60.85) and VBF (59.90). As for KIC (MPa.mm0.5), EXP (3.35) had the highest value, similar to SF (2.42), which in turn was also equal to the conventional composite CD (2.01); CD presented KIC similar to SDR (1.74); SDR = VBF (1.59) = TECBF (1.57); TECBF, FU (1.54) and FBFF (1.37) were similar. Depending on the material, heat treatment increased the values of the parameters, pointing limitations of polymerization reaction of the studied composites. Based on these results, it can be concluded that: bulk fill resins have high DC, higher than the conventional resin studied; the new class of restorative materials is capable of polymerizing in depth and some materials exhibited similar KHN at the top and bottom surfaces of 4 mm depth specimens; FS and KIC varied according to the material, and the EXP composite showed the highest values for both tests.

This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of different properties of fibre-reinforced concrete according to the type of fibres. The main monitored property is flexural strength, tested on prisms with a cross section of 150x150 mm and a length of 600 mm. Four concretes of natural aggregate and four concrete of lightweight aggregate were prepared for the experiment. There were 2 reference concrete and 6 fibre-reinforced concrete. Three types of fibres were used: steel, polypropylene and glass. More than 2500 kg of concrete was produced. The aim of the thesis is to assess the influence of fibres on the flexural strength and other characteristics of fibre-reinforced concrete.

El presente artículo de estudio analizó la resistencia al fuego del concreto con adición de cenizas de cascara de arroz (CCA) y bagazo de caña de azúcar (CBCA). Se adoptó un método experimental como diseño de investigación, que produjo setenta y dos probetas cilíndricas (72) y cincuenta y cuatro vigas (54), para ensayos a compresión y flexión respectivamente. Se utilizaron cenizas en porcentajes de 5% y 10% y además una combinación binaria de 5% y 5% de ambas cenizas como reemplazo parcial de cemento. Las muestras fueron ensayadas luego de 28 días de curado a temperaturas de 24 °C (ambiente), 300 °C y 500 °C, con una duración de 2h de exposición y luego de 24 horas de enfriamiento al aire libre. Los resultados muestran un aumento de resistencia promedio a la compresión y flexión de hasta un 95% y 25%, respectivamente, luego de ser expuestos a temperaturas elevadas con respecto a las muestras de control. / This study article analyzed the fire resistance of concrete with the addition of rice hull ash (CCA) and sugarcane bagasse (CBCA). An experimental method was adopted as the research design, which produced seventy-two cylindrical specimens (72) and fifty-four beams (54), for compression and bending tests respectively. Ashes were used in percentages of 5% and 10% and a binary combination of 5% and 5% of both ashes as a partial replacement for cement. The samples were tested after 28 days of curing at temperatures of 25 ° C (ambient), 300 ° C and 500 ° C, with a duration of 2 hours of exposure and after 24 hours of cooling in the open air. The results show an increase in average resistance to compression and flexion of up to 95% and 25%, respectively, after being exposed to high temperatures compared to the control samples. / Trabajo de investigación

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Interim restoration for a lost anterior tooth is often needed for temporary esthetic and functional purposes. Materials for interim restorations usually have less strength than ceramic or gold and can suffer from fracture. Several approaches have been proposed to reinforce interim restorations, among which fiber reinforcement has been regarded as one of the most effective methods. However, some studies have found that the limitation of this method is the poor polymerization between the fibers and the composite resin, which can cause debonding and failure. 64 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different polymerization methods as well as fiber types on the mechanical behavior of fiberreinforced composite resin. Material and Methods: A 0.2-mm thick fiber layer from strip fibers or mesh fibers embedded in uncured monomers w as fabricated with polymerization (two-step method) or without polymerization (one-step method), on top of which a 1.8-mm composite layer was added to make a bar-shape sample, followed by a final polymerization. Seventy-five specimens were fabricated and divided into one control group and four experimental groups (n=15), according to the type of glass fiber (strip or mesh) and polymerization methods (one-step or two-step). Specimens were tested for flexural strength, flexural modulus, and microhardness. The failure modes of specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The fiber types showed significant effect on the flexural strength of test specimens (F = 469.48; p < 0.05), but the polymerization methods had no significant effect (F = 0.05; p = 0.82). The interaction between these two variables was not significant (F = 1.73; p = 0.19). In addition, both fiber types and polymerization steps affected the flexural modulus of test specimens (F = 9.71; p < 0.05 for fiber type, and F = 12.17; p < 0.05 for polymerization method). However, the interaction between these two variables was not significant (F = 0.40; p = 0.53). Both fiber types and polymerization steps affected the Knoop hardness number of test specimens (F = 5.73; p < 0.05 for polymerization method. and F = 349.99; p < 0.05 for fiber type) and the interaction between these two variables was also significant (F = 5.73; p < 0.05). SEM images revealed the failure mode tended to become repairable while fiber reinforcement was 65 existed. However, different polymerization methods did not change the failure mode. Conclusion: The strip fibers showed better mechanical behavior than mesh fibers and were suggested for use in composite resin reinforcement. However, different polymerization methods did not have significant effect on the strength and the failure mode of fiber-reinforced composite

Syfte  Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur böjhållfastheten på zirkonia påverkas av värmebehandling, ytbehandlingar vid re-cementering och långtidsförvaring i cirka två år. Material och metod I en tidigare studie av A.Cervenka och H. Ekdahl (7) designades 30 stycken zirkoniahättor, med måtten 6 mm i tjocklek och 14 mm i ⌀(Z-CAD, HTL, Metoxit), i ett CAD-program (3shape) och frästes (DATORN 5).  Zirkoniahättorna delades in i tre grupper med tio provkroppar i varje grupp, beroende på ytbehandling: kontrollgrupp (C), sandblästring med aluminiumoxid (A) och skrapning (S). Zirkoniahättorna cementerades på titandistanser. Grupp S och grupp A utsattes för värmebehandling, för att kunna lossa hättorna från titandistanserna. Överskottet av cement avlägsnades genom två olika ytbehandlingar innan recementering (A respektive S). Samtliga grupper termocyklades i 5000 cykler (5° till 55°) innan de utsattes för ett draghållfasthetstest. När föreliggande studie genomfördes hade zirkoniahättorna förvarats torrt i rumstemperatur i cirka två år. Zirkoniahättornas underdel slipades ner till 2,9 mm i tjocklek i en slipmaskin (Phoneix 4000) för att tillverka provkroppar lämpade för utförande av ett biaxialt böjhållfasthetstest. Resultaten analyserades med One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test med en signifikansnivå på α =0,05.   Resultat Det biaxiala böjhållfasthetstestet påvisade att grupp C hade högst medelvärde och S hade lägst medelvärde. Det fanns inte någon signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna, p&gt;0,05.  Slutsats Inom ramen för föreliggande studie kan följande slutsats dras:  Böjhållfastheten på zirkoniahättor som har långtidsförvarats i cirka två år påverkas inte av tidigare genomförd värmebehandling och olika ytbehandlingar vid recementering / Purpose The purpose of the present study was to investigate how the flexural strength of zirconia is affected by heat treatment, various surface treatments during re-cementation, and long term storage for about two years. Material and method In a previous study by A.Cervenka and H. Ekdahl (7), 30 zirconia copings, measuring 6 mm in thickness and 14 mm in ⌀ (Z-CAD, HTL, Metoxit), were designed in a CAD-program (3shape) and milled (DATORN 5). Zirconia copings were divided into three groups with ten specimens in each group, depending on different surface treatment: control group (C), aluminum oxide abrasion group (A) and scraping (S). Zirconia copings were cemented on titanium abutments. Group S and group A were subjected to heat treatment in order to be able to detach the zirconia copings from titanium abutments. The excess cement was removed by two various surface treatments before the recementation (A respective S). All groups were thermocycled for 5000 cycles (5 ° to 55 °) before being subjected to a tensile strength test. At the time of the present study zirconia copings had been stored dry at room temperature for about two years. The lower part of the zirconia copings was reduced to 2.9 mm in thickness using a grinding machine (Phoneix 4000)in order to produce specimens suitable to performe a biaxial flexural strength test. The results were analyzed with One-way ANOVA, Tukey's test with a significance level of α = 0.05.. Results The biaxial flexural strength test showed that group C had the highest mean and S had the lowest mean. There was no significant difference between the groups, p&gt; 0.05.  Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusion can be drawn: The flexural strength of zirconia copings that have been stored for about two years is not affected by previously heat treatment performed during recementation and various surface treatments during recementation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Traditional resin luting agents generally have mechanical properties that are superior to the newer so-called “universal” self-etching/self-adhesive resin luting agents. However, recent reports indicate that some properties of these new luting agents have been improved, approaching those of the traditional etch and rinse resin luting agents. The objective of this study was to test some mechanical properties of four of these self-etching/self-adhesive resin luting agents [Maxcem Elite (ME), Multilink Automix (MA), RelyX Unicem (RU), SmartCem 2 (SC)] and compare them to a traditional etch and rinse resin luting agent [RelyX ARC (RA)] and a resin-modified glass ionomer luting cement [Fuji Plus (FP)], both of which have much longer histories of clinical success. By comparing the properties of the newer cements to the standards, it may be possible to determine how clinically successful the newer cements may be. The mechanical properties tested were flexural strength (FS) and shear bond strength (SBS). The FS test included making beams of each material, storing them in water for periods of time (24 hours and 90 days) and then performing a three-point bending test on a universal testing machine. The 90 day groups were thermocycled. The SBS test involved preparing human molar specimens, making flat dentin surfaces. Composite cylinders were fabricated, luted to the dentin surfaces with each of the materials tested, stored in water for periods of time (24 hours or 90 days), and then a knife edge shear test was performed on a universal testing machine. The 90 day groups were thermocycled. A Weibull-distribution survival analysis was performed. The results revealed significant differences in the FS of all materials tested at 24 hours. After 90 days and thermocycling, only SC and RA were not significantly different. At both time periods, FP had the lowest and MA the highest FS. The SBS results showed MA, RA, and RU to have the highest bond strengths; SC and ME the lowest at 24 hours. After 90 days and thermocycling, RA had significantly higher bond strength than all other groups; ME, FP and SC had the lowest. The self-etching/self-adhesive resin luting agents all performed at least as well as FP, with the exception of SC (SBS 24 hour). They did not all perform as well as RA, with the exception of SC (FS 90 day), MA (SBS 24 hour, FS 24 hour and 90 day), and RU (SBS 24 hour). The newer luting agents should expect to have clinical success, regarding flexural strength and shear bond strength, at least as good as resin-modified glass ionomer luting cements and approach the level of traditional etch and rinse resin luting agents.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Numerous studies have reported the use of hydrofluoric (HF) acid as one of the most effective methods for the achievement of a durable bond between glass-based ceramics and resin cements. Nevertheless, there is little information available regarding the potential deleterious effect on the ceramic mechanical strength. Objectives: (1) to investigate the effect of HF acid etching regimens on the biaxial flexural strength of a low-fusing nanofluorapatite glass-ceramic (IPS e.max ZirPress, Ivoclar Vivadent), (2) to study the ability of an unfilled resin (UR) to restore the initial (i.e., before etching) mechanical strength, and (3) to evaluate the effect of HF acid etching on the ceramic surface morphology before and after UR treatment via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods: One hundred and forty-four disc-shaped (15 ± 1 mm in diameter and 0.8 ± 0.1 mm in thickness) IPS e.max ZirPress specimens were allocated into 12 groups, as follows: G1-control (no etching), G2-30 s, G3-60 s, G4-90 s, G5-120 s, G6- 60 + 60 s. Meanwhile, groups (G7- G12) were treated in the same fashion as G1-G6, but followed by silane and UR applications. Surface morphology evaluation of non-etched and etched IPS e.max ZirPress (G1-G12) was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flexural strength was determined by biaxial testing as described in ISO 6872. Statistics were performed using two-way ANOVA and the Sidak multiple comparisons (α = 0.05). In addition, the Weibull statistics were estimated. Results: A significant effect of etching time (p=0.0290) on biaxial flexural strength was observed. Indeed, G4 led to a significantly (p=0.0392) higher flexural strength than G1. Correspondingly, G10 revealed a considerably higher flexural strength than G7 (p=0.0392). Furthermore, biaxial flexural strength was significantly higher for G7 – G12 than for G1 – G6 (p<0.0001). For G1 – G6, G4 showed the highest Weibull characteristic strength while the lowest Weibull characteristic strength was seen in G6. In G7 – G12, the highest Weibull characteristic strength was presented in G10 whereas G7 had the lowest. Finally, the SEM data revealed that the HF acid etching affected the surface of IPS e.max ZirPress by generating pores and irregularities and more importantly that the UR was able to penetrate into the ceramic microstructure. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, HF acid etching time did not show a damaging effect on the biaxial flexural strength of the IPS e.max ZirPress ceramic. Moreover, the ceramic biaxial flexural strength could be enhanced after UR treatment.