Since 1970s, ever growing attention has been devoted by worldwide researchers and practitioners to the investigation of job release control. However, the need for control of flow of job/wafer into the wafer fabrication system is identified in the late 1988s. Subsequently, many release policies are developed and presented in the literature for improving its performance with respect to cycle time and throughput. Even though it is pointed out in the literature that there is a need for the development and analysis of policy that control the flow of job/wafer through the manufacturing process, still there is no exhaustive study in view of the previously developed release policies in the literature. Moreover, many new opportunities have evolved in the field of release policy in wafer fabrication industry due to the advancement in technology and computer science. It implies that near real-time decision making for efficient release policy is possible based on the global factory state. However, it appears from the literature that still to date the release policies, which are employed in real wafer fabrication system, are usually based on the static information. Release control/policy is emerging as an important research topic in the wafer fabrication industry given the extremely large capital investment and sales revenue of this industry. Release policy also hold practical significance for manufacturing managers, since neglecting it can lead to wide variations in shop workloads, can cause excessive backlogs, accomplishment of orders will be either too early or too late and there can be frequent need for expediting. All the challenges associated with the performance of the wafer fabrication system discussed here and the puzzle around the release policies and its impact on the wafer fabrication process, this research attempts to investigate existing release policies and proposing a few efficient release policies based on the knowledge gained from the existing release policies strength and weakness. Based on the insights gained from the existing release policies, three new closed loop release policies constant workload (CONSTWL), constant batch machine workload (CONSTBWL) and layer wise control (LWC) are developed by considering the parameters: workload in general, workload in batch machine, and re-entrant characteristics of the wafer fabrication system respectively. The conceptual significance in favour of these proposed closed loop release policies in improving performance of the wafer fabrication system is also outlined in this study. In the literature, few researchers clearly indicate that dispatching rule(s) influence the performance of wafer fabrication system either independently or in integration with release policies. Therefore, to empirically validate this fact, release policy is integrated with dispatching rule particularly applying on bottleneck (discrete processing machine) work station in this study. With these, the aims of proposed release policies are to efficiently improve the system performances in terms of average cycle time, standard deviation of cycle time and throughput. Accordingly, a simulation model is proposed and developed using Arena software for evaluating the performance of release policies in integration with dispatching rule applied on bottleneck work station in wafer fabrication environment. Further, to set the values of parameters in the simulation model, the cause and effect analysis is explored in this study by considering eight critical parameters or factors of the simulated wafer fabrication environment. It includes arrival rate, arrival distribution, processing time, maintenance schedule, operator’s schedule, batch size, dispatching rule and release policy. Simulation based cause and effect analysis not only helps in setting up the values of parameters in the proposed simulation model, but it also helps in strengthening the face validity of the developed simulation model. The verification and validation of the developed simulation model, which is a vital and fundamental aspect of simulation is discussed in detail in this study. Based on the analysis and the results observed from the cause and effect analysis, some modifications are incorporated and subsequently, the parameters values are set in the proposed simulation model for evaluating the performance of release policies integrating with dispatching rules. A series of simulation experiments are conducted using the proposed simulation model with systems conditions such as product mix, complexity of the process, level of machine unreliability, and system congestion level to study the relative effects of each of 18 release policies (one open loop release policy, 14 existing closed loop release policies, and 3 proposed release policies) in integration with dispatching rules (FIFO, LIFO and SRPT), considered in this study, at various throughput levels in the wafer fabrication environment. Particularly, the relative effect of integrating release policies and the dispatching rules are observed and analysed in terms of (a) the effect of dispatching rule on release policy, and (b) the effects of release policies on dispatching rules. It is observed from the overall inferences that dispatching rule: SRPT outperformed both FIFO and LIFO dispatching rule for all the considered release policies, except for the release policy: ‘TOTAL_CT’. Additionally, it is observed that for each of the eighteen release policies integrated with considered, the dispatching rule: SRPT produces less WIP inventory at the bottleneck work station for all throughput levels. The maximum deviation in delay (cycle time) is produced by dispatching rule: LIFO in all the release policies considered except for the release policy: ‘TOTAL_CT’ in which dispatching rule: SRPT produces maximum deviation in delay. Moreover, it is observed that the difference in mean delay with all three dispatching rules (FIFO, LIFO and SRPT) increases with the increase in throughput levels. Furthermore, it is observed that the throughput rate under all release policies (except ‘TOTAL_CT’) is more for dispatching rule: SRPT in comparison with both dispatching rules: FIFO and LIFO for nearly the same threshold values. The experimental results showed that proposed release policy: LWC reliably improves the system performance followed by the proposed release policy: CONSTWL and CONSTBWL with respect to both mean delay and standard deviation for corresponding throughput levels in wafer fabrication system. The characteristics of the proposed release policy: LWC are summarized and the same is presented as follows because this is proven to be best release policy among all the release policies considered in the proposed simulation model. The proposed release policy: LWC is a new measure of the work quantity on the shop floor system, which takes into account the location of jobs/wafers along the production line by employing re-entrant property of wafer fabrication system. As a result, it offers quick response to the stochastic events of the manufacturing system and can compensated the system disturbances in time. The proposed release policy: LWC offers more efficient control of flow of job/wafer in the wafer fabrication system with reduced delay (cycle time) and the standard deviation of delay (cycle time) for a given throughput level in comparison with almost all the release policies considered in this study in integration with all three dispatching rules considered and applied on bottleneck work station. For instance, from the analysis of simulation model, the proposed release policy: LWC reduces the average delay up to 98%, 95%, 90%, 89%, 49%, 35%, 21%, 17%, 13%, 12%, 10%, 9%, 9%, 9%, 6% and 4%, and reduces the standard deviation of delay up to 96%, 98%, 94%, 93%, 34%, 22%, 4%, 13%, 11%, 6%, 9%, 14%, 4%, 4%, 10% and 7% for a given throughput level, respectively in relation to other release polices: FRCP, EWIP, TOTAL_CT, PWR, EWC, DRCP, CONLOAD, WIPLCtrl, Droll, DEC, CONWIP, SA, RCONWIP, WR, CONSTBWL and CONSTWL respectively in integration with dispatching rule: SRPT. These improvements can also be understood from another aspect, that is, LWC can increase the system throughput rate for a given cycle time. The improvement is statistically significant according to the two sample t-test for all throughput values with a 95% confidence level. As the improvement of the proposed release policy: LWC is relatively less on the proposed release policies: CONSTWL and CONSTBWL with respect to mean delay, it can be inferred that the performance of CONSTWL and CONSTBWL is relatively better than other existing closed loop release policies for the scenarios considered in the simulation model. However, the best release policy: LWC provides satisfactory performance in comparison with other release policies for almost all scenarios considered in the simulation model. It is important to note that these proposed release policies can be easily applied in real wafer manufacturing systems because it possesses a simple logic and only the reference level need to be prescribed. The performance of four existing closed release policies that are FRCP, EWIP, TOTAL_CT and PWR are relatively worst in comparison with open loop release policy CONST. This is contradicting to the conclusions given in the literature by many authors that closed loop release policies are always better than open loop release policy with respect to cycle time and throughput measures. In fact, a reasonable closed loop release policy can provide better results than open loop release policy, if its objective and the release parameter are designed carefully, so that the release parameter can respond effectively to the dynamics of the manufacturing system. The reason for worst performance of these four existing closed loop release policies in comparison with open loop release policy and other existing policies is described in detail in this study. In order to see the impact of dispatching rules on a particular work station, batch machine work station, which usually has highest processing time in fabrication process, is considered in this study. The entire simulation experiments are replicated in the same manner except the basis that dispatching rules are applied on batch machine work station instead of bottleneck work station. Based on the analysis of the simulation results, the important observations are as follow: It is observed from the overall inferences that the influence of dispatching rules when applied to batch processing machine (diffusion) work station was not much on individual release policies, since the performance of all three dispatching rules provides nearly same performance at higher throughput level in the proposed simulation model. However, the performances of dispatching rule: SRPT in integration with all release policies considered in this study are summarized here because it produces less mean delay at most of the throughput values. In addition, from the analysis of simulation model, the proposed release policy: LWC reduces the average delay up to 97%, 93%, 87%, 85%, 22%, 17%, 15%, 15%, 13%, 11%, 10%, 10%, 9%, 6%, 6% and 2%, and reduces the standard deviation of delay up to 96%, 97%, 92%, 93%, 21%, 5%, 10%, 2%, 16%, 7%, 14%, 4%, 20%, 10%, 10% and 11% for a given throughput level, respectively in relation to FRCP, EWIP, PWR, TOTAL_CT, EWC, DEC, Droll, CONLOAD, SA, RCONWIP, WIPLCtrl, WR, DRCP, CONWIP, CONSTWL and CONSTBWL in integration with dispatching rule: SRPT, when applied on batch processing machine work station. The improvement is statistically significant according to the two sample t-test for most of the throughput values with a 95% confidence level. It is observed from overall inferences that the performance of all the release policies, considered in this study, in integration with dispatching rule: SRPT is better with respect to both mean delay and standard deviation of delay, when the dispatching rule is applied on the bottleneck (discrete machine, lithography) work station in the proposed simulation model. The performance of most of the release policies, considered in this study, in integration with dispatching rule: LIFO is better with respect to standard deviation of delay, when the dispatching rule is applied on the batch (batch machine, diffusion) work station. These results indicate that there is an influence of dispatching rule on the performance of wafer fabrication system if applied on batch machine work station or on bottleneck work station in integration with release policies. In addition, the effects of dispatching rules are highly dependent upon both the type of release policy used and the work station on which it is applied. Overall, the performance of the proposed release policies is proven to be very effective to system variability’s in scenarios considered in the simulation model. The significant impact of the choice of release policies on wafer manufacturing system performance is justified by the simulation experiments. It can be safely concluded that the efficient closed loop release policies that utilizes system information carefully based on the global factory state data can significantly improve the performance of wafer fabrication system. This thesis provides an extensive literature review covering several aspects of wafer fabrication process. Thereafter, a three new efficient closed loop release policies are developed and their workability are conceptually demonstrated with a framework and a flow diagram. The strength and the weakness of the existing release policies are conceptually highlighted and later it is proven to be true through comprehensive simulation study. A simulation model is developed by considering all the real-life fabrication environment for evaluating the performance of release policies in integration with dispatching rules. Cause and effect analysis is explored in proposed simulation model to set the parameters value. A series of simulation experiments are also constructed to empirically justify the conceptual significance of the proposed release policies.

Afin d’élaborer des stratégies de contrôle des écoulements en temps réel, il est nécessaire d’avoir recours à des modèles d’ordre réduit (ROMs), car la résolution des équations complètes est trop coûteuse en temps de calcul (des jours, des semaines) et en espace mémoire. Dans cette thèse, les modèles réduits ont été construits avec la méthode POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition). Une méthode de projection basée sur la minimisation des résidus, initiée par les travaux de Leblond et al. [134] a été proposée. Dans certaines configurations, la précision des résultats est significativement augmentée, par rapport à une projection de Galerkin classique. Dans un second temps, un algorithme d’optimisation non-linéaire, à direction de descente basée sur la méthode des équations adjointes, a été couplé avec des modèles réduits utilisant des bases POD. Deux méthodes de construction de base POD ont été employées : soit avec un paramètre (un nombre de Reynolds,. . . ), soit avec plusieurs paramètres (plusieurs nombres de Reynolds, . . . ). Les ROMs obtenus ont été utilisés pour contrôler la dispersion d’un polluant dans une cavité ventilée puis pour contrôler le champ de température dans une cavité entraînée différentiellement chauffée. Le contrôle est réalisé en temps quasi-réel et les résultats obtenus sont plutôt satisfaisants. Néanmoins, ces méthodes sont encore trop coûteuses en espace mémoire pour être aujourd’hui embarquées dans les boîtiers de contrôle utilisés dans le bâtiment. Une autre stratégie de contrôle, s’appuyant sur les contrôleurs actuels, a ainsi été développée. Celle-ci permet d’obtenir la température (ainsi que la vitesse) dans la zone d’occupation du bâtiment, en utilisant une décomposition des champs par POD et un algorithme d’optimisation de Levenberg-Marquardt. Elle a été validée sur une cavité différentiellement chauffée, puis appliquée sur une cavité ventilée 3D, proche d’un cas réel. / In order to control flows in real-time, it is necessary to resort to reduced-order models (ROMs) because the classical method of simulations is too expensive in CPU time (several days, weeks) and memory storage. In this thesis, the ROMs have been built with the POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) technique. First, a projection method based on the minimization of the equations residuals and established starting from the works of Leblond et al. [134] have been developed. In some cases, the results accuracy is significantly increased. Secondly, a direct descent optimization algorithm based on adjoint-equations has been coupled with POD/ROMs. Two construction methods of POD bases has been employed: either with simulations for only one parameter (one Reynolds number, . . . ), or with simulations for several parameters (several Reynolds numbers,. . . ). The obtained ROMs have been applied in order to control the pollutant dispersion and then to control the temperature field in a lid-driven cavity heated by the left. The control is realized in quasi-real time and the results are rather satisfying. Nevertheless, these methods are still too expensive in memory storage to be embedded in the current controllers. Thus, another control strategy has been proposed, using POD and an optimization algorithm (Levenberg-Marquardt). This one enables to obtain the temperature (and the velocity) in the occupation zone of the building and has been validated on the lid-driven cavity heated by the left and applied on a 3D-ventilated cavity, similar to a real case.

Cette thèse est effectuée dans le cadre du projet Européen "PlasmAero" dont le but est de développer et d'étudier des actionneurs plasmas, et de démontrer leur capacité à contrôler des écoulements aérodynamiques. L'actionneur plasma à Décharge à Barrière Diélectrique (DBD) de surface est un moyen innovant pour contrôler un écoulement en utilisant le vent électrique induit par la force électrohydrodynamique (EHD) générée au sein du gaz ionisé. Une première partie est dédiée à l'étude des actionneurs plasmas. L'influence de la géométrie de l'électrode active d'une DBD est précisée par des mesures électriques, optiques et mécaniques. Les régimes de la décharge de surface peuvent être totalement modifiés, tout commel'évolution de la force EHD en fonction du temps, calculée ici par bilan intégral. Une géométrie optimisée permet de supprimer le régime de décharge streamer et d'augmenter l'efficacité de l'actionneur de 0,65 à 0,97 mN/W. De plus, des configurations à multi-électrodes (sliding discharge et multi-DBD) sont étudiées et développées. Une multi-DBD à potentiels alternés a permis d'obtenir un vent électrique record de 10,5 m/s.L'étude du contrôle d'un écoulement décollé à mi-corde ou en bord de fuite sur l'extrados d'un profil NACA 0015 fait l'objet de la seconde partie de la thèse. Une DBD standard à deux électrodes, une multi-DBD à six électrodes et une DBD de type "nanoseconde" sont utilisées pour agir sur une séparation à des nombres de Reynolds atteignant 1,3μ106, avec une transition naturelle ou déclenchée. Les résultats démontrent que le contrôle permet de repousser efficacement la séparation, améliorant ainsi les performances aérodynamiques du profil. / This work is conducted in the framework of the European PlasmAero project that aims to demonstrate how plasma actuators can be used to control aircraft aerodynamic. Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) is an innovative solution to control a flow with the electric wind induced by the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) force produced by a surface discharge. A first part is dedicated to plasma actuators study. The exposed electrode shape of a DBD actuator is investigated by electrical, optical and mechanical characterization. Discharges properties and EHD force evolution is fully dependent of exposed electrode shape. With an optimized active electrode shape, streamer discharge is cancelled while actuator effectiveness is increased from 0.65 to 0.97 mN/W. Flow field induced by multiple electrode design is also investigated. An innovative multi-DBD design is proposed. Inhibition of mutual interaction between successive DBD actuators and exposed electrode shape optimization conduct to an electric wind velocity of 10.5 m/s. In a second part, the control of boundary layer separation on a NACA 0015 airfoil is investigated. An ac DBD, a multi-DBD and a nanosecond DBD are used to manipulate separation at a Reynolds number Re = 1.3μ106, with tripped and natural boundary layer. Results show that actuators can effectively remove the separation existing without actuation.

De nos jours, les ordinateurs sont omniprésents. Tous ces ordinateurs stockent et manipulent de l'information, parfois sensible, d'où l'intérêt de protéger et de confiner la dissémination de cette information. Les mécanismes de contrôle de flux d'information permettent justement d'analyser des programmes manipulant de l'information sensible, afin de prévenir les fuites d'information. Les contributions de cette thèse incluent des techniques d'analyse de programmes pour le contrôle de flux d'information tant qualitatif que quantitatif. Les techniques d'analyse qualitatives permettent la détection et la prévention des fuites d'information. Les techniques quantitatives permettent d'estimer ces fuites afin de décider si elles sont négligeables. / Computers have become widespread nowadays. All these computers store and process information. Often, some of this information is sensitive; hence the need to confine and control its dissemination. An important field in computer science, that is concerned about analysing programs in order to confine and control the release of sensitive information, is the information flow control field. The contributions of this thesis include program analysis techniques for qualitative and quantitative information flow control. Qualitative techniques aim at detecting and preventing information leaks. Quantitative techniques go beyong the detection of information leaks, by estimating the leakage in order to decide whether it is negligeable.

Cette thèse porte sur une nouvelle approche pour le contrôle d’écoulement aérodynamique. Cette nouvelleapproche est basée sur l’utilisation d’actionneurs plasma. La modélisation numérique peut être une outilpuissante entre les mains des scientifiques et des ingénieurs pour comprendre, optimiser et ainsi ouvrir lavoie à la commercialisation et l’application de cette technologie. Le couplage entre l’électromagnétisme, leplasma et l’écoulement, nécessite des modèles et des techniques numériques avancées. Le travail présentédans cette thèse, a pour principaux objectifs : le développement et la validation de méthodes numériques poursimuler efficacement le fonctionnement de certains des plus importants types d’actionneurs plasma. Nousnous sommes intéressés à trois types d’actionneurs plasma : les décharges micro-ondes, la décharge à barrièrediélectrique (DBD) et le jet synthétique plasma (JSP).En ce qui concerne les décharges microondes, les objectifs sont plus fondamentaux que pour les autrestypes d’actionneurs. Il s’est agit de mieux comprendre la création du plasma, son évolution et de calculerl’efficacité énergétique de dispositifs microondes par la simulation numérique. Un schéma couplé implicite(ADI) - FDTD avec un modèle de plasma fluide simplifié est présenté. Cette formulation conserve la simplicitéet la robustesse des systèmes de FDTD, tout en dépassant la barrière du critère de stabilité CFL. Elle conduità un temps de calcul réduit et la possibilité de réaliser des simulations tridimensionnelles de la formationdu plasma et de l’évolution d’un plasma dans un champ micro-ondes. Afin d’étudier l’énergie absorbée parle plasma et le transfert vers le gaz sous forme de chaleur ainsi que le changement consécutif de la densitédu gaz, un solveur Euler a été couplé avec le modèle EM-plasma en tenant compte des effets de gaz réel.Diverses validations et applications sont ensuite étudiés. Des simulations tridimensionnelles de formationdu plasma sont réalisée qui montrent la formation de structures dans une décharge micro-ondes librementlocalisée. Les effets de chauffage de gaz sur le développement d’un "streamer" et la durée d’un volumepré-ionisé avec des champs sous-critiques sont également calculés.En ce qui concerne les deux autres groupes d’actionneurs, les objectifs de cette thèse se concentrent sur lamodélisation de leur fonctionnement et sur la production d’écoulement qui en résulte. Le Jet Synthétique Plasma a été numériquement étudié par trois modèles couplés. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurspour l’optimisation du JSP et une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes qui limitent ses performances.L’actionneur DBD a été modélisée en utilisant deux solveurs différents basés sur des modèles physiquessimilaires - celui développé à l’ONERA et l’autre à LAPLACE. Des études paramétriques ont montré queles modèles donnent une estimation assez précise de la force produite par le DBD par rapport à des mesuresexpérimentales. Des applications aérodynamiques de contrôle d’écoulement ont démontré les effets possiblesde ces actionneurs pour la transition laminaire - turbulente et l’amélioration de la portance. Ces travauxouvrent une perspective nouvelle dans la conception et l’optimisation de ces actionneurs. / As aerodynamic flow control still remains one of the top subjects of research in the aerospace scientific world, new ways to perform such a control are being constantly studied. Plasma actuators based on momentum or energy addition in the flow, have been proven capable of positively modifying the flow aerodynamic features. Nevertheless, the development and optimization of such actuators, require further understanding of the basic multi-scale physics involved. In this thesis, we are interested in the numerical modeling of plasma flow control actuators. Three types of plasma actuators are considered: Microwave Plasma Discharges (MPD), the Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) and the Plasma Synthetic Jet (PSJ). Concerning MPDs, a novel implicit approach has been developed which with have enabled three-dimensional simulations in time domain in reduced CPU time. The microwave breakdown and evolution of the plasma due to the electromagnetic waves has been studied numerically, demonstrating the three-dimensional nature of such discharges. Coupling of the EM-plasma model with an Euler based solver accounting for real gas effects, have revealed the plasma modification due to the intense gas heating. For the PSJ actuator, the numerical solver consists of three coupled numerical models and the obtained results of its operation offer important information of its performance and its limits. The DBD actuator has been numerically studied using 2 different solvers (based on the same physical model). Both solvers were capable to give quite accurate estimations of the induced force due to the plasma and various parametric studies have been conducted. These studies offer new perspectives in the understanding and the optimization of plasma actuators for flow control purposes.

This thesis makes contributions towards the development of two different small-scale sensing systems which show promise for measurements in fluid mechanics. Well-resolved turbulent Wall Shear Stress (WSS) measurements could provide a basis for realistic computational models of near-wall turbulent flow in aerodynamic design. In aerodynamics field applications, they could provide indication of flow direction and regions of separation, enabling inputs for flight control or active control of wind-turbine blades to reduce shock and fatigue loading due to separated flow regions. Traditional thermal WSS sensors consist of a single microscale hot-film, flush-mounted with the surface and maintained at constant temperature. Their potential for fast response to small fluctuations may not be realized, as heat transfer through the substrate creates heat-exchange with fluid, leading to loss of spatial and temporal resolution. The guard-heated thermal WSS sensor is a design introduced to block this loss of resolution. A numerical flow-field with a range of length and time and scales was generated to study the response of both guard-heated and conventional single-element thermal WSS sensors. A conjugate heat transfer solution including substrate heat conduction and flow convection, provides spatiotemporal data on both the actual and the “measured” WSS fluctuations calculated from the heat transfer rates experienced due to the WSS field. For a single-element sensor in air, we found that the heat transfer through the substrate was up to six times larger than direct heat transfer from the hot-film to the fluid. The resulting loss of resolution in the single-element sensor can be largely recovered by using the guard-heated design. Spectra for calculated WSS from heat transfer response show that high frequencies are considerably better resolved in guard-heated sensors than in the single element sensor. Nanoresonators are nanowires (NWs) excited into mechanical vibration at a resonance frequency, with a change in spectral width created by gas damping from the environment, or a shift in the resonance peak frequency created by added mass. They enable a wide range of applications, from sensors to study rarefied gas flow friction to the detection of early-stage cancer. The extraordinary sensitivity of nanoresonators for disease molecule detection has been demonstrated with a few NWs, but the high cost of traditional electron-beam lithography patterning, have inhibited practical applications requiring large arrays of sensors. Field-directed assembly techniques under development in our laboratory enable a large number of devices at low cost. Electro-deposition of metals in templates yields high-quality single nanowires, but undesired clumps must be removed. This calls for separation (extraction) of single nanowires. In this work, single nanowires are extracted by using the sedimentation behavior of particles. Based on numerical and experimental analyses, the optimum time and region for extracting samples with the highest fraction of single nanowires ratio was found. We show that it is possible to take samples free of large clumps of nanowires and decrease the ratio of undesired particles to single nanowires by over one order of magnitude. / Graduate

Tato diplomová práce obsahuje komplexní návrh systému aktivního řízení proudu instalovaného na osobním voze Škoda Roomster. Tato práce navazuje na výzkum provedený VUT a TUB na vozidle Volkswagen UP! Návrh lze rozdělit na tři základní části - návrh spoileru, návrh závěsů a návrh vyfukovacího systému. V každé z těchto částí je návrh detailně popsán a potřebná výkresová dokumentace je součástí práce v její příloze. Pro potřeby návrhu vyfukovacího systému bylo provedeno jeho testování. Výsledky testu jsou v této části uvedeny. Práce také obsahuje komplexní popis sestavení celého systému a jeho instalace na automobil.

Rozptýlená výroba elektrické energie využívající obnovitelné zdroje, jako je sluneční energie, přispívá ke snížení emisí skleníkových plynů. Z hlediska provozu distribuční soustavy je také výhodné, aby energie byla primárně spotřebována v místě výroby. To je částečně možné přizpůsobením spotřeby, ale především využitím akumulačních systémů. V této práci je představen hybridní systém složený z fotovoltaické elektrárny, akumulátoru elektrické energie a akumulátoru tepelné energie. Výběr a parametry všech částí hybridního systému jsou popsány v práci. Akumulátor elektrické energie je navržen a sestaven z LiNiMnCoO2 článků a řídícího systému zajišťujícího bezpečný provoz. Řídicí systém akumulátoru (BMS) zajistí odpojení baterie, pokud je překročen některý z provozních parametrů baterie. Návrh baterie i sestavy je popsán v práci. Akumulátor tepelné energie sestává z výkonového spínače a nádrže na teplou vodu s topnou patronou pro odporový ohřev vody. Na základě rešerše komerčně používaných zařízení pro regulaci příkonu byly definovány jejich nedostatky a na základě nich bylo navrženo optimální řešení. Řešení spočívá v použití komerčního polovodičového spínacího prvku. Pro tento výkonový spínací prvek byla vytvořena zpětnovazební řídící smyčka s regulátorem výkonu, který byl implementován v prostředí softwaru LabVIEW. V práci je také uveden postup návrhu chladiče spínacího prvku a LCL filtru, který je klíčový pro splnění požadavků elektromagnetické kompatibility. V druhé části práce je popsán návrh nadřazeného řídícího algoritmu, jehož úkolem je řídit výkonové toky v hybridním systému tak, aby byly splněny požadavky definované jak uživatelem, tak i okamžitým stavem akumulátorů. Algoritmus byl implementován v prostředí LabVIEW. Funkčnost celého systému byla ověřena měřením v laboratorních podmínkách. Z výsledků plyne, že nadřazený řídící algoritmus funguje správně. Řídící smyčka tepelného akumulátoru je stabilní a reguluje zátěž na požadovanou hodnotu. Přidanou hodnotou je kratší reakční doba na změnu toku výkonu oproti hybridnímu měniči a díky tomu dochází k minimalizaci přetoků elektrické energie do distribuční sítě. Na práci je možné navázat rozšířením stávajícího algoritmu o možnost řízení/ovládání více typů akumulačních jednotek a generátorů nebo implementováním odlišných strategií řízení.

This thesis deals with a design concept of the facility for the educational objectives of the boiling crisis. In the first part, the issue of boiling crisis is explained. There are also examples of some experimental facilities in the world. The second part includes design concept of a loop, which is accompanied by designs of individual devices, such as separator, condenser, exchanger, pump, water tank, electric heater. The thesis also states designs of throttle control, temperature control and flow control.

This Master's Thesis deals with the possibilities for the practical usage of traffic simulations as tools for seeking solutions to various kinds of problems such as road traffic flow, the environmental impact of traffic, etc. It contains a description of the basic terms in the area of traffic simulation models, advantages of their practical usage, and furthermore, it describes the basic general methods of and attitudes to the most commonly used traffic simulations. In the second part, the analysis and the design of an original micro traffic simulator are included. Finally, the traffic simulator is implemented and tested on a real traffic situation.