The dynamic wave model (the complete form of the saint-Venant equations), as applied to flow routing in irrigation canals or flood routing in natural channels, is associated with parameter and model uncertainties. The parameter uncertainty arises due to imprecision in the estimation of Manning’s n used for calculating the friction slope (sf) in the momentum equation of the dynamic wave model. Accurate estimation of n is difficult due to its dependence on several channel and flow characteristics. The model uncertainty of the dynamic wave model arises due to difficulty in applying the momentum equation to curved channels, as it is a vector equation. The one-dimensional form of the momentum equation is derived assuming that the longitudinal axis of the channel is a straight line, so that the net force vector is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces involved. Curved channel reaches have to be discretized into small straight sub-reaches while applying the momentum equation. Otherwise, two- or three-dimensional forms of the momentum equation need to be adopted. A main objective of the study presented in the thesis is to develop a fuzzy dynamic wave model (FDWM), which is capable of overcoming the parameter and model uncertainties of the dynamic wave model mentioned above, specifically for problems of flow routing in irrigation canals and flood routing in natural channels. It has been demonstrated earlier in literature that the problem of parameter uncertainty in infiltration models can be addressed by replacing the momentum equation by a fuzzy rule based model while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The FDWM is developed by adopting the same methodology: i.e. By replacing the momentum equation of the dynamic wave model by a fuzzy rule based model while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on fuzzification of a new equation for wave velocity, to account for the model uncertainty and backwater effects. A fuzzy dynamic wave routing model (FDWRM) is developed based on application of the FDWM to flow routing in irrigation canals. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on the observation that inertia dominated gravity wave predominates in irrigation canal flows. Development of the FDWRM and the method of computation are explained. The FDWRM is tested by applying it to cases of hypothetical flow routing in a wide rectangular channel and also to a real case of flow routing in a field canal. For the cases of hypothetical flow routing in the wide rectangular channel, the FDWRM results match well with those of an implicit numerical model (INM), which solves the dynamic wave model; but the accuracy of the results reduces with increase in backwater effects. For the case of flow routing in the field canal, the FDWRM outputs match well with measured data and also are much better than those of the INM. A fuzzy dynamic flood routing model (FDFRM) is developed based on application of the FDWM to flood routing in natural channels. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on the observation that monoclinal waves prevail during floods in natural channels. The natural channel reach is discredited into a number of approximately uniform sub-reaches and the fuzzy rule based model for each sub-reach is obtained using the discharge (q)–area (a) relationship at its mean section, based on the kleitz-seddon principle. Development of the FDFRM and the method of computation are explained. The FDFRM is tested by applying it to cases of flood routing in fictitious channels and to flood routing in a natural channel, which is described in the HEC-RAS (hydrologic engineering center – river analysis system) application guide. For the cases of flood routing in the fictitious channels, the FDFRM outputs match well with the INM results. For the case of flood routing in the natural channel, optimized fuzzy rule based models are derived using a neuro-fuzzy algorithm, to take the heterogeneity of the channel sub-reaches into account. The resulting FDFRM outputs are found to be comparable to the HEC-RAS outputs. Also, in literature, the dynamic wave model has been applied in the inverse direction for the development of centralized control algorithms for irrigation canals. In the present study, a centralized control algorithm based on inversion of the fuzzy dynamic wave model (FDWM) is developed to overcome the drawbacks of the existing centralized control algorithms. A fuzzy logic based dynamic wave model inversion algorithm (FDWMIA) is developed for this purpose, based on the inversion of the FDWM. The FDWMIA is tested by applying it to two canal control problems reported in literature: the first problem deals with water level control in a fictitious canal with a single pool and the second, with water level control in a real canal with a series of pools (ASCE Test Canal 2). In both cases, the FDWMIA results are comparable to those of the existing centralized control algorithms.

In Chapter 2, we propose several two-timescale simulation-based actor-critic algorithms for solution of infinite horizon Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with finite state-space under the average cost criterion. On the slower timescale, all the algorithms perform a gradient search over corresponding policy spaces using two different Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) gradient estimates. On the faster timescale, the differential cost function corresponding to a given stationary policy is updated and averaged for enhanced performance. A proof of convergence to a locally optimal policy is presented. Next, a memory efficient implementation using a feature-vector representation of the state-space and TD (0) learning along the faster timescale is discussed. A three-timescale simulation based algorithm for solution of infinite horizon discounted-cost MDPs via the Value Iteration approach is also proposed. An approximation of the Dynamic Programming operator T is applied to the value function iterates. A sketch of convergence explaining the dynamics of the algorithm using associated ODEs is presented. Numerical experiments on rate based flow control on a bottleneck node using a continuous-time queueing model are presented using the proposed algorithms. Next, in Chapter 3, we develop three simulation-based algorithms for finite-horizon MDPs (FHMDPs). The first algorithm is developed for finite state and compact action spaces while the other two are for finite state and finite action spaces. Convergence analysis is briefly sketched. We then concentrate on methods to mitigate the curse of dimensionality that affects FH-MDPs severely, as there is one probability transition matrix per stage. Two parametrized actor-critic algorithms for FHMDPs with compact action sets are proposed, the ‘critic’ in both algorithms learning the policy gradient. We show w.p1convergence to a set with the necessary condition for constrained optima. Further, a third algorithm for stochastic control of stopping time processes is presented. Numerical experiments with the proposed finite-horizon algorithms are shown for a problem of flow control in communication networks. Towards stochastic optimization, in Chapter 4, we propose five algorithms which are variants of SPSA. The original one measurement SPSA uses an estimate of the gradient of objective function L containing an additional bias term not seen in two-measurement SPSA. We propose a one-measurement algorithm that eliminates this bias, and has asymptotic convergence properties making for easier comparison with the two-measurement SPSA. The algorithm, under certain conditions, outperforms both forms of SPSA with the only overhead being the storage of a single measurement. We also propose a similar algorithm that uses perturbations obtained from normalized Hadamard matrices. The convergence w.p.1 of both algorithms is established. We extend measurement reuse to design three second-order SPSA algorithms, sketch the convergence analysis and present simulation results on an illustrative minimization problem. We then propose several stochastic approximation implementations for related algorithms in flow-control of communication networks, beginning with a discrete-time implementation of Kelly’s primal flow-control algorithm. Convergence with probability1 is shown, even in the presence of communication delays and stochastic effects seen in link congestion indications. Two relevant enhancements are then pursued :a) an implementation of the primal algorithm using second-order information, and b) an implementation where edge-routers rectify misbehaving flows. Also, discrete-time implementations of Kelly’s dual algorithm and primal-dual algorithm are proposed. Simulation results a) verifying the proposed algorithms and, b) comparing stability properties with an algorithm in the literature are presented.

Afin d’alléger les moteurs d’avions et diminuer la consommation de carburant, les industriels tendent à rendre plus compact le système de compression de leurs moteurs, qui représente environ 40% de la masse totale. Or, à taux de compression global égal, la réduction du nombre d’étages implique une charge aérodynamique plus élevée par étage. Cela augmente d’autant les risques de décollements sur les aubes et la dégradation des performances. L’aspiration de la couche limite sur les aubages s’est révélée très prometteuse pour supprimer ces décollements néfastes et satisfaire aux besoins de charge aérodynamique élevée. Cependant, l’aspiration modifie fortement la distribution de pression statique à la paroi des aubes, rendant les approches de conception traditionnelles inadaptées. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est donc de proposer une nouvelle méthode et de nouveaux critères de conception d’aubages fortement chargés, intégrant l’aspiration de la couche limite. Cette méthode repose sur une stratégie d’aspiration en deux étapes. Dans un premier temps, un contrôle passif, par courbure et diffusion, de la position du point de décollement est effectué dans le but de la rendre insensible aux conditions de fonctionnement. Dans un second temps, un contrôle actif par aspiration vise à placer la fente d’aspiration par rapport au point de décollement de manière à minimiser le taux d’aspiration nécessaire au recollement de la couche limite. Afin de mettre en pratique cette stratégie, une technique de dessin d’aubages par prescription de la distribution de courbure de l’extrados et de la variation de section du canal inter-aubes, est ainsi développée. Associée à un outil de pré-dimensionnement rapide ainsi qu’une évaluation des pertes de pression totale incluant la présence d’aspiration, cette méthode permet ainsi de concevoir une grille de stator aspirée subsonique réalisant une déflexion fluide de 60 degrés, pour un nombre de Mach amont de 0,5, correspondant à un facteur de diffusion de 0,73. Cette performance au point nominal est obtenue avec un coefficient de pertes de pression totale de 2,5%, en aspirant 1,1% du débit entrant dans la grille. Ces valeurs peuvent néanmoins être réduites respectivement à 2,1% et 0,8% par l’emploi d’une fente d’aspiration à bords arrondis. Cette étude numérique bidimensionnelle est effectuée à l’aide du code de calcul elsA de l’ONERA. Afin de valider expérimentalement cette méthode de conception ainsi que les outils numériques associés, une grille d’aubes plane est construite et testée à basse vitesse au laboratoire de Mécanique de Fluides et d’Acoustique de l’Ecole Centrale de Lyon. A mi-envergure, les résultats issus de l’expérience et de simulations numériques 3D confirment la pertinence de la stratégie d’aspiration et la démarche de conception adoptée. Cette confrontation met alors en évidence l’impact de la distribution du taux d’aspiration suivant l’envergure sur l’efficacité de l’aspiration. Etant donné l’importance des écoulements tridimensionnels rencontrés, une généralisation en trois dimensions de la stratégie d’aspiration est proposée et est appliquée numériquement sur cette même grille d’aubes. En contrôlant simultanément les couches limites se développant sur l’aube et sur les parois latérales du canal de compression, il est alors possible de supprimer presque totalement les décollements de coins présents dans celui-ci. En contrepartie, le taux d’aspiration voit sa valeur augmenter très fortement, tempérant ce bénéfice. L’épaisseur des couches limites entrantes se révèle alors également être un facteur déterminant pour le succès du contrôle des couches limites par aspiration, dans un cadre tridimensionnel. / In order to reduce the mass of aircraft jet engines as well as their fuel consumption, manufacturers tend to make the compression system of their engines more compact, since this component represents approximately 40% of the total mass. However, for a given overall pressure ratio, decreasing the number of stages implies increasing the aerodynamic load per stage. This all the more increases the risk of flow separation on the blades ultimately resulting in a decrease in performance. Boundary layer suction on the blade has proven to be very promising to suppress this deleterious flow separation and meet the needs of high aerodynamic loads. Nevertheless, boundary layer suction significantly modifies the static pressure distribution on the blades, making traditional design approaches unsuitable. Therefore, the objective of this Ph.D. work is to develop a new method and new criteria for the design of highly loaded compressor blades, integrating boundary layer suction into the design process. This design method relies on a two-step aspiration strategy. First, passive control of the separation point location is applied via curvature and diffusion in order to make it insensitive to operating conditions. Second, active control through boundary layer suction aims at placing the suction slot with respect to the separation point location, in order to minimize the necessary suction mass flow rate required to reattach the flow. To put this strategy into practice, a blading technique that consists of prescribing the curvature distribution on the suction side of the blade and the cross-section distribution of the blade passage is developed. In association with a fast pre-design tool, as well as an overall total pressure loss coefficient including aspiration, this method allows the design of a subsonic aspirated stator cascade with flow turning of 60 degrees, for an inlet Mach number of 0.5,giving a Diffusion Factor of 0.73. This performance at the design point is obtained for an overall total pressure loss coefficient of 2.5%, aspirating 1.1% of the inlet mass flow rate. Nevertheless, these two values can be respectively reduced to 2.1% and 0.8% by rounding the edges of the suction slot. This bi-dimensional numerical study has been carried out with the elsA solver from ONERA. To experimentally validate this design method and the associated numerical tools, a planar cascade is built and tested at low speed at the Laboratoire de Mécanique de Fluides et d’Acoustique at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon. At mid-span, results from the experiment and from tri-dimensional numerical simulations confirm the relevance of the design approach. This comparison then discloses the impact of the suction mass flow rate distribution along the span, on the efficiency of aspiration. Given the importance of tri-dimensional flows encountered in the experiment and simulations, a generalization in three dimensions of the aspiration strategy is proposed and numerically applied on the same cascade. By simultaneously controlling the boundary layers developing on the blades and on the endwalls,it is possible to almost entirely suppress the corner separations present in the blade passage. However, one disadvantage is that the suction mass flow rate undergoes a strong increase, moderating this benefit. The thickness of the inlet boundary layers appears to be also a key factor in the success of boundary layer control by aspiration, in a tri-dimensional context.

Le streaming adaptatif sur HTTP, désigné par HAS, est une technique de streaming vidéo largement déployée sur Internet. Elle utilise TCP comme protocole de transport. Elle consiste à segmenter la vidéo stockée sur un serveur web en petits segments indépendants de même durée de lecture et transcodés à plusieurs niveaux de qualité, désignés par "chunks". Le player, du côté du client HAS, demande périodiquement un nouveau chunk. Il sélectionne le niveau de qualité en se basant sur l’estimation de la bande passante du/des chunk(s) précédent(s). Étant donné que chaque client HAS est situé au sein d’un réseau d’accès, notre étude traite un cas fréquent dans l’usage quotidien: lorsque plusieurs clients partagent le même lien présentant un goulot d’étrangement et se trouvent en compétition sur la bande passante. Dans ce cas, on signale une dégradation de la qualité d’expérience (QoE) des utilisateurs de HAS et de la qualité de service (QoS) du réseau d’accès. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’optimiser le protocole TCP pour résoudre ces dégradations de QoE et QoS. Notre première contribution propose une méthode de bridage du débit HAS au niveau de la passerelle. Cette méthode est désignée par "Receive Window Tuning Method" (RWTM): elle utilise le principe de contrôle de flux de TCP et l’estimation passive du RTT au niveau de la passerelle. Nous avons comparé les performances de RWTM avec une méthode récente implémentée à la passerelle qui utilise une discipline particulière de gestion de la file d’attente, qui est désignée par "Hierarchical Token Bucket shaping Method" (HTBM). Les résultats d’évaluations indiquent que RWTM offre une meilleure QoE et une meilleure QoS de réseau d’accès que HTBM. Notre deuxième contribution consiste à mener une étude comparative combinant deux méthodes de bridages, RWTM et HTBM, avec quatre variantes TCP largement déployées, NewReno, Vegas, Illinois et Cubic. Les résultats d'évaluations montrent une discordance importante entre les performances des différentes combinaisons. De plus, la combinaison qui améliore les performances dans la majorité des scénarios étudiés est celle de RWTM avec Illinois. En outre, une mise à jour efficace de la valeur du paramètre "Slow Start Threshold", sthresh, peut accélérer la vitesse de convergence du player vers la qualité optimale. Notre troisième contribution propose une nouvelle variante de TCP adaptée aux flux HAS, qu’on désigne par TcpHas; c’est un algorithme de contrôle de congestion de TCP adapté aux spécifications de HAS. TcpHas estime le niveau de la qualité optimale du flux HAS en se basant sur l’estimation de la bande passante de bout en bout. Ensuite, TcpHas applique un bridage au trafic HAS en fonction du débit d’encodage du niveau de qualité estimé. TcpHas met à jour ssthresh pour accélérer la vitesse de convergence. Une étude comparative a été réalisée avec la variante Westwood+. Les résultats d’évaluations montrent que TcpHas est plus performant que Westwood+. / HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) is a streaming video technique widely used over the Internet. It employs Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as transport protocol and it splits the original video inside the server into segments of same duration, called "chunks", that are transcoded into multiple quality levels. The HAS player, on the client side, requests for one chunk each chunk duration and it commonly selects the quality level based on the estimated bandwidth of the previous chunk(s). Given that the HAS clients are located inside access networks, our investigation involves several HAS clients sharing the same bottleneck link and competing for bandwidth. Here, a degradation of both Quality of Experience (QoE) of HAS users and Quality of Service (QoS) of the access network are often recorded. The objective of this thesis is to optimize the TCP protocol in order to solve both QoE and QoS degradations. Our first contribution consists of proposing a gateway-based shaping method, that we called Receive Window Tuning Method (RWTM); it employs the TCP flow control and passive round trip time estimation on the gateway side. We compared the performances of RWTM with another gateway-based shaping method that is based on queuing discipline, called Hierarchical Token Bucket shaping Method (HTBM). The results of evaluation indicate that RWTM outperforms HTBM not only in terms of QoE of HAS but also in terms of QoS of access network by reducing the queuing delay and significantly reducing packet drop rate at the bottleneck.Our second contribution consists of a comparative evaluation when combining two shaping methods, RWTM and HTBM, and four very common TCP variants, NewReno, Vegas, Illinois and Cubic. The results show that there is a significant discordance in performance between combinations. Furthermore, the best combination that improves performances in the majority of scenarios is when combining Illinois variant with RWTM. In addition, the results reveal the importance of an efficient updating of the slow start threshold value, ssthresh, to accelerate the convergence toward the best feasible quality level. Our third contribution consists of proposing a novel HAS-based TCP variant, that we called TcpHas; it is a TCP congestion control algorithm that takes into consideration the specifications of HAS flow. Besides, it estimates the optimal quality level of its corresponding HAS flow based on end-to-end bandwidth estimation. Then, it permanently performs HAS traffic shaping based on the encoding rate of the estimated level. It also updates ssthresh to accelerate convergence speed. A comparative performance evaluation of TcpHas with a recent and well-known TCP variant that employs adaptive decrease mechanism, called Westwood+, was performed. Results indicated that TcpHas largely outperforms Westwood+; it offers better quality level stability on the optimal quality level, it dramatically reduces the packet drop rate and it generates lower queuing delay.

Les stratégies de contrôle d’écoulement, telles que le soufflage / aspiration, ont prouvé leur efficacité à modifier les caractéristiques d’écoulement à des fins diverses en cas de configurations usuellement simples. Pour étendre cette approche sur des cas industriels, la simulation de dispositifs à échelle réelle et l’optimisation des paramètres de contrôle s’avèrent nécessaires. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en place une procédure d’optimisation pour résoudre cette catégorie de problèmes. Dans cette perspective, l’organisation de la thèse est divisé en trois parties. Tout d’abord, le développement et la validation d’un solveur d’écoulement turbulent compressible instationnaire, résolvant les équations de Navier-Stokes moyennées (RANS) dans le cadre d’une discrétisation mixte de type éléments finis / volumes finis (MEV) sont présentés. Une attention particulière est portée sur la mise en œuvre de modèles numériques de jet synthétique à l’aide de simulations sur une plaque plane. Le deuxième axe de la thèse décrit et valide la mise en œuvre d’une méthode d’optimisation globale basée sur un modèle réduit du type processus gaussien (GP), incluant une approche de filtrage d’erreurs numériques liées aux observations. Cette méthode EGO (Efficient Global Optimization), est validée sur des cas analytiques bruités 1D et 2D. Pour finir, l’optimisation de paramètres de contrôle de jet synthétique sur deux cas test pertinents pour les industriels : un profil d’aile NACA0015, avec objectif de maximiser la portance moyenne et une marche descendante avec objectif de minimiser la longueur de recirculation moyenne. / Active flow control strategies, such as oscillatory blowing / suction, have proved their efficiency to modify flow characteristics for various purposes (e.g. skin friction reduction, separation delay, etc.) in case of rather simple configurations. To extend this approach to industrial cases, the simulation of a large number of devices at real scale and the optimization of parameters are required. The objective of this thesis is to set up an optimization procedure to solve this category of problems. In this perspective, the organization of the thesis is split into three main parts. First, the development and validation of an unsteady compressible turbulent flow solver using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) using a Mixed finite-Element/finite-Volume (MEV) framework is described. A particular attention is drawn on synthetic jet numerical model implementation by comparing different models in the context of a simulation over a flat plate. The second axis of the thesis describes and validates the implementation of a Gaussian Process surrogate model based global optimization method including an approach to account for some numerical errors during the optimization. This EGO (Efficient Global Optimization) method, is validated on noisy 1D and 2D analytical test cases. Finally, the optimization of two industrial relevant test cases using a synthetic jet actuator are considered: a turbulent flow over a NACA0015 for which the time-averaged lift is regarded as the control criterion to be maximized, and an incompressible turbulent flow over a Backward Facing Step for which the time-averaged recirculation length is minimized.

<p>У овој докторској дисертацији, акценат је стављен на анализу даљински<br />управљаних дигиталних пнеуматских система у концепту Индустрије 4.0.<br />Доприноси тезе су сљедећи: 1) Показано је на који начин је могуће, постојеће<br />пнеуматске системе надградити тако да се омогући даљинско управљање<br />кретањем пнеуматских радних елемената, даљинска регулација притиска и<br />даљинска регулација протока. 2) Показано је на који начин је могуће развити<br />даљински управљан дигитални пнеуматски систем, који има могућност<br />даљинске промјене управљачких параметара (радног притиска и/или<br />протока) у току процеса рада, и који је искључиво софтверски<br />реконфигурабилан, те реализован на оптималан начин, чиме достиже ниво<br />флексибилности потребан да се задовољи основни концепт Индустрије 4.0.<br />Примјена добијених резултата могућа је у свим индустријским, а потом и<br />неиндустријским системима, у којима постоје пнеуматски радни елементи.</p> / <p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji, akcenat je stavljen na analizu daljinski<br />upravljanih digitalnih pneumatskih sistema u konceptu Industrije 4.0.<br />Doprinosi teze su sljedeći: 1) Pokazano je na koji način je moguće, postojeće<br />pneumatske sisteme nadgraditi tako da se omogući daljinsko upravljanje<br />kretanjem pneumatskih radnih elemenata, daljinska regulacija pritiska i<br />daljinska regulacija protoka. 2) Pokazano je na koji način je moguće razviti<br />daljinski upravljan digitalni pneumatski sistem, koji ima mogućnost<br />daljinske promjene upravljačkih parametara (radnog pritiska i/ili<br />protoka) u toku procesa rada, i koji je isključivo softverski<br />rekonfigurabilan, te realizovan na optimalan način, čime dostiže nivo<br />fleksibilnosti potreban da se zadovolji osnovni koncept Industrije 4.0.<br />Primjena dobijenih rezultata moguća je u svim industrijskim, a potom i<br />neindustrijskim sistemima, u kojima postoje pneumatski radni elementi.</p> / <p>In this PhD thesis, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of remotely<br />controlled digital pneumatic systems in the scope of Industry 4.0. The<br />contributions of the thesis are the following: 1) The possibility of upgrading an<br />existing pneumatic systems to allow remote motion control of pneumatic<br />actuators, remote pressure control and remote flow control, is shown. 2) The<br />possibility of developing a remotely controlled digital pneumatic system, which<br />has the ability of remote change of the control parameters (the operating<br />pressure and/or the flow) during the operating process, and which is<br />exclusively software reconfigurable and optimally implemented, is shown. At<br />that way, it is achieving a level of flexibility needed to meet the basic concept<br />of Industry 4.0. The application of the obtained results is possible in all<br />industrial and then non-industrial systems, where pneumatic actuators exist.</p>

This work deals with the use of a centrifugal pump in turbine mode and control of the system where this machine is operated. The introduction describes and divides the various types of pumps and discusses the issue of Euler's pump and turbine equations. The flow control options are also described here. Part of the work is a research that examines the advantages and disadvantages of using a centrifugal pump in turbine mode, the possibilities of using this system and real applications in the Czech Republic and in the world. The main part is the design of a mathematical model in Microsoft Excel, which solves the regulation of the piping system with a pump operating in turbine mode, especially out of the optimal operating parameters.

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology has blossomed into a major new technology fundamentally influencing the sciences of life and nature. From a systemic point of view however, microfluidics is still in its infancy. Here, we present the concept of a microfluidic central processing unit (CPU) which shows remarkable similarities to early electronic Von Neumann microprocessors. It combines both control and execution units and, moreover, the complete power supply on a single chip and introduces the decision-making ability regarding chemical information into fluidic integrated circuits (ICs). As a consequence of this system concept, the ICs process chemical information completely in a self-controlled manner and energetically self-sustaining. The ICs are fabricated by layer-by-layer deposition of several overlapping layers based on different intrinsically active polymers. As examples we present two microchips carrying out long-term monitoring of critical parameters by around-the-clock sampling. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der analytischen Modellierung und Optimierung synthetischer Jet-Aktuatoren, welche zur aktiven Strömungsbeeinflussung genutzt werden können. Ein in der Literatur bekanntes eindimensionales Modell wird ausführlich hergeleitet und an gemessene Geschwindigkeitsspektren verschiedener Jet-Aktuatoren angepasst. Der Einfluss jedes Modellparameters wird separat untersucht. Außerdem wird ein empirischer Zusammenhang zwischen Membranresonanzfrequenz und Luftkammervolumen angegeben, mit dessen Hilfe synthetische Jet-Aktuatoren mit größtmöglichen Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten durch die Düse konstruiert werden können.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Physikalische Grundlagen 2.1 Aufbau und Funktionsweise der betrachteten synthetischen Jet-Aktuatoren 2.2 Grundlagen aus der Mechanik 2.3 Grundlagen aus der Hydrodynamik 2.4 Analytisches Modell für synthetische Jet-Aktuatoren 3 Numerische Grundlagen 3.1 Zur Lösung von Differentialgleichungssystemen 3.2 Grundlagen der Optimierung 4 Beschreibung von Messdaten mit Hilfe des Modells 4.1 Reproduktion der Ergebnisse der Veröffentlichungen von Sharma 4.2 Anpassung des Modells an Messdaten weiterer Aktuatoren 5 Parametervariation und Optimierung 5.1 Separate Variation jedes Parameters 5.2 Brute-force-Optimierung von Luftkammervolumen und Membranresonanzfrequenz 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Anhang Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Danksagung Selbstständigkeitserklärung

Die vorwiegend experimentelle Arbeit befasst sich mit der systematischen Untersuchung von Parametervariationen bei der aktiven Strömungskontrolle mit elektromagnetischen Kräften. An einer angestellten Platte und einem NACA0015-Profil wurde die saugseitige abgelöste Strömung durch das Einbringen einer periodischen wandparallelen Lorentzkraft an der Vorderkante beeinflusst und experimentell mittels zeitaufgelöster Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) untersucht. Dabei wurde für verschiedene Anstellwinkel und Reynoldszahlen die Frequenz der Anregung, deren Impulseintrag und der zeitliche Kraftverlauf variiert. Strömungsmechanische Untersuchungen experimenteller und numerischer Natur wurden für eine elektrochemische Zelle und den Fall der Elektrolyse an Millieelektroden unter dem Einfluss externer Magnetfelder durchgeführt. Die Übereinstimmung der gemessenen und berechneten Geschwindigkeitsfelder war dabei sehr gut. Entgegen der Annahme, dass im Falle homogener Magnetfelder keine Strömungen induziert werden, konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass durch die lokale Krümmung der elektrischen Feldlinien in Elektrodennähe starke Lorentzkräfte generiert werden. Dies führt zu sehr komplexen Primär-und Sekundärströmungen. Die gleichen Effekte bewirken ebenfalls in der Nähe von Millieelektroden starke Lorentzkräfte in homogenen magnetischen Feldern. Die experimentellen Beobachtungen an Millieelektroden von Leventis et. al (2005), welche zum Beweis der Konzentrationsgradientenkraft herangezogen wurden, konnten alle auf das Wirken lokaler Lorentzkräfte zurückgeführt werden. Der experimentelle Nachweis der Konzentrationsgradientenkraft steht damit weiterhin aus. Zur Messung der Konzentrationen in elektrochemischen Systemen wurde erstmals das Hintergrundschlierenverfahren angewendet. Dieses Verfahren erlaubt die Bestimmung der räumlichen Konzentrationsgradienten mit erheblich weniger messtechnischen Aufwand gegenüber spektroskopischen Methoden und der Schlierentechnik.