Premise of research. The duration and intensity of flowering overlap among plants are the first determiners of the potential for pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions. Yet, our ability to describe community-wide patterns of coflowering, and thus understand its impact on the structure of plant-pollinator communities, is limited. Methodology. We present a conceptual framework for how network theory can reveal structural properties that are ecologically relevant in diverse coflowering communities. Coflowering modules, in particular, may suggest that groups of species coflower more strongly (clustering) with each other than with other species (over-dispersion) in the community. Such a finding would indicate that competitive and facilitative interactions do not act alone but instead act simultaneously to mediate the assembly of coflowering communities. We illustrate our conceptual framework in four diverse coflowering communities in the serpentine seeps in northern California. Pivotal results. Our coflowering networks vary in size and degree but not in overall connectance, suggesting that both intrinsic community features (species richness) and ecological constraints (length of flowering season) play a role in mediating coflowering community structure (distribution of frequency and intensity of flowering overlap among plant species). We show, for the first time, that groups of species tend to coflower more strongly with each other than with other species in a community, supporting the idea that competition and facilitation are not mutually exclusive processes mediating coflowering community assembly. Our results show that the degree of modularity is not sensitive to the number of coflowering species within each community, suggesting that ecological factors may be more important in driving this pattern. Conclusions. Coflowering networks have the potential to advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of flowering overlap in diverse plant communities by revealing a more in-depth and novel characterization of coflowering community structure. Such characterization will allow for a better understanding of the importance of coflowering patterns in mediating the structure of plant-pollinator interactions.

No description available.

Altitudinal gradients offer attractive opportunities for studies of population differentiation in response to environmental heterogeneity. In this thesis, I examined population differentiation along altitudinal gradients by combining common-garden experiments with field studies and experiments in alpine, subalpine and boreal populations of the perennial herb Solidago virgaurea. More specifically, I determined whether leaf physiology in terms of nitrogen concentration and resorption, flowering phenology, flower production and reproductive effort vary along altitudinal gradients. Nitrogen concentration in green leaves were higher in alpine than in subalpine and boreal populations. These differences persisted when plants were grown from seeds in a common-garden experiment at two sites, suggesting that the differences have a genetic component. There was mixed support for a trade-off between maximized carbon gain through the maintenance of high nitrogen concentration, and minimized nitrogen loss through high resorption. In their natural habitats alpine populations began flowering later than subalpine populations, but this difference was reversed when plants were grown in a common environment. This suggests that genetic differences among populations counteract environmental effects and reduce phenotypic variation in flowering time among populations. Flowering time thus shows countergradient genetic variation in S. virgaurea. In a common-garden experiment, boreal populations produced more flowers and had a higher reproductive effort than subalpine and alpine populations indicating habitat-specific genetic differences in reproductive allocation. In a field study, which included three populations, seed set was close to zero in the alpine population, intermediate in the subalpine population, and high in the boreal population. Experimental flower removal showed that seed production was associated with a considerable cost in terms of reduced flowering propensity the following year, but did not support the hypothesis that a large floral display is important for pollination success.

In this thesis, I combined comparative and experimental approaches to examine selection on reproductive traits and population differentiation in the insect-pollinated, self-incompatible, perennial herb Primula farinosa. More specifically, I (1) determined whether the effects of floral display and interactions with pollinators and seed predators, and plant reproductive success were frequency-dependent and affected by surrounding vegetation context, (2) examined the consequences of intermittent drought years on population dynamics using numerical simulations based on demographic data collected over seven years, (3) analyzed among-population differentiation in flowering phenology and reproductive allocation, and its relationship to soil-depth at the site of origin. A field experiment suggested that conspicuous plants facilitate inconspicuous plants in terms of pollinator attraction, and that the facilitation effect is contingent on the height of the surrounding vegetation. Further experiments revealed that both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions can result in frequency-dependent selection on floral display. Among inconspicuous plants, both fruit initiation, and damage from seed predators increased with the proportion of the conspicuous morph. The relative strength of these effects, and therefore their net outcome on the relationship between morph ratio and seed production varied among years. I combined information on vital rates and their relation to environmental conditions in simulations to predict future population viability in changing environments. Simulated stochastic population growth rate decreased with increasing frequency of drought years. Reproductive allocation varied significantly among populations both in the field and in a common-garden experiment, but was correlated with soil depth at the site of origin only in the field. The results suggest that among-population variation in reproductive effort in the field mainly reflects plastic responses to environmental conditions, and that this plasticity may be adaptive. The common-garden experiment suggested that the study populations have diverged genetically in flowering time.

<p>In this thesis, I combined comparative and experimental approaches to examine selection on reproductive traits and population differentiation in the insect-pollinated, self-incompatible, perennial herb <i>Primula farinosa</i>. More specifically, I (1) determined whether the effects of floral display and interactions with pollinators and seed predators, and plant reproductive success were frequency-dependent and affected by surrounding vegetation context, (2) examined the consequences of intermittent drought years on population dynamics using numerical simulations based on demographic data collected over seven years, (3) analyzed among-population differentiation in flowering phenology and reproductive allocation, and its relationship to soil-depth at the site of origin. </p><p>A field experiment suggested that conspicuous plants facilitate inconspicuous plants in terms of pollinator attraction, and that the facilitation effect is contingent on the height of the surrounding vegetation. Further experiments revealed that both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions can result in frequency-dependent selection on floral display. Among inconspicuous plants, both fruit initiation, and damage from seed predators increased with the proportion of the conspicuous morph. The relative strength of these effects, and therefore their net outcome on the relationship between morph ratio and seed production varied among years. </p><p>I combined information on vital rates and their relation to environmental conditions in simulations to predict future population viability in changing environments. Simulated stochastic population growth rate decreased with increasing frequency of drought years. </p><p>Reproductive allocation varied significantly among populations both in the field and in a common-garden experiment, but was correlated with soil depth at the site of origin only in the field. The results suggest that among-population variation in reproductive effort in the field mainly reflects plastic responses to environmental conditions, and that this plasticity may be adaptive. The common-garden experiment suggested that the study populations have diverged genetically in flowering time.</p>

La presente tesi di dottorato ha trattato due diversi aspetti specifici ricollegabili all’ambiente della foresta di querce da sughero ed alla specie arborea Quercus suber L. La prima parte ha riguardato la valutazione pedologica della Sughereta Sperimentale di “Cusseddu – Miali – Parapinta”, situata a Tempio Pausania (OT) in Sardegna, che ha rappresentato il primo esempio di sughereta munita di Certificazione Forestale FSC, a livello mondiale, ed è stata effettuata nell’ambito del Progetto NATO Scienza per la Pace (ESP.MD.SFP 981674)0073. Tale progetto ha coinvolto un consorzio interdisciplinare, composto da gruppi di ricerca provenienti da tre paesi NATO (Portogallo, Inghilterra e Italia) e da due paesi del Dialogo Mediterraneo (Marocco e Tunisia). Lo scopo di questa prima parte ha riguardato la valutazione della qualità del suolo come espressione della capacità di interagire con l’ecosistema in funzione della produttività biologica e della gestione forestale. La seconda parte,invece, ha riguardato la fenologia della fioritura in Quercus suber L., prendendo in esame individui della Sughereta “Quinta da Serra”, Azeitão, Lisbona (Portogallo), con l’obiettivo di approfondire le conoscenze sulla variabilità all’interno della specie Quercus suber L. e il comportamento riproduttivo durante il periodo di fioritura, e di avanzare l’ipotesi di un modello di risposta di adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici. / In this PhD thesis two different aspects that specifically relate to the environment of cork oak forest and the species Quercus suber L. were examined. The first part was focused on the soil’s evaluation of Experimental cork producing area named "Cusseddu–Miali-Parapinta”, located in Tempio Pausania (OT) in Sardinia which represent the first example of cork oak forest certificated (FSC) in the world. This aspect was carried out within the framework “NATO Science for Peace Project (ESP.MD.SFP 981674) 0073”, which involved an interdisciplinary consortium, comprising research teams from three NATO countries(Portugal, England and Italy) and two Mediterranean Dialogue countries (Morocco and Tunisia). The purpose of this first part was focused on the evaluation of soil quality as expression of the ability to interact with the ecosystem as a function of biological productivity and forest management. The second part, involved in the flowering phenology of the Quercus suber L., examining individuals of cork oak in "Quinta da Serra", Azeitão, Lisbon (Portugal), with the final aim of increasing knowledge on the variability within the species Quercus suber L. and the reproductive behavior during the flowering period, and put forward the hypothesis of a model of adaptive response to climate change.

No description available.