L’électrophorèse est une technique puissante permettant de séparer des biomarqueurs présents dans les liquides biologiques.L’électrophorèse de zone libre transporte des molécules en milieu liquide sous l’influence de deux contributions : le flux électrophorétique et le flux électroosmotique (EOF). C’est ce dernier flux EOF qui permet d’optimiser la résolution analytique de la séparation et donc de simplifier le mélange avant sa détection. Notre équipe a développé un contrôle en temps réel de l’ EOF en intégrant une interface polarisable diélectrique dans un dispositif microfluidique. Le carbone amorphe azoté (CNx avec x=15%) a été choisi comme ce matériau.Comme le CNx ne peut pas être déposé directement sur un substrat de verre à cause de sa faible adhérence, deux matériaux différents ont été proposés comme couche d’accroche : le carbure de silicium (SiC) et le platine (Pt). Nous avons tout d’abord optimisé l’adhésion entre le film CNx et la couche d’accroche SiC par différentes procédures de fabrication. Cependant, en raison d’une faible adhérence, le film CNx s’est rapidement décollé en électrolyte liquide. Par contre, nous avons prouvé que certaines architectures hybrides incluant du Pt dans la couche d’accroche sont incroyablement robustes. Même après deux mois dans une solution millimolaire de KCl, le CNx adhérait toujours au verre sans aucune trace de délamination. Ce dispositif a fourni aussi une grande fenêtre de polarisabilité (de -1V à +1V). Nous avons enfin développé une architecture hybride « couche d’accroche isolée/couche électriquement polarisable/électrodes de grille enterrées/ polymère » afin d’éviter toute perte faradique dans l’électrolyte liquide ou vers les circuits conducteurs du dispositif. A l’issue de ces travaux, nous pensons être en mesure de proposer un composant fluidique complexe et robuste qui permet une modulation en temps réel de l’ EOF lors de migrations électrophorétiques. / Electrophoresis is currently an efficient way to separate precious biomarkers from complex mixtures. It takes place to transport molecules under two contributions: the electrophoretic flow and the electroosmotic flow (EOF). The latter allows to optimize the analytical resolution of the separation.Our team has developed a real-time dynamic control of the EOF by integrating a dielectric polarizable interface in the microfluidic device.Amorphous carbon nitride (CNx with x=15%) has dielectric properties and was chosen to be the polarizable interface. Since it cannot be deposited directly onto glass substrate, we have proposed and studied two different materials as the sticking underlayer: silicon carbide (SiC) and platinum (Pt).In the case of SiC, we have optimized the adhesion between CNx film and SiC underlayer through different fabrication procedures.However, due to poor adhesion, CNx film delaminated into liquid electrolyte quickly.Compared to SiC, Pt is a good sticking underlayerfor CNx. It was found out that even after two months in KCl solution, CNx still stuck robustly toPt. Meanwhile, the device provided a large windowof polarizability (from -1V to +1V). Finally, toavoid any faradic loss in the liquid electrolyte ortowards the conductive circuitry of the device, we have developed a sticking underlayer/electrically polarizable/polymeric hybrid architecture. This architecture appears to be the most robust existing polarizable interface for strong and long-term adhesion onto glass substrates.

In most of the engineering and industrial flow applications, one encounters fluid-structure interaction. This interaction can lead to some undesirable forces acting on the structure, causing its damage or fatigue. The phenomenon, being complex in nature, requires thorough understanding of the flow physics. Analyzing canonical flows, such as the flow past a cylinder, provides fundamental concepts governing the fluid behavior. Despite a simpler geometry, studying such flows are a building block in an effort to comprehend, model, and control complicated flows. For the flow past a circular cylinder, we examine the phenomenon of vortex shedding observed in many bluff body wakes. We develop a parallel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on curvilinear coordinates to analyze vortex shedding. The algorithm is implemented on a distributed-memory, message-passing parallel computer, and a domain decomposition technique is employed to partition the grid into various processors. We validate and verify the numerical results with existing experimental and numerical studies. We analyse the performance of the parallel CFD solver by computing the speed-up and efficiency of the solver. We also show that the algorithm is scalable and can be efficiently employed to study other engineering problems requiring larger grid sizes and computational domains. Various other features of the solver, such as the turbulence model, moving boundary techniques, shear, and other canonical flows are also presented. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to simulate the flow past a circular cylinder to compute the velocity and pressure fields. Based on the flow realizations of the DNS data, we use the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) tool to determine the minimum degrees of freedom (or modes) required to represent the flow field. For the current nonlinear problem, the dominant POD modes are used in a Galerkin procedure to project the Navier-Stokes equations onto a low-dimensional space, thereby reducing the distributed-parameter problem into a finite-dimensional nonlinear dynamical system in time. We use long-time integration of the reduced-order model to calculate periodic solutions and alternatively use a shooting technique to home on the system limit cycles. We obtain the pressure-Poisson equation by taking the divergence of the Navier-Stokes equation and then project it onto the pressure POD modes. Then, we decompose the pressure into lift and drag components and compare the results with the CFD results. To reduce the fluctuating forces on the structure, we implement full-state feedback control on the low-dimensional model with suction applied aft of the separation point. The control algorithm is successfully simulated using the CFD code and suppression of vortex-shedding is achieved. / Ph. D.

Thesis: Mech. E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1979 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Ifiyenia Kececioglu. / Mech. E. / Mech. E. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering

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No description available.

Adaptive optic technology has revolutionized real time correction of wavefront aberrations. Optofluidic based applied optic devices have offered an opportunity to produce flexible refractive lenses in the correction of wavefronts. Fluidic lenses have superiority relative to their solid lens counterparts in their capabilities of producing tunable optical systems, that when synchronized, can produce real time variable systems with no moving parts. We have developed optofluidic fluidic lenses for applications of applied optical devices, as well as ophthalmic optic devices. The first half of this dissertation discusses the production of fluidic lenses as optical devices. In addition, the design and testing of various fluidic systems made with these components are evaluated. We begin with the creation of spherical or defocus singlet fluidic lenses. We then produced zoom optical systems with no moving parts by synchronizing combinations of these fluidic spherical lenses. The variable power zoom system incorporates two singlet fluidic lenses that are synchronized. The coupled device has no moving parts and has produced a magnification range of 0.1 x to 10 x or a 20 x magnification range. The chapter after fluidic zoom technology focuses on producing achromatic lens designs. We offer an analysis of a hybrid diffractive and refractive achromat that offers discrete achromatized variable focal lengths. In addition, we offer a design of a fully optofluidic based achromatic lens. By synchronizing the two membrane surfaces of the fluidic achromat we develop a design for a fluidic achromatic lens.The second half of this dissertation discusses the production of optofluidic technology in ophthalmic applications. We begin with an introduction to an optofluidic phoropter system. A fluidic phoropter is designed through the combination of a defocus lens with two cylindrical fluidic lenses that are orientated 45° relative to each other. Here we discuss the designs of the fluidic cylindrical lens coupled with a previously discussed defocus singlet lens. We then couple this optofluidic phoropter with relay optics and Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing technology to produce an auto-phoropter device. The auto-phoropter system combines a refractometer designed Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with the compact refractive fluidic lens phoropter. This combination allows for the identification and control of ophthalmic cylinder, cylinder axis, as well as refractive error. The closed loop system of the fluidic phoropter with refractometer enables for the creation of our see-through auto-phoropter system. The design and testing of several generations of transmissive see-through auto-phoropter devices are presented in this section.

Dans cette thèse, nous adressons trois projets avec l’application de microfluidique Avec le Vélocimétrie de Réflexion Totale Interne, nous avons réalisés le nanoPTV des fluides à 800 nm près de parois du solide. Nous arrivons à une précision sans précédent, par la détermination précise de la position du parois, et par la simulation de Langevin, en tenant compte des nombreux sources de biais physique, comme le mouvement Brownien, effet du cisaillement, la répulsion électrostatique entres les particules et le parois, et la défocalisation de la lentille. Nous obtenons ±5 nm and ± 10 nm de précision sur la longueur de glissement pour la solution de sucrose et de l’eau. La condition de non-glissement sur la surface hydrophile est confirmée, et un glissement sur la surface hydrophobe est observé. Nous collaborons avec A. Leshansky pour étudier la formation des gouttes sur une intersection entre un canal confiné et un réservoir profond. Cette phénomène est appelé le «step emulsificaiton». La dynamique de la formation des gouttes est étudiée expérimentalement de façon approfondie. La théorie est basée sur la dynamique des fluides dans un canal Hele-Shaw, avec les effets de forces capillaires. Nous arrivons à expliquer le mécanique du fluides derrière la formation des gouttes, inclus les taille des gouttes. Nous collaborons avec un groupe des entreprises pétrolières (AEC), pour étudier le mouvement des nano particules dans un micro model de milieux poreux. Ces particules sont supposé de faire transition une fois en contact avec l’huile ou expériencer un changement de la température. L’injection des particules dans les réservoirs de l’huile et de gaz permet de collecter l’information sur la distribution et la quantité de l’huile et de gaz. Avant l’application en mass dans l’industrie, c’est favorable de les tester dans un micro model, qui possèdes une structures similaire aux pores des roches. Nous avons testé les nano particules synthétisés par les autres membres de l’AEC, et confirmé que l’idée du micro model est une méthode efficace de prédire la performance des particules sous sol. / In this work, we have addressed three projects with the application of Microfluidics: With the technology of Total Internal Reflection Velocimetry, we realised the nano-PTV of fluid flow within 800 nm close to solid surface. We achieved unprecedented accuracy of measurement compared with the state of art, by determining precisely the wall position, and by Langevin simulation, which takes into account of the sources of biases, such as Brownian motion, shear stress, electrostatic repulsion between particles and the wall, effect of out of focus, etc. We achieved ±5 nm and ± 10 nm accuracy on the slip length determination for sucrose solution and for water. The no-slip condition on hydrophilic surface is confirmed, and a positive slip length on hydrophobic surface is clearly illustrated. This result demonstrated that the nano-PTV by TIRF is a quantitative methodology for the study of fluid flow near solid surface. We collaborated with A. Leshansky to study quantitatively the mechanism of step emulsification. The dispersed fluid and continuous fluid are co-flowing in a confined Hele-Shaw channel, before going into an unconfined pool. Drops are formed at the intersection between shallow channel and the pool. Two phases - step emulsification and large drops - are distinguished based on a well defined capillary number. We found good agreement between experiments and theory, on the step emulsification droplet size, dispersed fluid pinching dynamics, and on the shape of free interface between dispersed fluid and continuous fluid prior to pinching. We collaborated with a group of petroleum companies (AEC), to develop a technology which has potential application to the Enhanced Oil Recovery. Nano particles synthesized by the AEC is supposed to perform phase transition or deliver signals once in touch with oil. The principal idea consists in sending these nano particles into the porous media underground along with the injection fluids, and recollect them on the production well side. According to the information they deliver, the distribution of oil may be mapped. We constructed a micro model based on microfluidic technology, which mimics the complex structure of porous media of rocks. The AEC synthesized nano particles are injected into the micro model, their motion and retention can be observed in real time. This work provides important information on the particle motion in porous media, which cannot be realised in conventional core experiments.

Label-free detection of DNA has been successfully demonstrated on field effect transistor (FET) based devices. Since conducting organic materials was discovered and have attracted more and more research efforts by their profound advantages, this work will focus on utilizing an organic field effect transistor (OFET) as DNA sensor. An OFET constructed with a transporting fluidic channel, WetOFET, forms a fluid-polymer (active layer) interface where the probe DNA can be introduced. DNA hybridization and non-hybridization after injecting target DNA and non-target DNA were monitored by transistor characteristics. The Hysteresis area of transfer curve increased after DNA hybridization which may be caused by the increasing electrostatic screening induced by the increasing negative charge from target DNA. The different morphology of coating surface could also influence the OFET response.

In this thesis, conventional and unconventional technologies have been studied and combined in order to make heterogeneous microfluidics with potential advantages, especially in biological applications. Many conventional materials, like silicon, glass, thermoplastic polymers, polyimide and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been combined in building heterogeneous microfluidic devices or demonstrators. Aside from these materials, unconventional materials for microfluidics such as stainless steel and the fluoroelastomer Viton have been explored. The advantages of the heterogeneous technologies presented were demonstrated in several examples: (1) For instance, in cell biology, surface properties play an important role. Different functions were achieved by combining microengineering and surface modification. Two examples were made by depositing a Teflon-like film: a) a non-textured surface was made hydrophobic to allow higher pressures for cell migration studies and b) a surface textured by ion track technology was even made super-hydrophobic. (2) In microfluidics, microactuators used for fluid handling are important, e.g. in valves and pumps. Here, microactuators that can handle high-pressures were presented, which may allow miniaturization of high performance bioanalyses that until now have been restricted to larger instruments. (3) In some applications the elastomer PDMS cannot be used due to its high permeability and poor solvent resistivity. Viton can be a good replacement when elasticity is needed, like in the demonstrated paraffin actuated membrane.(4) Sensing of bio-molecules in aquatic solutions has potential in diagnostics on-site. A proof-of-principle demonstration of a potentially highly sensitive biosensor was made by integrating a robust solidly mounted resonator in a PDMS based microfluidic system. It is concluded that heterogeneous technologies are important for microfluidic systems like micro total analysis systems (µTAS) and lab-on-chip (LOC) devices.

Turbulent mixing enhancement has received a great deal of attention in the fluid mechanics community in the last few decades. Generally speaking, mixing enhancement involves the increased dispersion of the fluid that makes up a flow. The current work focuses on mixing enhancement of an axisymmetric jet via high amplitude fluidic pulses applied at the nozzle exit with high aspect ratio actuator nozzles. The work consists of small scale clean jet experiments, small scale micro-turbine engine experiments, and full scale laboratory simulated core exhaust experiments using actuators designed to fit within the engine nacelle of a full scale aircraft. The small scale clean jet experiments show that mixing enhancement compared to the unforced case is likely due to a combination of mechanisms. The first mechanism is the growth of shear layer instabilities, similar to that which occurs with an acoustically excited jet except that, in this case, the forcing is highly nonlinear. The result of the instability is a frequency bucket with an optimal forcing frequency. The second mechanism is the generation of counter rotating vortex pairs similar to those generated by mechanical tabs. The penetration depth determines the extent to which this mechanism acts. The importance of this mechanism is therefore a function of the pulsing amplitude. The key mixing parameters were found to be the actuator to jet momentum ratio (amplitude) and the pulsing frequency, where the optimal frequency depends on the amplitude. The importance of phase, offset, duty cycle, and geometric configuration were also explored. The experiments on the jet engine and full scale simulated core nozzle demonstrated that pulse fluidic mixing enhancement was effective on realistic flows. The same parameters that were important for the cleaner small scale experiments were found to be important for the more realistic cases as well. This suggests that the same mixing mechanisms are at work. Additional work was done to optimize, in real time, mixing on the small jet engine using an evolution strategy.