The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology is emerging to be the future technology of choice for thin, flexible and efficient display and lighting panels and is a potential competitor for the existing flat panel display technologies, like liquid crystal display (LCD) and plasma display panel (PDP). OLEDs display is already making their way from both lab and industry research to display market and the pace of development of laboratory OLED design into a commercial product is very impressive. The OLED display offers several advantages over other display technologies, such as low power consumption, easy fabrication, high brightness & resolution, light weight, compact, flexible, wide viewing angle and fast response. However, OLED display is still in amateur stage in terms of their cost and lifetime. Despite of the abovementioned advantages of OLEDs, there still several issues that need to be addressed to explore the full potential of this display technology. The development of materials with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), thermal and electrochemical stability, packaging, and light extracting technology are some of the major issues. Among the emitting materials, the achievement of robust blue emitting material with high PLQY and color purity is still a challenge due to its intrinsic wide bandgap and complex device configuration. The work presented in this thesis is devoted to the development of robust blue emitting materials based on fluoranthene derivatives. Fluoranthene unit has been chosen due to its blue emission, high photoluminescence quantum yield, thermal and electrochemical stability. The thesis is organized in six chapters, and a brief discussion on the content of individual chapters is provided below. Chapter 1 provides a short description of evolution of display technology and history of OLEDs. The generation wise development of emitting materials for white OLED is concisely illustrated. The working principle, function of individual layer and factors governing external quantum efficiency of OLED device are elaborated. Finally, the important prerequisite properties of blue emitting materials for OLED application are outlined. Chapter 2 reports the design and synthesis of symmetrically and asymmetrically functionalized fluoranthene-based materials to address the issue of PL quenching in solid state, and subsequently for application in non-doped electoluminescent devices. A detailed experimental and theoretical study has been performed to understand the effect of symmetric and asymmetric functional groups on optical, thermal and electrochemical properties. The fluoranthene derivatives reported in this chapter exibited deep blue emission with high PLQY in both solution and solid state. The vacuum deposited non- doped OLED devices were fabricated and characterized utilizing these materials as emitting layer. Chapter 3 describes the rationale design of thermally stable fluoranthene derivatives as electron transport materials for OLEDs. The two derivatives investigated in this chapter comprised of two fluoranthene units linked by diphenylsulfane and dibenzothiophene linkage. The effect of rigidity provided by ring closure in molecular structure on the physical and charge transport properties has been investigated. Such materials are urgently demanded for better performance and durability of displays. In an extension to chapter 3, fluoranthene based dual functional materials possessing blue light emission and electron transport characteristics are described in Chapter 4. The application of these materials in bilayer blue OLED device successfully demonstrated. The development of such dual functional materials is an important step to not just simplify the OLED device architecture; but also has the potential to reduce the manufacturing and processing cost significantly. Chapter 5 reports the synthesis of the star-shaped fluoranthene-triazine based blue photoluminescent materials for solution processable OLEDs. The effect of chalcogen on the photophysical and electroluminescence properties has been investigated. The main advantage of such solution processable materials over small molecules is to overcome the power consuming vacuum thermal evaporation technique for deposition. Chapter 6 describes the design and synthesis of a new blue emitting material comprising of a donor moiety and an acceptor unit to observe thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). However, photophysical studies did not show any sign of delayed fluorescence in this molecule. Nevertheless, a deep blue electroluminescence is achieved using a multilayer OLED device configuration.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants synthesized through incomplete combustion of carbon based substances. PAHs are known to be photodynamic and toxicity increases exponentially when in contact with ultraviolet radiation (UV). The effect of UV absent recovery periods and potential for latent toxicity during photo-induced toxicity are previously unknown and are not included within the toxicity model. Results of equal interval tests further support the current reciprocity model as a good indicator of PAH photo-induced toxicity. Interval test results also indicate a possible presence of time-dependent toxicity and recovery thresholds and should be included into toxicity risk assessments. Moreover, results of latent effects assays show that latent mortality is a significant response to PAH photo-induced toxicity and should be included into toxicity risk assessments. The present research demonstrates that UV exposure time rate is a significant driving force of PAH photo-induced toxicity.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Polyamic acid-polypyrrole (PAA/PPy) composite films were prepared and characterised for the use as conducting platforms in the design of biosensor systems. The thin films were synthesised by electrochemical method from a solution containing controlled molar ratio of chemically synthesised polyamic acid (PAA) and pyrrole monomer. Homogenous films were obtained incorporating PAA into electropolymerised polypyrrole (PPy) thin film. The concentration of PAA (1.37 × 10-6 M) was kept fixed throughout the composite ratio analysis, whilst the concentration of PPy was varied from 1.9 × 10-3 M to 9.9 × 10-3 M. The PAA/PPy thin films were electrodeposited at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Atomic Force microscopy (AFM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical (CV, SWV) techniques. The composition that best represented the homogenous incorporation of PAA into PPy matrix was observed at a PAA/PPy ratio of 1: 4.13 × 10-3. This composite was observed to have two sets of coupled peaks with formal potential 99 mV and 567 mV respectively. The De determined from cyclic voltammetry using the anodic peak currents were found to be twice as high (5.82 × 10-4 cm2/s) as the De calculated using the cathodic peak currents (2.60 × 10-4 cm2/s), indicating that the composite favours anodic electron mobility. Surface morphology and spectroscopy data support the formation of a homogenous polymer blend at the synthesis ratio represented by composite 3. For the construction of a biosensor the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the enzyme, luciferase and the analytes i.e naphthalene and fluoranthene were evaluated. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies were carried out to characterize the enzyme’s bioluminescence response in PBS at pH 7. Luciferase showed an absorption peak at 340 nm. The bioluminescence properties of the enzyme with the analytes were explored by fluorescence spectroscopy. The emmision peak at 340 nm gradually decreased as the concentration of each analyte was increased respectively.

No description available.

Research efforts in aquatic toxicology have historically centered on the chemical analyses and toxic effects of waters to aquatic organisms. More recently, sediment-source toxicity has been explored, with efforts concentrated on establishing sensitive and accurate methodologies. This study focused on the toxicity of trivalent chromium, hexavalent chromium, and fluoranthene to Pimephales promelas, Ictalurus punctatus, and Lepomis macrochirus. Test fish were exposed to both water-borne and sediment-source toxicants for 96 hours (h) and 30 days (d). A 96-h and 30-d LC50 (mg/L Cr, ug/L Fluoranthene) was determined for each fish species exposed to aqueous toxicants. In addition, 96-h and 30-d LC50s were determined for each fish species from sediment chromium concentrations (mg/kg) and sediment fluoranthene concentrations (ug/kg). Although lethality endpoints were used throughout this research, acute effects other than mortality were determined for Lepomis macrochirus exposed to hexavalent chromium. Lethal toxicity values (96-h and 30-d LC50 and their 95% confidence limits) for trivalent chromium could not be determined since trivalent chromium concentations above 6.0 mg/L could not be obtained at water pHs compatible with these fish species. Trivalent chromium addition to test waters at pHs compatible with fish survival resulted in a chromium precipitate that was not lethal to test fish. In contrast, fathead minnows, channel catfish, and bluegill sunfish exposed to hexavalent chromium in water and sediments experienced mortality. Fathead minnows exposed to fluoranthene in water for 96h demonstrated a maximum mortality of 69%, while 100% mortality was achieved with channel catfish in similar tests. Sediment tests with fluoranthene resulted in 100% mortality with both fathead minnows and channel catfish.

Les HAP font partie de la classe des polluants organiques persistants dans les sols. Dans le cadre de la réhabilitation d'anciennes friches industrielles, il est nécessaire de comprendre l'origine de leur forte rétention et de connaître leurs possibilités de re-mobilisation à l'eau. Pour cela, une évaluation du potentiel de re-mobilisation à l'eau de matrices industrielles polluées a été réalisée sur 6 mois à l'aide de réacteurs fermés dont la solution est renouvelée mensuellement. Des expériences d'adsorption/désorption du 14C-fluoranthène sur ces mêmes matrices ainsi que sur une terre agricole ont confirmé que le fluoranthène s'adsorbe par interaction hydrophobe. L'affinité exceptionnelle des HAP pour les matrices présentant une pollution amassée est associée à leur re-mobilisation limitée par le faible contact de l'eau avec les surfaces de ces matrices hydrophobes. Notre étude met également en évidence la désorption plus lente de HAP "natifs" par rapport à des HAP ajoutés récemment, traduisant une modification du comportement de HAP au cours du temps. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans ce "vieillissement" au sein de terres industrielles, une expérience d'incubation de petites colonnes de sol, contaminées par du 14C-fluoranthène, a été conduite sur 6 mois. Dans les matrices à pollution amassée, le fluoranthène reste sous une forme extractible. Dans les matrices présentant une pollution moins importante et non amassée, le devenir des résidus du 14C-fluoranthène est contrôlé par l'activité de la microflore. Il est montré en particulier que les produits de dégradation sont en effet plus mobiles et peuvent pénétrer dans la porosité et y être séquestrés / PAH are persistent organic pollutants in soils. In the framework of industrial waste lands rehabilitation, one needs to understand the reasons of their strong retention and to assess their potential for water remobilization. For these purposes, the remobilization potential of industrial polluted matrices was assessed during 6 months in closed reactors with a monthly renewal of the solution. Adsorption / desorption experiments with 14C-fluoranthene on the same matrices and an agricultural soils confirmed the adsorption of fluoranthene by hydrophobic interaction. The PAH dramatic affinity for matrices containing pure organic phases is combined with their hindered remobilization due to the low surface contact with water of these hydrophobic matrices. Our work also pointed out desorption differences between native and a lab-added PAH, indicating modifications of PAH behaviour in soils. In order to understand the mechanisms involved in this "ageing" in industrial soils, an incubation experiment was conducted during 6 months with small soil columns spiked with 14C-fluoranthene. In matrices containing pure organic phase, fluoranthene remained in an extractable state. In less polluted matrices containing a diffuse pollution, fluoranthene fate was controlled by microflora activity. Our results demonstrated in particular that degradation products that are more mobile than the parent compound can diffuse in the porosity and be sequestered within

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of fused-ring aromatic compounds that are ubiquitous environmental pollutants due to their toxic properties. The importance of preventing PAHs contamination has been recognized by the Unites States Environmental Protection Agency which has proposed 16 PAHs as priority pollutants, including fluoranthene. Biodegradation is considered as one of the major removal ways of these compounds. In this context, the search for new sources of natural microorganisms is extremely important. One of the most promising source is Peat, which consists in a organic soil formed through a complex process of decomposition and humification of plant residues by microbial oxidation. In addition to the huge biological and genetic pool which can be explored directly from this natural resource, biotechnologic applications using immobilized microbial cells is also an aspect that has gained importance due to various advantages. Thus, this study aims to investigate the biodegradation of in vitro fluoranteno using microorganisms isolated from Santo Amaro das Brotas peat-Sergipe, as well as, develop immobilized chitosan beads for the same purpose. Using this PAH as sole carbon source, it was possible to isolated 8 bacteria and 3 fungi identified as belonging to Bacillus sp., Serratia sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. All strains were tested for their ability to degrade 100 mg L-1 of fluoranthene during different incubation periods: 5 and 10 days for bacteria, and 14 and 28 days for fungi. It was found that the duration of the incubation period was proportional to the degree of biodegradation. Analysis of metabolites enabled identification of three compounds common to all the microorganisms: 2,3-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-9-one, carbazole, and bis (octyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate. In general, it was possible to observe the formation of aliphatic metabolites, probably showing a particular feature of these microorganisms from tropical peat. Regarding to microbial immobilization,the Serratia sp. AC-11 strain was selected for trapping in chitosan beads that were then used to biodegrade fluoranthene (at 100 mg L-1). The beads produced were uniform in size, with an average diameter of 3 mm, and were characterized by SEM and FTIR. The immobilized bacteria were able to degrade 76% of fluoranthene in 5 days and 84% in 10 days, at a degradation rate that was almost 50% higher than achieved using free-living cells. Furthermore, the beads with immobilized bacteria had the advantage of being reusable, with satisfactory biodegradation obtained during continuous cycles of use. The numbers of viable cells in the chitosan beads revealed the capacity of the strain to grow and multiply during the biodegradation process. The findings revealed that the peat environment could provide a useful source of PAH-degrading microorganisms.. The new bioproduct produced represents a low cost, efficient, eco-friendly, and practical solution for use in the bioremediation of areas contaminated by fluoranthene. / Os Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) são uma classe de compostos poluentes formados por dois ou mais anéis aromáticos fundidos, que possuem risco significativo de contaminação da biota por apresentar propriedades tóxicas. Devido a isso, a Agência de Proteção Ambiental Americana selecionou 16 HPAs prioritários para o monitoramento ambiental, dentre eles o Fluoranteno. Uma das formas de se remediar estes compostos do ambiente é pela biodegradação. Nesse contexto, a procura por novas fontes naturais de micro-organismos é de suma importância. Uma das possíveis fontes promissoras é a turfa, a qual consiste em um solo orgânico formado através de oxidação microbiológica de restos de plantas. Além do enorme pool biológico e genético que pode ser explorado diretamente desse recurso natural, aplicações biotecnológicas com o uso de células microbianas imobilizadas também são uma vertente que tem ganhado importância. Diante disso, este estudo propõe investigar a biodegradação in vitro do fluoranteno utilizando micro-organismos isolados da turfa de Santo Amaro das Brotas - Sergipe, assim como desenvolver um bioproduto centrado na produção de esferas de quitosana imobilizadas com bactéria para o mesmo fim. Utilizando este HPA como única fonte de carbono, foi possível isolar 8 bactérias e 3 fungos, os quais foram identificados como pertencentes aos gêneros Bacillus sp., Serratia sp., Penicillium sp. e Fusarium sp. Todos eles foram testados quanto à sua capacidade em degradar o fluoranteno (100 mg L-1) durante diferentes períodos de incubação: 5 e 10 dias para as bactérias; 14 e 28 dias para fungos. Foi verificado que a duração do período de incubação foi proporcional ao grau de biodegradação. As melhores taxas de biodegradação entre as bactérias e os fungos foram alcançadas, respectivamente, pelo isolado Bacillus sp. AC-25 em 10 dias (49%) e pelo Penicillium sp. AC-1 em 28 dias (64%). A análise dos metabólitos identificou a presença de compostos com diferentes grupos funcionais, incluindo três metabólitos comuns a todos os micro-organismos: 2,3-dimetil-9H-fluoreno-9-ona, carbazol, e bis (octil) benzeno-1,2-dicarboxilato. Em geral, foi possível observar a formação de metabólitos alifáticos, provavelmente, mostrando uma particularidade no metabolismo destes micro-organismos, o qual está relacionado ao ambiente da turfa.Com relação à imobilização em esferas de quitosana, foi observado que o isolado Serratia sp. AC-11 foi o que melhor se adaptou as condições necessárias. Estas esferas imobilizadas produzidas foram caracterizadas por MEV e FT-IR. Em apenas 1 dia, elas foram capazes de degradar 56% do fluorantreno, 76% em 5 dias e 84% em 10 dias, apresentando uma taxa de degradação de quase 50% a mais quando comparada a célula livre. Além disso, estas esferas apresentaram a vantagem de reutilização durante ciclos contínuos com biodegradação satisfatória do HPA. Diante dos resultados obtidos, observa-se que a turfa foi uma fonte útil de micro-organismos capazes de degradar o fluoranteno e possibilitou a geração de um novo bioproduto caracterizado principalmente por ser eco-amigável, possuir baixo custo associado, eficiência de degradação e possível aplicação industrial destinado a biorremediação de áreas contaminadas por HPAs.

Alpine zooplankton are exposed to a variety of stressors in their natural environment including ultraviolet radiation. Physiological coping mechanisms such as the accumulation of photoprotective compounds provide these zooplankton protection from many of these stressors. Elevated levels of carotenoid compounds such as astaxanthin have been shown to help zooplankton survive longer when exposed to ultraviolet radiation presumably due to the strong antioxidant properties of carotenoid compounds. This antioxidant capacity is important because it may ameliorate natural and anthropogenic stressor-induced oxidative stress. While previous researchers have shown carotenoid compounds impart increased resistance to ultraviolet radiation in populations of zooplankton, little work has focused on the toxicological implications of PAH induced phototoxicity on zooplankton containing high levels of carotenoid compounds. This thesis discusses research studying the role that carotenoid compounds play in reducing PAH induced phototoxicity. By sampling different lakes at elevations ranging from 9,500' to 12,700' in the front range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, copepod populations containing different levels of carotenoid compounds were obtained. These populations were then challenged with fluoranthene and ultraviolet radiation. Results discussed include differences in survival and levels of lipid peroxidation among populations exhibiting different levels of carotenoid compounds, and the toxicological and ecological implications of these results.

No description available.

El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar el efecto del enriquecimiento por materia orgánica producida por el cultivo de peces en el mar y por los vertidos de petróleo en el medio marino. Este trabajo intenta explicar las consecuencias ecológicas de los impactos generados por este tipo de contaminación, y en diseñar de test de toxicidad para evaluar la contaminación en el sur de las costas europeas. Específicamente, en relación con el impacto de la acuicultura, los estudios de recuperación durante la Apertura de peces bentónicos de reducción de piscicultura marina, el papel de la depredación en el sistema bentónico dispersión de los residuos y los vínculos horizontales y verticales con un impacto bentónico. / The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of organic matter enrichment produced by marinefinfish farming and oil spills on the marine environment. This work is focused on elucidating theecological consequences of the impact generated by this type of pollution, and on designingtoxictity tests to evaluate pollution for southern European coasts. Specifically, related with aquaculture impact, it studies benthic recovery during open sea fish farming abatement, the role of predation in the benthic system and links horizontal and vertical waste dispersion with benthic impact.