The main focus of this project is to investigate the energy consumption of the manufacturing lines in the car industry and look for the potential methods regarding energy saving. Special emphasis is put on the lighting technologies that can be used in the manufacturing processes. Two lighting technologies are tested in order to see which one has better performance and lower energy consumption. Fluorescent tube and LED tube are compared concerning illuminance, UV irradiance and power consumption. Economic evaluation is also conducted to exam the feasibilities replacing fluorescent tubes with LED tubes. Results of the study show that the LED tubes have much lower energy consumption than fluorescent tubes, produce more direct and „colder“ light, and have much lower UV irradiance. However, the payback period of LED is relatively long at current price situation. Since it is expected that the price of LED tubes will decrease in future, it is reasonable to predict that the LED technology will change the fluorescent one in many applications. The energy consumption has been estimated for two manufacturing lines which use different technologies to produce car underbodies. In order to identify the differences from the energy consumption point of view, some measurements are conducted, such as the consumption of electricity, compressed air, air for ventilation and cooling water. The measured results show a disproportion in the power consumption when the lines are in stand-by mode. This affects the energy consumption per produced unit significantly. The line that has a higher capacity and a lower power consumption in the stand-by mode has a lower energy consumption per produced unit when it is operating with lower production loading. So, in order to improve the energy efficiency, it is necessary that it works at as high volume as possible and to have the stand-by power consumption as low as possible.

According to the regulation announced by Bureau of Standard, Metrology & Inspection (BSMI) of Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), lamp fixtures must follow safety and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. However, the self-ballasted fluorescent lamps in the fixture should only be approved by the safety test but not regulated by EMC standard. Obviously, fixtures without light bulbs do not generate any electromagnetic noise. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) comes from the fluorescent light bulb embedded with an electronic ballast which included an inverter with high-frequency switching. A variety of tests demonstrate evidently that a fixture with different self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamps may possibly violate the EMC standard, revealing the absurdity of the regulation. In fact, self-ballasted fluorescent lamps use mostly self-excited electronic ballasts. The operating frequencies for this kind of electronic ballasts can not be precisely controlled due to the influence of many factors. They are not operated at a specified frequency but in a frequency range. This means that the generated EMI spectrum is hardly predicted, especially when a fixture is fitted by light bulbs from several manufacturers. This research inducts the worst cases from numerous measurements on a fixture with 1 piece to 8 pieces of light bulbs, and then attempts to design an EMI filter for all cases. As a result, a lamp fixture with the filter at the line input terminal can suppress the EMI. As long as the consumer buys the lamp fixture which are installed with the EMI filter together with any bulb in use, EMI noise can comply with standard limits.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-05-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_da_me_rcla.pdf: 1955987 bytes, checksum: 40fbe8126d7d57b65f678ffeec2c60de (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Alguns resíduos sólidos domiciliares podem conter substâncias químicas com características tóxicas, como os metais pesados presentes em diversos materiais provenientes de resíduos industriais pós-consumo. Como exemplo, pode-se citar as lâmpadas fluorescentes, as pilhas e as baterias, que, por possuírem metais pesados em suas composições geram um alto grau de toxicidade, bioacumulação e persistência no meio ambiente, causando preocupações ambientais e prejuízos para a saúde humana. Outro resíduo industrial pós-consumo que atualmente causa enorme prejuízo ambiental, se disposto inadequadamente, são os pneus inservíveis: ainda hoje muitas carcaças de pneus inservíveis são depositadas em cursos d'água, voçorocas ou nos terrenos baldios das cidades, fator que gera, além de outros problemas, a proliferação de larvas e mosquitos. Esta pesquisa se propôs a esclarecer qual o destino final fornecido à estes resíduos industriais pós-consumo (pilhas, baterias, lâmpadas fluorescentes e pneus inservíveis) na cidade de Rio Claro/SP. Foi adotada a metodologia de aplicação de questionários em residências previamente selecionadas e em estabelecimentos que comercializam os produtos citados e, de posse dos resultados finais, elaborou-se um modelo de gestão para a correta destinação dos produtos enfocados. / Some solid domestic wastes may contain toxic chemicals, as the heavy metals present in several materials deriving from post-consumption industrial wastes. For instance, it can be mentioned the domestic batteries, the fluorescent lamps, which, because of the heavy metals in their composition, produce a high level of toxicity, bio-accumulation and persistence in the environment, causing prejudicial effects to the human health and the environemnt. Another post-consumption industrial waste that currently cause an enormous environmental damage, if disposed inadequately, are the worn out tires: currently, several frame-works of worm out tires are deposited in streams and rivers and erosion sites, that cause, amoung other problems, the proliferation of larvae and mosquitoes. This research purposed to clear what the final destination of the mentioned post-consumption industrial wastes (batteries, fluoescent lamps, worm out tires) in Rio Claro city, São Paulo State, Brazil. The application of questionnaires methodology in previously selected residences and stores which sell the above mentioned products was adopted and, considering the final results, a pattern of management for the correct destination of the reported products was archieved.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-21T21:41:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Estenio Moita de Carvalho - Desc. Lamp fim COM FICHA.pdf: 2298783 bytes, checksum: 9f26ae18a8867ee9e17afcbab44c3961 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2017-03-02T15:29:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Estenio Moita de Carvalho - Desc. Lamp fim COM FICHA.pdf: 2298783 bytes, checksum: 9f26ae18a8867ee9e17afcbab44c3961 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-02T15:29:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Estenio Moita de Carvalho - Desc. Lamp fim COM FICHA.pdf: 2298783 bytes, checksum: 9f26ae18a8867ee9e17afcbab44c3961 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-25 / Considera-se que as lâmpadas fluorescentes são utilizadas nos mais variados sistemas de iluminação no mundo juntamente com o seu baixo consumo de energia e a sua longa durabilidade gerando-se assim a demanda por seu manuseio e descarte, juntamente com as suas substâncias tóxicas e potencialmente perigosas. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é analisar o descarte de lâmpadas fluorescentes no bairro de Mussurunga da cidade de Salvador, Bahia; e, como objetivos específicos tem-se o descrever o sistema de descarte de lâmpadas fluorescentes na área residencial e comercial; propor alternativas educativas e tecnológicas para o manuseio, o descarte e a reciclagem dos resíduos das lâmpadas fluorescentes por parte dos fornecedores, catadores e consumidores; divulgar a importância do descarte ambientalmente adequado e a reciclagem de subprodutos das lâmpadas fluorescentes. Para consolidar estes objetivos utiliza-se uma metodologia híbrida, composta por uma revisão de literatura, de cunho documental e histórico, em concomitância com uma pesquisa de campo. Buscou-se interferência no processo de conscientização, de forma a estimular as formas mais adequadas para o uso, manuseio e descartes das lâmpadas fluorescentes, tanto pelos consumidores residentes no bairro bem como para os fornecedores instalados comercialmente no bairro de Mussurunga, Salvador, Bahia. Registra-se um total desconhecimento da comunidade sobre a temática e os seus desdobramentos, e, desta forma recomenda-se um processo educativo para atenuar resultados danosos. / It is considered that the fluorescent lamps are used in various lighting systems in the world along with its low power consumption and its long durability thus generating demand for its handling and disposal, along with their toxic and potentially dangerous. The objective of this research is to analyze the disposal of fluorescent lamps in Mussurunga neighborhood of the city of Salvador, Bahia; and specific objectives has been to describe the disposal system of fluorescent lamps in the residential and commercial area; offer educational and technological alternatives for handling, disposal and recycling of fluorescent lamps waste from suppliers, collectors and consumers; promote the importance of environmentally sound disposal and recycling of fluorescent lamps by-products. To consolidate these goals uses a hybrid methodology consists of a literature review, documentary and historical nature, in tandem with field research. Interference attempted the awareness process in order to encourage the most appropriate forms for use, handling and disposal of fluorescent bulbs, both by consumers residing in the neighborhood as well as for commercially installed providers in Mussurunga district, Salvador, Bahia. Join a total community ignorance about the issue and its consequences, and therefore recommended an educational process to mitigate harmful results.

Espumas vítreas são materiais heterofásicos empregados para isolamento acústico e térmico e, comparadas a outros materiais, são leves e resistentes. As espumas vítreas podem ser preparadas a partir de vidros de embalagens, de tubos de raios catódicos e de outros resíduos como cinzas volantes. Resíduos de lâmpadas fluorescentes, classificados pela NBR 10.004-04 como perigosos devido à presença de mercúrio, têm características para serem utilizados na obtenção de espumas vítreas. A descontaminação deste resíduo torna possível seu envio para aterros controlados, no entanto faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de processos que contemplem a utilização destes em produtos de interesse econômico, considerando o aspecto ambiental envolvido. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo preparar corpos cerâmicos a partir de vidro de lâmpadas fluorescentes descontaminado de mercúrio, com carbonato de cálcio como agente espumante, buscando o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de espumas vítreas. As variáveis processuais investigadas foram: percentual de agente espumante (2, 3, 4 e 8%); pressão de conformação (20, 30 e 40 MPa); temperatura de queima (700, 750, 800 e 850°C); taxa de aquecimento (2,5, 5,0 e 7,5 °C∙min-1) e granulometria do vidro (11,0, 29,0 e 91,0 μm). Foram monitoradas as seguintes propriedades: massa específica, porosidade, resistência mecânica e condutividade térmica. Destacam-se como resultados a combinação dos fatores temperatura de queima e percentual de agente espumante na determinação da expansão volumétrica, enquanto que a variável pressão de conformação não possui influência representativa. O melhor resultado obtido para temperatura de queima foi em 800°C no qual o teor de 3% de CaCO3 apresentou expansão de cerca de 600%. Diminuições na granulometria e aumentos na taxa de aquecimento induzem a diminuições na expansão. Os resultados mostram que todas as espumas vítreas obtidas neste estudo possuem massa específica (0,187– 0,282 g∙cm-3) compatíveis com produtos comerciais. A resistência mecânica máxima obtida foi de 0,75 MPa também compatível com espumas vítreas comerciais. A condutividade térmica apresentou o valor de 0,03 W∙m-1 ∙°C-1, em 150°C, o que caracteriza as espumas vítreas, preparadas com 3% de CaCO3, como isolante térmico. Em relação à análise da presença de metais, a preparação de espumas vítreas se apresentou como uma alternativa para o emprego de vidros de lâmpadas fluorescentes, com diminuição de até 98,7% da quantidade de chumbo solubilizado, em comparação ao chumbo solubilizado do vidro descontaminado / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-23T18:14:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Isaac dos Santos Nunes.pdf: 161120 bytes, checksum: 5c9644ea8049a10472ca664f59ab9781 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-23T18:14:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Isaac dos Santos Nunes.pdf: 161120 bytes, checksum: 5c9644ea8049a10472ca664f59ab9781 (MD5) / Universidade de Caxias do Sul, UCS / Glass foams are heterophasic materials applied in acoustic and thermal insulation, and compared to other materials, are lightweight and sturdy. Glass foams can be prepared from glass packaging, cathode ray tubes and other wastes like fly ashes. Waste fluorescent lamps, classified according the NBR 10.004-04 as hazardous due to the presence of mercury, have potential characteristics for use in the obtainment of glass foams. Decontamination of such residues makes their sending to controlled landfills possible, however it is necessary to development of processes that address the use of these materials in economic interest products, considering environmental issues. Therefore, this work aims to prepare ceramic bodies from glass of fluorescent lamps decontaminated by mercury, with calcium carbonate as a foaming agent, seeking the development and characterization of glass foams. The process variables investigated were: percentage of foaming agent (2, 3, 4 and 8 %), compaction pressure (20, 30 and 40 MPa); burning temperature (700, 750, 800 and 850 °C); heating rate (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 °C∙min-1) and the glass size (11.0, 29. 0 and 91.0 μm). The following properties were monitored: density, porosity, mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. The results highlighted were the combination of burning temperature and percentage of foaming agent in determining the volumetric expansion, while the variable conformation pressure has unrepresentative influence. The best result obtained for burning temperature was at 800 °C in which the content of 3 % of CaCO3 showed expansion around 600 %. Decreases in glass size and increases in heating rate induced decreases in expansion. The results showed that all glass foams obtained in this study have density (0.187 to 0.282 g∙cm-3) compatible with commercial products. The maximum mechanical strength obtained was 0.75 MPa also compatible with commercial glass foams. The thermal conductivity showed a value of 0.03 W∙m-1 ∙°C1 at 150 °C, which characterizes the glass foams prepared with 3% of CaCO3 as a thermal insulator. Regarding the analysis of the presence of metals, the preparation of glass foams is presented as an alternative to the disposal of fluorescent lamps glasses, with a reduction of 97.8 % in the emission of lead, in comparison to the emission observed in the decontaminate glass.

Espumas vítreas são materiais heterofásicos empregados para isolamento acústico e térmico e, comparadas a outros materiais, são leves e resistentes. As espumas vítreas podem ser preparadas a partir de vidros de embalagens, de tubos de raios catódicos e de outros resíduos como cinzas volantes. Resíduos de lâmpadas fluorescentes, classificados pela NBR 10.004-04 como perigosos devido à presença de mercúrio, têm características para serem utilizados na obtenção de espumas vítreas. A descontaminação deste resíduo torna possível seu envio para aterros controlados, no entanto faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de processos que contemplem a utilização destes em produtos de interesse econômico, considerando o aspecto ambiental envolvido. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo preparar corpos cerâmicos a partir de vidro de lâmpadas fluorescentes descontaminado de mercúrio, com carbonato de cálcio como agente espumante, buscando o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de espumas vítreas. As variáveis processuais investigadas foram: percentual de agente espumante (2, 3, 4 e 8%); pressão de conformação (20, 30 e 40 MPa); temperatura de queima (700, 750, 800 e 850°C); taxa de aquecimento (2,5, 5,0 e 7,5 °C∙min-1) e granulometria do vidro (11,0, 29,0 e 91,0 μm). Foram monitoradas as seguintes propriedades: massa específica, porosidade, resistência mecânica e condutividade térmica. Destacam-se como resultados a combinação dos fatores temperatura de queima e percentual de agente espumante na determinação da expansão volumétrica, enquanto que a variável pressão de conformação não possui influência representativa. O melhor resultado obtido para temperatura de queima foi em 800°C no qual o teor de 3% de CaCO3 apresentou expansão de cerca de 600%. Diminuições na granulometria e aumentos na taxa de aquecimento induzem a diminuições na expansão. Os resultados mostram que todas as espumas vítreas obtidas neste estudo possuem massa específica (0,187– 0,282 g∙cm-3) compatíveis com produtos comerciais. A resistência mecânica máxima obtida foi de 0,75 MPa também compatível com espumas vítreas comerciais. A condutividade térmica apresentou o valor de 0,03 W∙m-1 ∙°C-1, em 150°C, o que caracteriza as espumas vítreas, preparadas com 3% de CaCO3, como isolante térmico. Em relação à análise da presença de metais, a preparação de espumas vítreas se apresentou como uma alternativa para o emprego de vidros de lâmpadas fluorescentes, com diminuição de até 98,7% da quantidade de chumbo solubilizado, em comparação ao chumbo solubilizado do vidro descontaminado / Universidade de Caxias do Sul, UCS / Glass foams are heterophasic materials applied in acoustic and thermal insulation, and compared to other materials, are lightweight and sturdy. Glass foams can be prepared from glass packaging, cathode ray tubes and other wastes like fly ashes. Waste fluorescent lamps, classified according the NBR 10.004-04 as hazardous due to the presence of mercury, have potential characteristics for use in the obtainment of glass foams. Decontamination of such residues makes their sending to controlled landfills possible, however it is necessary to development of processes that address the use of these materials in economic interest products, considering environmental issues. Therefore, this work aims to prepare ceramic bodies from glass of fluorescent lamps decontaminated by mercury, with calcium carbonate as a foaming agent, seeking the development and characterization of glass foams. The process variables investigated were: percentage of foaming agent (2, 3, 4 and 8 %), compaction pressure (20, 30 and 40 MPa); burning temperature (700, 750, 800 and 850 °C); heating rate (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 °C∙min-1) and the glass size (11.0, 29. 0 and 91.0 μm). The following properties were monitored: density, porosity, mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. The results highlighted were the combination of burning temperature and percentage of foaming agent in determining the volumetric expansion, while the variable conformation pressure has unrepresentative influence. The best result obtained for burning temperature was at 800 °C in which the content of 3 % of CaCO3 showed expansion around 600 %. Decreases in glass size and increases in heating rate induced decreases in expansion. The results showed that all glass foams obtained in this study have density (0.187 to 0.282 g∙cm-3) compatible with commercial products. The maximum mechanical strength obtained was 0.75 MPa also compatible with commercial glass foams. The thermal conductivity showed a value of 0.03 W∙m-1 ∙°C1 at 150 °C, which characterizes the glass foams prepared with 3% of CaCO3 as a thermal insulator. Regarding the analysis of the presence of metals, the preparation of glass foams is presented as an alternative to the disposal of fluorescent lamps glasses, with a reduction of 97.8 % in the emission of lead, in comparison to the emission observed in the decontaminate glass.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-18T17:37:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Weslley Jefferson Silva Saraiva.pdf: 2331820 bytes, checksum: 709fcfac2b01d1e347544f2f2e0ecc4c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-18T19:36:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Weslley Jefferson Silva Saraiva.pdf: 2331820 bytes, checksum: 709fcfac2b01d1e347544f2f2e0ecc4c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-18T19:38:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Weslley Jefferson Silva Saraiva.pdf: 2331820 bytes, checksum: 709fcfac2b01d1e347544f2f2e0ecc4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-18T19:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Weslley Jefferson Silva Saraiva.pdf: 2331820 bytes, checksum: 709fcfac2b01d1e347544f2f2e0ecc4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Fluorescent lamps are used in large scale in Brazil, according to government figures the country currently imports 330 million units, contributing to reduced energy consumption, energy efficiency in homes, commerce, industry and public roads. At the end of its useful life the improper disposal of fluorescent lamps can contaminate the environment through soil, water and living things by the heavy metal mercury. The objective of this work is to build a business model for the region of Manaus, remanufacturing fluorescent lamps with proper disposal, which is economically viable strengthening environmental protection programs and enabling the return of the material to the productive sector. The methodology employed, it consists of data and information from companies that perform the treatment of LF, government in order to assist and give us a broad view of business, in order to have better understanding and minimize possible risks, limitations, advantages, disadvantages and feasibility of the proposed business model. To manage the fate of the burned lamps and essential to support the government and establish steps as collection points, packaging, transportation, care to avoid breaking and thereby ensuring that mercury and other components have the correct destination. The treatment process of fluorescent lamps prevents waste from these is the landfill and the components can be re-entered in the productive sector. Ensure that mercury and other components have the correct destination. The treatment process for fluorescent lamps prevents waste from these is the landfill and that components can be re-entered in the productive sector / As lâmpadas fluorescentes são usadas em larga escala no Brasil, segundo dados do governo, o país importa atualmente 330 milhões de unidades, contribuindo para redução do consumo de energia, ou seja eficiência energética nas residências, comércio, indústria e vias públicas. Ao final de sua vida útil o descarte inadequado das lâmpadas fluorescentes poderá contaminar o meio ambiente solo, água e os seres vivos por metal pesado mercúrio. O objetivo deste trabalho é construir um modelo de negócio, para a região de Manaus, de Remanufatura de Lâmpadas Fluorescentes, também propor destinação final adequada, que seja viável economicamente, fortalecendo os programas de proteção ambiental e possibilitando o retorno do material ao setor produtivo. A metodologia empregada, é constituída por dados e informações das empresas que realizam o tratamento das LF, do governo com o intuito de auxiliar e nos dar uma visão ampla do negócio, com o propósito de haver melhor entendimento e minimizar os possíveis riscos, limitações, as vantagens, desvantagens e a viabilidade do modelo de negócio proposto. Para gerenciar o destino das lâmpadas queimadas é essencial ter apoio do poder público e estabelecer etapas como: pontos de coleta, acondicionamento, transporte, cuidados para evitar a quebra e com isso garantir que o mercúrio e os outros componentes tenham a destinação correta. O processo de tratamento das lâmpadas fluorescentes evita que os resíduos provenientes destas, seja o aterro sanitário, e que os componentes possam ser inseridos novamente no setor produtivo

Orientador: Paulo Sergio Scarazzato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:21:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neves_GustavoDuarte_M.pdf: 5576485 bytes, checksum: 9dec07c5babe82849171924bb8f746c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A constante procura por eficiência em projetos de iluminação nas edificações tem envolvido os profissionais da construção civil, engenharias e arquitetura em buscar por informações confiáveis que melhor adéquem às inúmeras fontes de iluminação artificial disponíveis. Este estudo, de maneira cronológica, ilustra a evolução da iluminação nas edificações, considerando seus avanços em diferentes períodos da história. Também apresenta dados analíticos sobre a luz e como a fisiologia do olho humano percebe tais fatores. Devido a sua eficiência luminosa, as lâmpadas fluorescentes têm sido constantemente utilizadas em ambientes que necessitam de grande quantidade de fluxo luminoso e baixo consumo de energia elétrica. Desta forma, este estudo explica o princípio de funcionamento das lâmpadas de descarga de baixa pressão, tanto as fluorescentes tubulares quanto as lâmpadas de catodo frio. Embora pertencentes ao mesmo grupo de lâmpadas, há diferenças entre suas características técnicas - o que, por ventura, pode indicar maior ou menor eficiência em sua aplicação. Tais diferenças são fundamentais para que se possa descrevê-las e compará-las quanto a viabilidade econômica de sua aplicação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é apresentar o comparativo de dois tipos de lâmpadas de descarga de baixa pressão - as lâmpadas fluorescentes tubulares e as lâmpadas de catodo frio - quanto a sua eficiência e os benefícios da eventual substituição (retrofit), sem que seja prejudicada a qualidade da iluminação para a realização das tarefas pelos usuários das edificações. Com base nos comparativos técnico (das características peculiares destas lâmpadas) e financeiro (investimento, custos de operação e de manutenção dos sistemas de iluminação), foi possível calcular os índices econômicos como Payback, VPL (Valor Presente Líquido) e TIR (Taxa Interna de Retorno), e dessa forma, oferecer argumentos para tomada de decisão do investidor. E, devido ao seu maior tempo de vida útil e baixo consumo de energia elétrica, como resultado, verifica-se a viabilidade econômica para o catodo frio, com emissão do fluxo luminoso equivalente, indicando o retorno sobre o investimento inicial em 3,5 anos, com taxas de retorno de 34,30%, se considerado o período de vida útil da lâmpada / Abstract: The constant search for efficiency in lighting projects on buildings has involved professionals in the construction, engineering and architecture to look for reliable information that best suit the numerous artificial light sources available. This study, chronologically, illustrates the evolution of lighting in buildings, considering its advances in different periods of history. It also presents analytical data on the light and how the physiology of the human eye perceives these factors. Because of its luminous efficiency, fluorescent lamps have been constantly used in environments that require large amount of luminous flux and low power consumption. Thus, this study explains the operation's principle of low pressure discharge lamps, both as tubular fluorescent lamps and cold cathode. Although belonging to the same lamps' group, there are differences between its technical characteristics - which, perchance, may indicate a greater or lesser efficiency in your application. Such differences are fundamental so that you can describe and compare them as economic feasibility of its application. The objective of this study is to present a comparison of two types of low pressure discharge lamps - fluorescent lamps and cold cathode lamps - as its efficiency and benefits of possible replacement (retrofit), without hampering lighting quality for the building users' tasks. Based on technical (the peculiar characteristics of these lamps) and financial comparative (investment, operating costs and lighting systems maintenance), it was possible to calculate economic index as Payback, NPV (Net Present Value) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return), and thus, provide arguments for investor's decision making. And, due to their longer life span and low power consumption, as a result, there is economic feasibility for the cold cathode, with equivalent lumen emission, indicating the return on the initial investment in 3.5 years with rates of return of 34.30%, considered the lamp life span / Mestrado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Mestre em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

No description available.

Power system harmonics and interharmonics are power quality concerns that have received a great deal of attention in recent years. These phenomena can have several adverse effects on power system operation. The main harmonic and interharmonic sources are devices based on power electronics. An emerging class of harmonic sources is comprised of power electronic-based home appliances. These appliances are dispersed throughout the low-voltage distribution system, and their collective impact can result in unacceptable levels of voltage distortion. The characterization of home appliances based on their harmonic currents is an important step toward understanding the impact of these devices. This thesis presents an evaluation of the relative severity of the harmonic currents from these devices, and the impact of the disparity of the harmonic current phase angles. Typically, the voltage supplied to each harmonic source is already distorted. This distortion causes a change of the harmonic current magnitudes (traditionally referred to as the attenuation effect). Common harmonic analysis methods cannot take this variation into account because they use a typical harmonic current source model specified by a supply voltage having little or no distortion. This thesis characterizes the harmonic attenuation effect of power electronic-based appliances. One of the findings is that harmonic amplification, rather than attenuation, can occur under credible voltage conditions. This finding had not been made previously. In order to include the harmonic attenuation/amplification in appliance modeling, a measurement-based harmonic modeling technique is proposed. One of the most economic and effective ways to mitigate harmonics in power systems is through the use of harmonic shunt passive filters. These filters can be of many topologies. Selecting these topologies is a task that, today, depends on the experience and judgment of the filter designer. An investigation is carried out on the common filter topologies, and the most cost-effective topologies for mitigating harmonics are identified. As many of the larger harmonic loads also generate interharmonics, interharmonics have become prevalent in today’s medium-voltage distribution system. Mitigation cannot be carried out until the interharmonic-source location is known. A method for interharmonic source determination is proposed and then verified through simulation and field measurement studies.