A estratégia Saúde da Família tem sido priorizada em muitos municípios brasileiros. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer e descrever o significado do cuidado à família do doente mental, atribuído por trabalhadores do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF). Foi utilizado como método a etnografia focada. Tivemos como informantes-chave duas equipes do PSF e como informantes os demais trabalhadores naquela Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF). Os dados foram coletados por um período de quatro meses aproximadamente, contando como instrumentos a observação participante, o diário de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A pesquisadora permanecia na USF por aproximadamente três horas e meia, alternando entre os períodos da manhã e tarde. Durante a permanência na USF, a pesquisadora observava e anotava suas observações no diário de campo; ao final de cada visita, as anotações eram organizadas de forma a destacar os aspectos que deveriam ser validados. As entrevistas foram gravadas em fita K7 e transcritas pela pesquisadora no mesmo dia em que ocorriam. Posteriormente, foram agrupadas por questões, depois por temas e categorias e em seguida a dissertação sobre os temas. Os agentes comunitários de saúde passaram por um treinamento sobre doença mental e assistência à família no final da coleta de dados. Vários significados foram categorizados entre os temas: a família e o cuidar da família, e o cuidar da doença mental no PSF. Concluímos que a estratégia do PSF favorece uma outra forma de aproximação ao tema família. Na prática, foi possível reconhecer e confirmar através desta pesquisa: o sofrimento familiar; a instabilidade do quadro; as facilidades/dificuldades em relação à adesão ao tratamento, relacionando-as à crença na cura ou à crença na vida melhor, de forma a poder assistir à família do doente mental prescrevendo não criticar; persistir; mais visitas domiciliárias, oferecendo uma atenção maior e estabelecendo vínculo baseando-se na confiança, na sinceridade e na ética. / The Family Health strategy has received priority in many Brazilian communities. This study aimed to get to know and describe the meaning Family Health Program (FHP) workers attribute to care for the families of mental patients. A focused ethnography method was used. Key informants were two FHP teams, while the other workers at that Family Health Unit (FHU) served as informants. Data were collected during a four-month period, using participant observation, field diary and semi-structured interviews. The researcher remained at the FHU for approximately three hours and a half, alternating between mornings and afternoons. While at the FHU, the researcher made observations and wrote them down in the field diary; at the end of each visit, the notes were organized so as to highlight the aspects that had to be validated. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed by the researcher on the day they were held. Afterwards, they were grouped by questions and then by themes and categories, followed by the statement on the themes. At the end of the data collection stage, the community health agents went through training on mental health and family care. Various meanings were categorized among the themes: the family and its care, and the care for the mental illness in the FHP. We concluded that the FHP strategy favors another way of dealing with the family theme. This research allowed us to recognize and confirm: family suffering; the instability of the clinical picture; facilities/difficulties related to treatment adhesion, linking them up with the belief in cure or in a better life with a view to delivering care to the families of mental patients, prescribing no criticism, persistence and more home visits, offering greater attention and bonding on the basis of confidence, sincerity and ethics.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-29T14:55:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Paulo Rossatto.pdf: 1432439 bytes, checksum: 00cb253b82b90555ca8d5a475917397a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-29T14:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Paulo Rossatto.pdf: 1432439 bytes, checksum: 00cb253b82b90555ca8d5a475917397a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-31 / Nenhuma / A globalização crescente, combinada com avanços da tecnologia da informação e com novas formas de organização da produção e do trabalho, pode ser denominada como a “nova economia”. Assim, a busca por um posicionamento estratégico insere, no ambiente empresarial, um conjunto de complexidades do ponto de vista da formatação e implantação da estratégia de produção, fazendo com que as empresas tenham que decidir que vantagem competitiva necessita atingir. Empresas líderes em seus respectivos mercados necessitam construir estratégias de negócio e de produção que tenham capacidade de atender um ambiente competitivo, caracterizado pela fabricação de produtos cada vez mais personalizados, com os atributos desejados pelo mercado consumidor. Portanto, o sistema produtivo da Empresa foco deste trabalho caracteriza-se pela complexidade da gestão da produção, gerada pelas diversas linhas de produtos fabricados e pelas características mercadológicas das empresas atendidas por ela. A partir deste cenário, o trabalho propôs um método genérico, para a concepção da estratégia de produção, baseado no conceito de Fábrica Focalizada e que pode ser aplicado em empresas com características similares as da Empresa foco. Para fábricas menos complexas, focadas em um nicho particular de mercado, o conceito de Fábrica Focalizada poderá obter alto desempenho em comparação a uma planta convencional. No entanto, em fábricas mais complexas, que atendem diferentes nichos de mercado, que produzem diferentes produtos para outras empresas, percebe-se uma lacuna entre a estratégia de produção e a potencialidade de utilização do conceito de Fábrica Focalizada. Após a etapa de construção do método genérico, foi realizada a customização e a aplicação do método na Empresa foco, buscando avaliar a sua aplicabilidade em um ambiente empresarial. O método de pesquisa utilizado é o Design Researche a Empresa foco utilizada para a pesquisa e implantação do método proposto é integrante do setor moveleiro e está localizada na cidade de Bento Gonçalves (RS). Posteriormente, foi elaborada uma análise crítica da aplicação do caso, buscando avaliar o método proposto, a metodologia utilizada, os resultados obtidos com sua aplicação e oportunidades de melhoria visualizadas. Desta forma, a proposta desta pesquisa foi analisar de que forma a adoção do conceito de Fábrica Focalizada contribui para definição da estratégia de produção da Empresa foco que é caracterizada pela fabricação de diferentes linhas de produtos, para diferentes empresas em uma mesma unidade fabril. Além disso, a dissertação alerta para a necessidade de se aprofundar a análise acerca das questões associadas à estratégia de produção em empresas com sistemas de gestão de produção complexos. / Increasing globalization, combined with advances in information technology and new ways of organizing production and work, can be termed as the "new economy." Thus, the search for a strategic positioning inserts in the business environment a set of complexities in terms of formatting and layout of the production strategy, many companies have to decide what competitive advantages they need to achieve. Business leaders in their respective markets need to build business strategies and production that have the capacity to meet a competitive environment, characterized by the manufacture of increasingly personalized products, with the attributes desired by the consumer market. Therefore, the production system of the Company focus of this work is characterized by the complexity of the management of production, generated by various product lines manufactured by the characteristics of marketing of companies served by it. From this scenario, the paper proposed a generic method for designing the production strategy based on the concept of Focused Factory and can be applied to companies with similar characteristics to focus Company. For less complex factories, focused on a particular niche market, the concept of Focused Factory can get high performance compared to a conventional plant. However, for more complex factories which serve different market niches, which produce different products for other companies, there is a perceived gap between the manufacturing strategy and the potential use of the concept of Focused Factory. After the construction phase of the generic method, we performed the customization and implementation of the method in evaluating the Company seeking to focus its applicability in a business environment. The research method used is the Design Research and the Company in focus used for the search and implementation of the proposed method is part of the furniture sector and is located in the city of Bento Gonçalves (RS). Subsequently, we present a critical analysis of the application of the case, seeking to evaluate the proposed method, the methodology used, the results obtained with its implementation and improvement opportunities visualized. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine how the adoption of the concept of Focused Factory contributes to defining the strategy of the Company production focus that is characterized by the production of different product lines for different companies in the same plant. Furthermore, the thesis also highlights the need to deepen the analysis of issues relating to the production strategy in business management systems with complex production.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is physiologically essential for brain homeostasis. While it protects the brain from noxious agents, it prevents almost all currently available drugs from crossing to the parenchyma. This greatly hinders drug delivery for the treatment of neurological diseases and disorders such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s, as well as the development of drugs for the treatment of such diseases. Current drug delivery techniques to the brain are either invasive and target specific, or non-invasive with low special specificity. Neither group of techniques are optimal for long term treatment of patients with neurological diseases or disorders. Focused ultrasound coupled with intravenous administration of microbubbles (FUS) has been proven as an effective technique to selectively and noninvasively open the BBB in multiple in vivo models including non-human primates (NHP). Although this technique has promising potential for clinical outpatient procedures, as well as a powerful tool in the lab, the safety and potential neurological effects of this technique need to be further investigated. This thesis focuses on validating the safety and efficacy of using the FUS technique to open the BBB in NHP as well as the ability of the technique to facility drug delivery. First, a longitudinal study of repeatedly applying the FUS technique targeting the basal ganglia region in four NHP was conducted to determine any potential long-term adverse side effects over a duration of 4-20 months. The safety of the technique was evaluated using both MRI as well as behavioral testing. Results demonstrated that repeated application of the FUS technique to the basal ganglia in NHP did not generate permanent side effects, nor did it induce a permanent opening of the BBB in the targeted region. The second study investigated the potential of the FUS technique as a method to deliver drugs, such as a low dose of haloperidol, to the basal ganglia in NHP and mice to elicit pharmacodynamical effects on responses to behavioral tasks. After opening the BBB in the basal ganglia of mice and NHP, a low dose of haloperidol was successfully delivered generating significant changes in their baseline motor responses to behavioral tasks. Domperidone was also successfully delivered to the caudate of NHP after opening the BBB and induced transient hemilateral neglect. In the final section of this thesis, the safety and efficacy of the FUS technique was evaluated in fully alert NHP. The FUS technique was successful in generating BBB opening volumes larger on average to that of the BBB opening volumes in anesthetized experiments. Safety results through MRI verification as well as behavioral testing during application of the technique demonstrated that the FUS technique did not generate adverse neurological effects. Conversely, the FUS technique was found to induce slight positive effects on the response of the NHP to the behavioral task. Collectively, the work presented in this thesis demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of the FUS technique to open the BBB and deliver neuroactive drugs in the NHP.

Damage to articular cartilage, whether through degeneration (i.e. osteoarthritis) or acute injury, is particularly debilitating due to the tissue's limited regenerative capacity. These impairments are common: nearly 27 million Americans suffer from osteoarthritis and 36% of athletes suffer from traumatic cartilage defects. Allografts are the preferred treatment for large cartilage defects, but demand for these tissues outweighs their supply. To generate additional replacement tissues, tissue engineering strategies have been studied as a cell-based alternative therapy. Our laboratory has had great success repeatedly achieving native or near-native mechanical and biochemical properties in grafts engineered from chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogels. The most common iteration of this technique yields a disk of ~4 mm diameter and ~2.3 mm thickness. However, much work is still needed to increase the potential for clinical translation of this product. Our laboratory operates under the premise that in vivo success is predicated on replicating native graft properties in vitro. Compared to these engineered grafts, native grafts are larger in size. They consist of cartilage, which has properties varying in a depth-specific manner, anchored to a porous subchondral bone base. They are able to be stored between harvest and transplantation. This dissertation presents strategies to address a subset of the remaining challenges of reproducing these aspects in engineered grafts. First, graft macrostructure was addressed by incorporating a porous base to generate biomimetic osteochondral grafts. Previous studies have shown advantages to using porous metals as the bony base. Likewise, we confirmed that osteochondral constructs can be cultured to robust tissue properties using porous titanium bases. The titanium manufacturing method, selective laser melting, offers precise control, allowing for tailoring of base shape and pore geometry for optimal cartilage growth and osteointegration. In addition to viability studies, we investigated the influence of the porous base on the measured mechanical properties of the construct's gel region. Through measurements and correlation analysis, we linked a decrease in measured mechanical properties to pore area. We promote characterization of such parameters as an important consideration for the generation of functional grafts using any porous base. Next, we investigated a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) denaturation of gel-incorporated albumin as a strategy for inducing local tissue property changes in constructs during in vitro growth. HIFU is a low cost, non-contact, non-invasive ultrasound modality that is used clinically and in the laboratory for such applications as ablation of uterine fibroids and soft tissue tumors. Denaturing such proteins has been shown to increase local stiffness. We displayed the ability incorporate albumin into tissue engineering relevant hydrogels, alter transport properties, and visualize treatment with its denaturation. HIFU treatment is aided by the porous metal base, allowing for augmented heating. Though heating cartilage is used in the clinic, it is associated with cell death. We investigated this effect, finding that the associated loss of viability remains localized to the treatment zone over time. This promotes the option of balancing desired changes in tissue properties against the concomitant cell viability loss. In order to match clinically utilized allografts, engineered constructs must be scaled up in size. This process is limited by diffusional transport of nutrients and other chemical factors, leading to preferential extracellular matrix deposition in the construct periphery. Many methods are being investigated for overcoming this limitation in fixed-size constructs. In this chapter, we investigated a novel strategy in which small constructs are cultured for future assembly. This modular assembly offers coverage of variable sized defects with more consistent growth with more uniform distribution of biochemical constituents than large constructs cultured on their own. Physiologic failure testing showed that integration of these tissues may be strengthened by increased subunit strength or assembled culture. It is expected that bioadhesive caulking and/or the incorporation of osteochondral bases would further increase integration of the assembled large graft. Finally, we sought to provide a preservation/storage protocol for engineered cartilage constructs. Such a technique is critical for clinical translation, providing the engineered graft with a “shelf-life.” We adopted and evaluated the Missouri Osteochondral Allograft Preservation System (MOPS), which had been shown to maintain cell viability in native grafts for at least 63 days at room temperature without serum or growth factors. Within the current clinical of 28 days, MOPS maintained chondrocyte viability and 75% of the pre-preservation Young's modulus without significant decline in biochemical content, however it did not extend the clinical window as it had with native grafts. Refrigeration with MOPS did not show any benefit at day 28, but proved better with longer preservation times. These results are the first evaluating engineered cartilage storage. Further optimization is necessary to extend storage tissue property maintenance in storage. Overall, this dissertation presents four strategies for increasing the translation potential of engineered articular cartilage grafts by better matching the clinically utilized native allograft system. Combining these techniques, one could ideally engineer small, interlocking ostechondral constructs with HIFU modified interface properties, which could be stored from maturity to implantation. Future optimization is required to better understand and utilize these methods to engineer fully functional, clinically relevant grafts.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women. About 1 in 8 U.S. women (about 12%) will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of their lifetime. Existing methods of early detection of breast cancer include mammography and palpation, either by patient self-examination or clinical breast exam. Palpation is the manual detection of differences in tissue stiffness between breast tumors and normal breast tissue. The success of palpation relies on the fact that the stiffness of breast tumors is often an order of magnitude greater than that of normal breast tissue, i.e., breast lesions feel ''hard'' or ''lumpy'' as compared to normal breast tissue. A mammogram is an x-ray that allows a qualified specialist to examine the breast tissue for any suspicious areas. Mammography is less likely to reveal breast tumors in women younger than 50 years with denser breast than in older women. When a suspicious site is detected in the breast through a breast self-exam or on a screening mammogram, the doctor may request an ultrasound of the breast tissue. A breast ultrasound can provide evidence about whether the lump is a solid mass, a cyst filled with fluid, or a combination of the two. An invasive needle biopsy is the only diagnostic procedure that can definitely determine if the suspicious area is cancerous. In the clinic, 80% of women who have a breast biopsy do not have breast cancer. Most women with breast cancer diagnosed will have some type of surgery to remove the tumor. Depending on the type of breast cancer and how advanced it is, the patient might need other types of treatment as well, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Image-guided minimally-invasive treatment of localized breast tumor as an alternative to traditional breast surgery, such as high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment, has become a subject of intensive research. HIFU applies extreme high temperatures to induce irreversible cell injury, tumor apoptosis and coagulative necrosis. Compared with conventional surgical procedures the main advantages of HIFU ablation lie in the fact that it is non-invasive, less scarring and less painful, allowing for shorter recovery time. HIFU can be guided by MRI (MRgFUS) or by conventional diagnostic ultrasound (USgFUS). Worldwide, thousands of patients with uterine fibroids, liver cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone tumors, and renal cancer have been treated by USgFUS. In this dissertation, the objective is to develop an integrated Harmonic Motion Imaging guided Focused Ultrasound (HMIgFUS) system as a clinical monitoring technique for breast HIFU with the added capability of detecting tumors for treatment planning, evaluation of tissue stiffness changes during HIFU ablation for treatment monitoring in real time, and assessment of thermal lesion sizes after treatment evaluation. A new HIFU treatment planning method was described that used oscillatory radiation force induced displacement amplitude variations to detect the HIFU focal spot before lesioning. Using this method, we were able to visualize the HMIgFUS focal region at variable depths. By comparing the estimated displacement profiles with lesion locations in pathology, we demonstrated the feasibility of using this HMI-based technique to localize the HIFU focal spot and predict lesion location during the planning phase. For HIFU monitoring, a HIFU lesion detection and ablation monitoring method was first developed using oscillatory radiation force induced displacement amplitude variations in real time. Using this method, the HMIgFUS focal region and lesion formation were visualized in real time at a feedback rate of 2.4 Hz. By comparing the estimated lesion size against gross pathology, the feasibility of using HMIgFUS to monitor treatment and lesion formation without interruption is demonstrated. In order to reduce the imaging time, it is shown in this dissertation that using the steered FUS beam, HMI can be used to image a 2.3 times larger ROI without requiring physical movement of the transducer. Using steering for HMI can be used to shorten the total imaging duration without requiring physical movement of the transducer. For the application of breast tumor, HMI and HMIgFUS were optimized and applied to ex vivo breast tissue. The results showed that HMI is experimentally capable of mapping and differentiating stiffness in normal and abnormal breast tissues. HMIgFUS can also successfully generate thermal lesions on normal and pathological breast tissues. HMI has also been applied to post-surgical breast mastectomy specimens to mimic the in vivo environment. In the end, the first HMI clinical system has been built with added capability of GUP-based parallel beamforming. A clinical trial has been approved at Columbia University to image breast tumor on patient. The HMI clinical system has shown to be able to map fibroadenoma mass on two patients with valid HMI displacement. The study in this dissertation may yield an early-detection technique for breast cancer without any age discrimination and thus, increase the survival rate.

This thesis is concerned with the use of the open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package, OpenFOAM® for predicting and analysing the behaviour of a near-shore oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC), when subject to various types of ocean wave conditions in a numerical wave tank (NWT). OpenFOAM® which utilises a Finite Volume Method (FVM) is used to solve the incompressible, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for a two-phase fluid, based on a Volume of Fluid (VOF) phase-fraction approach to capture the interface between the air and water phases. Preliminary studies on classic wave-structure interaction benchmark cases, involving a fixed and a vertically oscillating semi-immersed horizontal cylinder are carried out. The gradual transition of the linear to non-linear behaviour of the horizontal and vertical forces induced on a fixed cylinder when subject to various regular waves, and the amplitude ratios of the surface waves elevations generated by the prescribed oscillatory motion of the cylinder, are shown to provide good overall agreement within the limitations of the relevant theory and the experimental data in the literature. The OWSC is modelled with the inclusion of a Power Take-Off (PTO) system, using a linear damping restraint, and simulated in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) setups. The 2D and 3D numerical results, such as the surface wave elevations, flap angular velocity, PTO torque and flap angular displacement, compare well with one another and with the experimental data for operational regular head-on and oblique wave conditions. Small discrepancies between numerical results and experimental data are likely to be caused by non-linear behaviour of the PTO system. Pressure distributions on the flap surfaces and forces induced on the flap and hinge of the OWSC for various wave conditions are also presented. The effects between 2D and 3D wave-structure interactions become more significant when subject to large waves that break during impact. Comparison between the full scale and 1:24 scale numerical results of the OWSC shows no significant evidence of viscous and scaling effects. The validated 2D OWSC model is also subject to embedded focused waves, to predict the worse possible scenario of wave loading in extreme wave conditions. The delay of the focus event breaking is shown to affect the slamming behaviour for the larger focus event wave heights. Incorporation of a focused wave at different phase positions within a background of regular waves reveals that the focus event wave height has little effect on the peak tangential force on the flap during the slamming event, when a PTO cut-off mechanism is implemented to prevent excessive torque surges. In contrast, the peak radial force on the flap and the maximum resultant force on the hinge appear to respond more sensitively to the focus event wave height. It has been demonstrated that OpenFOAM® is able to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex hydrodynamic analysis and prediction of highly non-linear wave-structure interactions for an OWSC, which give useful guidance and confidence to WEC developers on the design considerations relevant to the OWSC systems.

Background: Each year approximately 700 children are affected by type 1 diabetes in Sweden. This chronic disease has an impact on the whole family but especially the parents who have the responsibility as a caregiver. Parents are therefore in need of support from friends and family as well as help from the nurse to deal with the situation. The nurse can provide support with a family focused care and will therefore include the whole family and use their strengths and resources. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe parents' experience of living with a child with type 1 diabetes. Method: The method used was a literature study with the aim to contribute to evidence based care with an analysis based on qualitative research. Ten scientific articles were analyzed. Three themes and seven subthemes emerged. Results: Three main themes and seven subthemes emerged during the analysis that responded to parents' experience living with a child with type 1 diabetes. The main themes were the stress that parents are exposed to, need of help and the unique community. Conclusion: Parents experienced a change in everyday life for the whole family. Therefore, the nurse needs to be responsive and adapt the nursing care to the parents, so they can support the child in a better way. / Studien beskriver föräldrars upplevelser av att leva med ett barn med typ 1 diabetes. Typ 1 diabetes är den mest förekommande autoimmuna sjukdomen hos barn i hela världen. Sjukdomen innebär att kroppen har slutat producera hormonet insulin, vilket medför en förhöjd blodsockernivå som kan leda till komplikationer. Studiens resultat baseras på tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Dessa söktes fram via två databaser. Genom analys och sammanställning av artiklarna framkom en beskrivning av föräldrarnas upplevelser. Detta redovisas som teman och subteman i resultatet. I resultatet beskrivs föräldrarnas omställning från att leva med ett friskt barn till att leva med ett barn med kronisk sjukdom och vilka känslor som uppstår vid bearbetningen samt det förändrade föräldraansvaret. Resultatet beskriver också de förhållanden som underlättar föräldrarnas bearbetning. Resultatet lyfter även fram de krav och förväntningar som föräldrarna har på vårdpersonal och personer i omgivningen samt den saknade förståelsen från människor runt föräldrarna.  Typ 1 diabetes påverkar barnens rätt att vara som andra och relationen med andra barn. Även relationen mellan barnet och föräldrarna påverkas. Sjukdomen drabbar inte bara barnet utan hela familjen. Sjuksköterskan är ansvarig för att ge familjen en god familjefokuserad vård och för att ge individanpassat stöd till föräldrarna i den förändrade livssituationen. Denna studie kan ge sjuksköterskor mer kännedom om vilka omvårdnadsbehov som föräldrarna har.

The environment is taking a larger part of the debate resulting in the creation of UN declarations, domestic and regional laws, public pressure on companies and politicians to take responsibility, and a greater awareness on our increasingly exploited planet. However, the people who are affected the most, poor and often indigenous people, find themselves in an increasingly dangerous position when they try to defend the planet. Previous research lack understanding on which features that facilitates deadly violence against environmentalists. In contemporary time, three environmentalists per week die when they try to defend the planet from environmental harm, making it more than twice as dangerous as being a journalist. This thesis tries to answer - what explains deadly violence against environmentalists in developing countries by using the method of structured focused comparison (SFC). Honduras is the deadliest country per capita for environmentalists and they will be compared with El Salvador, which does not experience a high degree of deadly violence against environmentalists. The attributes tested are chosen in accordance with the analytical framework of Limited Access Orders (LAO). LAOs are controlled by elites who create rents to maintain their power, hence decreasing elites power by enforcing open access orders (OAO) in LAO can result in increased violence. Honduras and El Salvador’s differences suggest that environmentalists have been subjected to enhanced dangerous circumstances in Honduras than environmentalists in El Salvador and historical conditions have resulted in the protection of the environment in El Salvador by the wider social movement. Earlier research in Honduras has pointed at the importance to decrease corruption in order to decrease violence against environmentalists. However, the theory of LAO suggests that attempts to abolish corruption, increase access, institute democracy or increase rule of law surge violence. In order to limit deadly violence against environmentalists, this study suggests that Honduras focus should be at: prevent expropriation, limit international corporations access on natural resources, attain consent from the local communities before starting projects, require corporations and organizations to publish public environmental assessment reports before projects starts that can degrade the environment and increase focus on the manufacturing sector instead of extraction of natural resources.

O treinamento de sistemas de Tradução de Máquina baseada em Estatística (TME) é bastante dependente da disponibilidade de corpora paralelos. Entretanto, este tipo de recurso costuma ser difícil de ser encontrado, especialmente quando lida com idiomas com poucos recursos ou com tópicos muito específicos, como, por exemplo, dermatologia. Para contornar esta situação, uma possibilidade é utilizar corpora comparáveis, que são recursos muito mais abundantes. Um modo de adquirir corpora comparáveis é a aplicação de algoritmos de Coleta Focada (CF). Neste trabalho, são propostas novas abordagens para CF, algumas baseadas em n-gramas e outras no poder expressivo das expressões multipalavra. Também são avaliadas a viabilidade do uso de CF para realização de adaptação de domínio para sistemas genéricos de TME e se há alguma correlação entre a qualidade dos algoritmos de CF e dos sistemas de TME que podem ser construídos a partir dos respectivos dados coletados. Os resultados indicam que algoritmos de CF podem ser bons meios para adquirir corpora comparáveis para realizar adaptação de domínio para TME e que há uma correlação entre a qualidade dos dois processos. / Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) is highly dependent on the availability of parallel corpora for training. However, these kinds of resource may be hard to be found, especially when dealing with under-resourced languages or very specific domains, like the dermatology. For working this situation around, one possibility is the use of comparable corpora, which are much more abundant resources. One way of acquiring comparable corpora is to apply Focused Crawling (FC) algorithms. In this work we propose novel approach for FC algorithms, some based on n-grams and other on the expressive power of multiword expressions. We also assess the viability of using FC for performing domain adaptations for generic SMT systems and whether there is a correlation between the quality of the FC algorithms and of the SMT systems that can be built with its collected data. Results indicate that the use of FCs is, indeed, a good way for acquiring comparable corpora for SMT domain adaptation and that there is a correlation between the qualities of both processes.

This pilot study examined the effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT) compared to Treatment As Usual (TAU) in improving cortisol functioning among distressed couples. It also investigated the role of gender in cortisol functioning. Measures for cortisol were collected at five time points, both at pre- and posttreatment. Data were collected from a total of 60 couples, 20 of which received EFT and 40 of which received TAU. Overall, results from a two-way analysis of variance suggest that there are no significant differences between men or women, nor among couples in EFT and TAU, in posttreatment cortisol functioning. Directions for future research are discussed.