<p>This paper evaluates some arguments made against the conceptions of right action within virtue ethics. I argue that the different accounts of right action can meet the objections raised against them. Michael Slote‘s agent-based and Rosalind Hursthouses agent-focused account of right action give different judgments of right action but there seems to be a lack of real disagreement between the two accounts. I also argue that the concept of right action often has two important parts, relating to action guidance and moral appraisal, respectively, and that virtue ethics can deal with both without a concept of right action.</p>

<p>Bakgrund:Att få sitt barn inlagt på sjukhus är en stor förändring för föräldrar. Detta kan leda till många olika känslomässiga upplevelser som kan skapa en obalans i familjen. För vårdpersonal är det viktigt att ha kunskap om detta så att familjen kan få en god omvårdnad och en bra upplevelse av sjukhusvistelsen med sitt barn. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva föräldrars erfarenheter och upplevelser av omvårdnad i samband med sjukhusvistelser med sitt barn. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en allmän litteraturstudie genom systematisk granskning och sammanställning av vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fyra fynd framkom i studiens resultat. Dessa var: tidigare erfarenheter av sjukhusvård, brist på kommunikation och känslomässigt stöd, upplevelser av trygghet och delaktighet samt upplevelser av otrygghet och att inte bli lyssnad på. Slutsats: För att få en bättre dialog och öka kunskapen om föräldrarnas tidigare upplevelser och erfarenheter kan sjuksköterskan använda sig av familjefokuserad omvårdnad.</p> / <p>Background: When a child is admitted to the hospital it is a big change for the parents. This can cause different emotional reactions and create an imbalance in the family. It is important for the healthcare staff to be aware of this, so that they can give the family a good nursing care and at the same time a good experience of the hospitalization. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe parents´ experiences of the child’s care during hospitalization. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review through a systematic compilation of scientific articles. Results: Four findings were revealed in the studies result. They were: earlier experiences of hospitalization, lack in communication and emotional support, experience of feeling security and participation, experience of insecurity and not being lessened to. Conclusion: To get a better dialog with the parents and to get more knowledge about their experiences of hospitalization the nurse can use family focused nursing.</p>

<p> </p><p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur stor del av ett dagarbetspass som sjuksköterskor på en medicinavdelning ägnar sig åt omvårdnad i relation till andra arbetsuppgifter samt sjuksköterskans uppfattning om den tid denne lägger ner på olika arbetsuppgifter. Metod som använts var observation av nio sjuksköterskor med avseende på tidsåtgång för sex fördefinierade arbetsuppgifter; administration, omvårdnad, läkemedelshantering, ansvarsområden, rond och rapport. Enkäter delades även ut till sjuksköterskorna på avdelningen gällande självskattning av tidsåtgång för arbetsuppgifterna samt instämmande till påståenden angående deras uppfattning om tiden räckte för de olika arbetsuppgifterna. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskorna lägger ned mest tid på administration följt av omvårdnad, rond, läkemedelshantering, rapport och sist ansvarsområden. Omvårdnad utgjorde 21 % av den sammanlagda arbetstiden och de uppgav att de för närvarande inte har tillräckligt med tid för denna arbetsuppgift.</p><p> </p> / <p>The aim of the study was to examine how much time nurses at a medical ward spend on nursing care in relation to other work assignments during a daytime shift and the nurses' own view on the time they spend on the different work assignments. Nine nurses were observed regarding time requirement for six predefined work assignments; administration, care, medication, areas of responsibility, round and report. Questionnaires were also distributed to the nurses at the medical ward concerning self-assessment of time requirement for the work assignments and their opinions if they had enough time for the different tasks. The result showed that the nurses spent most time on administration, followed by care, round, medication, report and areas of responsibility. Nursing care represented 21 % of the total working time for the nurses and the nurses reported that they do not have enough time for it.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur stor del av ett dagarbetspass som sjuksköterskor på en medicinavdelning ägnar sig åt omvårdnad i relation till andra arbetsuppgifter samt sjuksköterskans uppfattning om den tid denne lägger ner på olika arbetsuppgifter. Metod som använts var observation av nio sjuksköterskor med avseende på tidsåtgång för sex fördefinierade arbetsuppgifter; administration, omvårdnad, läkemedelshantering, ansvarsområden, rond och rapport. Enkäter delades även ut till sjuksköterskorna på avdelningen gällande självskattning av tidsåtgång för arbetsuppgifterna samt instämmande till påståenden angående deras uppfattning om tiden räckte för de olika arbetsuppgifterna. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskorna lägger ned mest tid på administration följt av omvårdnad, rond, läkemedelshantering, rapport och sist ansvarsområden. Omvårdnad utgjorde 21 % av den sammanlagda arbetstiden och de uppgav att de för närvarande inte har tillräckligt med tid för denna arbetsuppgift. / The aim of the study was to examine how much time nurses at a medical ward spend on nursing care in relation to other work assignments during a daytime shift and the nurses' own view on the time they spend on the different work assignments. Nine nurses were observed regarding time requirement for six predefined work assignments; administration, care, medication, areas of responsibility, round and report. Questionnaires were also distributed to the nurses at the medical ward concerning self-assessment of time requirement for the work assignments and their opinions if they had enough time for the different tasks. The result showed that the nurses spent most time on administration, followed by care, round, medication, report and areas of responsibility. Nursing care represented 21 % of the total working time for the nurses and the nurses reported that they do not have enough time for it.

Bakgrund:Att få sitt barn inlagt på sjukhus är en stor förändring för föräldrar. Detta kan leda till många olika känslomässiga upplevelser som kan skapa en obalans i familjen. För vårdpersonal är det viktigt att ha kunskap om detta så att familjen kan få en god omvårdnad och en bra upplevelse av sjukhusvistelsen med sitt barn. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva föräldrars erfarenheter och upplevelser av omvårdnad i samband med sjukhusvistelser med sitt barn. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en allmän litteraturstudie genom systematisk granskning och sammanställning av vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fyra fynd framkom i studiens resultat. Dessa var: tidigare erfarenheter av sjukhusvård, brist på kommunikation och känslomässigt stöd, upplevelser av trygghet och delaktighet samt upplevelser av otrygghet och att inte bli lyssnad på. Slutsats: För att få en bättre dialog och öka kunskapen om föräldrarnas tidigare upplevelser och erfarenheter kan sjuksköterskan använda sig av familjefokuserad omvårdnad. / Background: When a child is admitted to the hospital it is a big change for the parents. This can cause different emotional reactions and create an imbalance in the family. It is important for the healthcare staff to be aware of this, so that they can give the family a good nursing care and at the same time a good experience of the hospitalization. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe parents´ experiences of the child’s care during hospitalization. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review through a systematic compilation of scientific articles. Results: Four findings were revealed in the studies result. They were: earlier experiences of hospitalization, lack in communication and emotional support, experience of feeling security and participation, experience of insecurity and not being lessened to. Conclusion: To get a better dialog with the parents and to get more knowledge about their experiences of hospitalization the nurse can use family focused nursing.

Årligen beräknas upp till 30.000 personer primärinsjukna i stroke.  I samband med en allt äldre population samt ökad förekomst av ohälsa drabbas landets befolkning i allt större omfattning av sjukdom. Riskfaktorer för stroke ses både hos den yngre och äldre generationen vilket tenderar till att fler drabbas av stroke. Detta i sin tur påverkar familjekonstellationer och närståendekretsar i större omfattning än tidigare. Strokeinsjuknandet ger funktionsnedsättningar som även påverkar närståendes vardag och livsvärld. Syftet med studien var att belysa närståendes upplevelser av vardagen när en familjemedlem drabbats av stroke. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där tolv artiklar bildade resultatet. I resultatet framkom det att stroke sågs som ett trauma och upplevdes som ett existentiellt kaos. Insjuknandet sågs ha många negativa effekter på familjens funktion på grund av bland annat oönskade roller och orättvisa förväntningar. Stora påfrestningar inom relationerna framkallade känslor av främlingskap. Familjefokuserad omvårdnad kan tänkas vara ett vetenskapligt redskap att fånga upp hela familjens och närståendes hälsa och lindra onödigt lidande. Vidare forskning kring informering samt långsiktig psykologisk uppföljning skulle kunna hjälpa familjen bearbeta traumat. / Up to 30,000 people annually suffers primary stroke. Due to an older population and enlarged incidence of illness, sickness are increasingly tending to affect family and close relatives. Stroke incidence generally results in impairments which also may affect relatives’ everyday life and lived world. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the experiences of close relatives of everyday life by the time a family member suffered stroke. The study was conducted as a literature review in which twelve articles formed the result. The result showed that stroke incidence was seen as a trauma and chaos of existential meaning. The incidence was seen to have many negative effects on family functioning such as unwanted roles and unfair expectations. High stress in relationships evoked feelings of alienation. Family focused nursing might be a tool of scientific support to capture the whole family and kindred health and alleviate unnecessary suffering. Further research on information sharing and long-term psychological follow-up could help family to process the trauma.

The role of emotion with regard to human functioning and human well-being has been a topic of much consideration and debate throughout the ages. In both secular and Christian fields of study (e.g. philosophy, theology, biology, psychology, and psychotherapy) people have examined emotional experience from different vantage points. Since the second half of the 20th century renewed interest in the importance of affect in human life is especially notable in disciplines such as neuroscience, psychology, and psychotherapy. This is reflected, for example, in the development of a secular psychotherapeutic model that understands experiential engagement to be a crucial key to psychological change, namely Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT). There is no distinctive Christian counseling model that has as its main paradigm emotion experience. Yet, several Christian models exists in which experiencing emotions is considered to be important in the process of change. The thesis of this work is that the theologically and psychologically sophisticated Christian emotion-focused model of therapy suggested in this dissertation will correct and enhance existent Christian and secular emotion-focused models. Chapter 1 covers the thesis of the dissertation, reasons why the dissertation makes a helpful contribution to the field, background information, methodology, and delimitations. Chapter 2 presents theological reflections on the topic of emotion, especially as it pertains to topics such as the nature of emotions, emotional health and disorder, and emotional healing. Chapter 3 consists of an examination of secular Emotion-Focused Therapy. This chapter will discuss this model and assess what aspects can or cannot be used by a Christian Emotion-Focused approach. In chapter 4 three contemporary Christian models that use emotion experience in their counseling approach are described and evaluated. These are Theophostic Prayer Ministry developed by Smith, Inner Healing Prayer as defined by Tan, and the Elijah House model of the Sandfords. The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the field of Christian psychology by proposing the necessary elements of a comprehensive Christian Emotion-Focused model that is a corrective to existent models. Based on the research of the previous chapters, a preliminary outline of such a model is presented in chapter 5.

This study examined the knowledge relevant to reducing crime affecting urban Aboriginal people through a risk-focused approach to prevention and a growing body of knowledge about how it gets implemented. It then examined this knowledge in a case study of its application in Winnipeg. Interviews were undertaken using a structured questionnaire with program stakeholders and policy planners involved in crime prevention initiatives, programming and policy in Winnipeg. Approximately half of the stakeholders were involved primarily with Aboriginal people and the other half were involved with programs that included both Aboriginal people and non-Aboriginal people. The interviews took place from September to November 2009. The interviews show that many stakeholders agree with the risk-focused prevention literature on risk factors and that there are prevention programs operating in Winnipeg serving at-risk Aboriginal people. Therefore, there exists the possibility of reducing crime given that they are tackling risk factors in a way which is consistent with crime prevention research. However, when the interviews turned to issues of implementation, it showed: • There is no responsibility centre to mobilize different sectors to tackle crime • Many programs are not implemented comprehensively • There is a lack of localized coordinated action (including support from the police chief and public engagement) • There is a lack of political leadership • There is no city-wide strategic plan, and • Programs are in constant competition for funding in order to continue operations. If we are to reduce the disproportionate rates of victimization and offending affecting urban Aboriginal peoples, we need to find more effective ways to implement the strategies that are proven to tackle risk factors. There must be support from the mayor and police chief, training and capacity development, and public engagement which fosters strong use of proven strategies. A responsibility centre with Aboriginal representation must be created. Funding must be expanded to support the community based organizations that are tackling established risk factors. Finally, sustained and adequate funding must be provided to these programs and the responsibility centre.

Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT; Johnson, 2004) addresses relationship distress by facilitating the development of new patterns of interaction between partners. These new patterns of interaction are based on partners' vulnerable acknowledgement and expression of attachment needs. Partners' engagement in these new patterns of interaction is thought to improve their relationship-specific attachment bond. Although previous studies have shown EFT to result in excellent relationship satisfaction outcomes (Johnson, Hunsley, Greenberg & Schindler, 1999), research had yet clearly to demonstrate if and how EFT facilitates increases in partners' relationship-specific models attachment security over the course of therapy. To address this research gap, the current study employed Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM; Singer & Willet, 2003) to investigate the pattern of change in couples' (n=32) self-reported relationship satisfaction and relationship-specific attachment over the course of EFT. Couples reported significant linear increases in their relationship satisfaction and significant linear decreases in their relationship-specific attachment avoidance over the course of therapy. Couples who completed the blamer-softening therapeutic change event (n=16) demonstrated significant linear decreases in their relationship-specific attachment anxiety after completing this event. Decreases in relationship-specific attachment anxiety predicted increases in couples' relationship satisfaction over the course of therapy. Couples also demonstrated significant increases in the security of their pre-post-therapy relationship-specific attachment behaviour, as coded Secure Base Scoring System (Crowell, Treboux, Gao, Fyffe, Pan & Waters, 2002). The current study also used HLM (Singer & Willet, 2003) to examine how the completion of blamer-softening impacted softened couples' relationship-specific attachment anxiety, and whether the completion of blamer-softening had a similar impact on softened couples' relationship-specific attachment avoidance and relationship satisfaction. Softened couples reported an immediate increase in relationship satisfaction and immediate decrease relationship-specific attachment avoidance at the softening session. Further, softened couples' post-softening decreases in relationship-specific attachment anxiety were initially preceded by an increase at the softening session. These results provided an understanding of how EFT leads to increases in couples' relationship-specific attachment security. These results provide support for the use of attachment theory in the treatment of relationship distress, and also provide an illustration of how attachment can shift over the course of a therapeutic intervention.

Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT; Johnson, 2004) is an empirically validated approach to couple therapy that uses attachment theory to understand the needs and emotions of romantic partners. In EFT, relationship distress is conceptualized as resulting from negative affect, emotional disconnection, and unmet attachment needs. Although EFT is recognized as one of the most researched and effective approaches to couple therapy, little research has examined theoretically related characteristics of couples to changes in marital satisfaction throughout EFT. The present doctoral thesis examined this area of literature. Thirty-two couples were provided approximately 21 sessions of EFT. The goal of the first study was to identify intake characteristics related to change in marital satisfaction over the course of EFT. Couples completed self-report measures of marital satisfaction, attachment security, relationship trust, and emotional control at pre- and post-therapy and after each therapy session. Individuals higher on self-report attachment anxiety and higher levels of emotional control had greater change in marital satisfaction over the course of EFT. The goal of the second study was to examine intake levels of attachment security and its relationship to the occurrence of the blamer-softening event, a key change event in EFT, and changes in marital satisfaction. Results indicated that the occurrence of a blamer-softening event significantly predicted positive changes in marital satisfaction. Results also suggested that the occurrence of a softening event significantly moderated the relationship between attachment avoidance at intake and change in marital satisfaction from pre- to post-therapy. For couples who completed a blamer-softening event, partners with lower levels of attachment avoidance were more likely to have positive changes in marital satisfaction. However, this relationship was not evident for attachment anxiety. Overall, results from this thesis suggest that attachment security is a key characteristic of couple partners for therapists to consider when implementing EFT. Therapists may benefit from assessing attachment security at the start of therapy to help inform them of the emotion regulating strategies used by couple partners. This information may help therapists to tailor specific interventions such that couples may begin to develop more secure attachment bonds.