Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied to leaves of maize plants growing in growth chambers on nutrient solutions containing three different concentrations of ammonium nitrate. Dry weights, and the soluble protein contents of leaves, sterns and roots we remeasured. Both urea and ammonium nitrate did increase the dry weights of leaves and stems when ammonium nitrate was used in the nutrient solutions (0.5 and 2.5 mM/ liter). When nitrogen was not used in the nutrient solutions, no increments of dry weight occurred. The protein contents of leaves were increased for plants in the same nutrient solutions that produced increases in the dry weights, except that urea did not increase protein contents of stems. The dry weights of roots were increased by foliar applied urea when ammonium nitrate was used in the nutrient solutions but not when the nutrient solutions were without nitrogen. Ammonium nitrate applied to the foliage did not increase the dry weights of roots. The protein contents of roots were not increased by urea or ammonium nitrate applied to the leaves. The increments in the dry weights and protein contents given by foliar applied urea were superior to those of foliar applied ammonium nitrate, with the exception of the protein content of stems.

Submitted by Jaine Aparecida de Camargo Dias Dias (inecamargo_agr@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-11T19:52:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jaine - Tese corrigida 03-04-2017prontoooo.pdf: 1143866 bytes, checksum: 9fa67396aff6d567d35e24c7086142ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T19:31:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_jac_dr_ilha.pdf: 1143866 bytes, checksum: 9fa67396aff6d567d35e24c7086142ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T19:31:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_jac_dr_ilha.pdf: 1143866 bytes, checksum: 9fa67396aff6d567d35e24c7086142ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / A utilização de sementes ricas em molibdênio se constitui numa técnica promissora para sanar as deficiências desse micronutriente, o qual é importante para a fixação biológica do nitrogênio e metabolismo vegetal. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade das plantas, o teor de molibdênio e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes em resposta às fontes, doses e épocas de aplicação foliar de molibdênio, bem como, o grau de nodulação das plantas originadas de sementes enriquecidas com molibdênio. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira, situada no município de Selvíria - MS, no período de outono e inverno de 2015 e de 2016. O delineamento experimental utilizado nessa fase foi em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos distribuídos no arranjo fatorial 2 x 5 x 2 (duas fontes de molibdênio (molibdato de amônio com 81% de Mo e produto Geoclean com 15 % de Mo), cinco doses de Mo (0, 300, 600, 900 e 1.500 g ha-1) e duas épocas de aplicação (V4.6 e R1)), totalizando 20 tratamentos com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas o número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade de grãos. Posteriormente, foram avaliados a qualidade fisiológica (germinação e vigor) e nutricional (teor de proteínas e molibdênio) das sementes colhidas, assim como, o potencial de formação de nódulos das plantas originadas por sementes, enriquecidas por molibdênio na fase de campo. Para averiguar a qualidade fisiológica, o delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os mesmos 20 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Ainda, foram avaliados o teor de molibdênio nas sementes, qualidade nutricional e teores de macronutrientes. Na investigação do potencial de nodulação, o experimento foi conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os 20 tratamentos, com as sementes obtidas da fase de campo, sendo inoculadas e semeadas em caixas plásticas contendo composto orgânico, semeando-se 20 sementes por caixa. Concluiu-se que as doses crescentes de molibdênio proporcionaram o enriquecimento do nutriente nas sementes de ervilha. A aplicação de molibdênio em ervilha deve ser efetuada no estádio R1. O produto Geoclean proporcionou maior acúmulo do nutriente, assim como, interferiu de forma positiva para a maioria dos atributos referentes à qualidade fisiológica das sementes de ervilha. A aplicação de molibdênio não promoveu aumento na produtividade de sementes de ervilha. O uso de sementes enriquecidas com Mo não favoreceu o processo de nodulação da ervilha. / The use of molybdenum-rich seeds constitutes a promising technique to remedy the deficiencies of this micronutrient, which is important for biological nitrogen fixation and plant metabolism. The objective of this work was to evaluate the plant productivity, molybdenum content and physiological quality of seeds in response to molybdenum foliar application, doses and times, as well as the degree of nodulation of the plants originated from seeds enriched with molybdenum. For that, an experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira, located in the country de Selvíria, MS, during the autumn and winter of 2015 and 2016. The experimental design used in this phase was randomized blocks with treatments distributed in the factorial arrangement 2 x 5 x 2 (two sources of molybdenum (ammonium molybdate with 81% Mo and Geoclean product with 15% Mo), five doses of Mo (0, 300, 600, 900 and 1,500 g ha-1) and two application times (V4.6 and R1), totaling 20 treatments with four replicates. The number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, mass of 100 seeds and grain yield were evaluated. Afterwards, the physiological (germination and vigor) and nutritional quality (protein and molybdenum content) of the harvested seeds were evaluated, as well as the potential for nodule formation of seedlings enriched by molybdenum in the field phase. To determine the physiological quality, the design was completely randomized, with the same 20 treatments and 4 replicates. Also, the molybdenum content in the seeds, nutritional quality and macronutrient contents were evaluated. In the investigation of nodulation potential, the experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, in a completely randomized design with the 20 treatments, with the seeds obtained from the field phase, being inoculated and seeded in plastic boxes containing organic compound, 20 seeds per carton. It was concluded that increasing doses of molybdenum provided nutrient enrichment in pea seeds. The application of molybdenum to pea must be carried out at stage R1. The product Geoclean provided greater accumulation of the nutrient, as well as, it interfered in a positive way for most of the attributes related to the physiological quality of the pea seeds. The application of molybdenum did not promote increase in pea seed productivity. The use of seeds enriched with Mo did not favor the process of nodulation of the pea.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bertolin_dc_me_ilha.pdf: 681161 bytes, checksum: d149f0bf266b3c9d15ca7d759031910d (MD5) / O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de soja, sendo esta uma cultura bastante tecnificada. A utilização de produtos bioestimulantes proporciona incremento no desenvolvimento vegetal e poucos estudos abordam aspectos fisiológicos da soja relacionados à aplicação destes. O uso de novas técnicas culturais tem sido uma das formas de buscar melhoria na produtividade e qualidade das sementes. Foi instalado na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria-MS, um experimento com a cultura da soja, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a utilização de produto bioestimulante (citocinina, ácido indolbutírico, ácido giberélico) em aplicações via sementes e via foliar em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura, em duas cultivares, sendo uma convencional e outra geneticamente modificada na qualidade das sementes produzidas. Os tratamentos foram as duas cultivares, e aplicações do produto via sementes na dose de 6 mL do produto comercial por quilo de sementes, via foliar na dose de 0,25 L do produto comercial por hectare, nos estádios V5, R1 e R5, sendo realizada combinação desses fatores, resultando em 15 tratamentos de aplicação do produto bioestimulante, totalizando 30 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura de plantas, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, ramos por planta, número de vagens por planta e número de sementes por vagem, primeira contagem de germinação, porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plantas em campo e massa de 100 sementes. A cultivar normal apresentou resultados superiores ao do cultivar geneticamente modificada para a maioria das variáveis estudas. A utilização do produto bioestimulante incrementou o... / Brazil is the second largest producer of soybean, being a culture quite advanced. The use of products provides bioestimulants increase in plant development and few studies address physiological aspects of the soybean related to the application of these. The use of new farming techniques has been one of the ways to seek improvement in productivity and quality seeds. The experiment was installed in the Farm of Teaching and Research of the UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, in the Selvíria county MS, with the soybean crop, whose purpose was to evaluate the use of product bioestimulanting (cytokinin, indolebutyric acid, gibberellic acid), applications on seeds and foliar application at phenological different stages of crops in two varieties, one conventional and another genetically modified. The treatments were cultivars, and applications of the product in the seed in the dose of 6 mL of the commercial product per kilo of seeds, leaf at the dose of 0,25 liters of the commercial product per hectare, in stages V5, R1 and R5, and the combination of these factors totaling 30 treatments . The experimental design was randomized blocks with 4 repetitions. Were evaluated the variables: height of plants, height insertion of the first pod, branches per plant, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod, standard germination, first count, speed germination index, accelerated aging, field emergency and mass of 100 seeds. Cultivar presented results above the normal of cultivating genetically modified for all variables studied. The use of the product bioestimulantig increased the number of pods per plant and seed yiel. To seed yield treatment with bioestimulante provided increase of 59% compared to control. There were statistical differences between any treatment with the product in relation to the ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

<p>Reductions in atmospheric deposition of sulfur (S) coupled with increases in yields of <i>Glycine Max</i> (L.) Merr. (soybean) has led to S deficiencies in Indiana. Poor nodulation due to limited S, and thus a decrease in nitrogen (N) supply, restricts the yield and quality of soybean grain (i.e., protein). Sulfur is a key component of methionine and cysteine, which are important amino acids in the nutrition of foodstuffs. The objective of the first study is to improve yield and composition of soybean through various applications of N and S. Ten N+S fertility treatments were factored by 2 planting dates (early vs. late) at West Lafayette, IN in 2018 and 2019. The same 10 N+S fertility treatments were factored by 2 varieties (Asgrow 24x7 and 34x6) at Wanatah, IN in 2018 and 2019. Soybean yield increases among the N+S fertility treatments of the May 11th planting (early) were 380 to 1006 kg ha^-1 over the untreated control, with no difference within the June 5th planting (late) in 2018. Cool and wet conditions that limited mineralization of N and S from the early planting are likely the source of yield improvements. Protein concentrations were maintained and even increased with N and S treatments that were coupled with yield improvements. The Wanatah location showed that protein levels were increased with the ATS and R4+ NS treatments, while the UAN Direct treatment had the lowest protein in both varieties, suggesting that having no source of S could limit protein development. Although variety did not affect yield, fertility improved yields with the V4R3 NS, Plant NS, R3 NS, R4+ NS, and V4 NS treatments. The yield improvements that developed with these treatments is interesting because each treatment contained a source of N equaling at least 44.8 kg N ha^-1.</p><p>Secondly, the optimal rate and timing of foliar S applications were determined at a S-deficient location (La Crosse, IN) in 2018 and 2019. Three target application timings; V4, R3, and V4 + R3, were crossed with 4 rates of foliar S at 1.12, 2.24, 4.49, 6.73 kg S ha^-1 with each application. Therefore, the sequential application (V4 + R3) received a total of 2.24, 4.49, 8.96, and 13.44 kg S ha^-1. The optimal rate with 2018 yields was 4.5 kg S ha^-1 at V4 or R3; whereas, the optimal rate was 7.9 kg S ha^-1 with the sequential V4 + R3 treatment in 2019. Leaf tissue concentrations of S were nearly deficient (0.25%) post-V4 and post-R3. Higher rates of S had greater S concentrations in the leaf; furthermore, most cases resulted in a linear increase of S concentration with the rate of S applied. Foliar applications of S also reduced N:S ratio. Protein levels in 2018 increased at an equal rate for both the V4 and the R3 timings. In 2019, at a 6 lb ac^-1 rate of S the protein levels were 39.5 and 39.8% for V4 and R3 timings, respectively. Foliar S applications at V4 vs. R3 timings had little variation in yield or protein levels, thereby resulting in flexibility for application timing for growers.</p>

An advisory program to determine the timing of fungicide application for control of early leafspot of peanut, caused by Cercospora arachidicola, was developed based on growth responses of the pathogen to specific environmental conditions. The advisory program (89-ADV) assigned time-duration values to conditions conducive for infection (TDVi). Cumulative TDVi levels were used to determine when fungicide applications were needed. Various spray thresholds (TDVi=48, 72, 96, 120) of the 89-ADV program were compared to a 14-day spray schedule and an advisory program that was released to growers in 1981 (81-ADV). Leafspot incidence, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), spray number, yield and value were used to evaluate the performance of spray programs. Preliminary trials used Florigiant peanut and the fungicide chlorothalonil (1.26 kg/ha). The 89-ADV program with TDVi=48 performed exceptionally well for three consecutive years in field tests and in simulated disease environments reconstructed from historical weather data. Benefits of this program compared to the 81-ADV program included significant improvement of leafspot control, and improved crop yield and value. Based on performance, the 89-ADV program was delivered to growers as the on-line peanut leafspot advisory in 1989. Subsequent evaluations of the 89-ADV program included cultivars and fungicides in large multi-factorial experiments. Three classes of cultivars were identified: class I or highly susceptible, Florigiant and NC 9; class II or moderately susceptible, NC 7 and NC-V11; and class III or moderately resistant, NC 6. The efficiency of fungicide sprays was improved through effective leafspot control with about three fewer sprays per season than the 14-day spray schedule when chlorothalonil at 1.26 kg/ha, diniconazole at 140 g/ha or terbutrazole at 126 g/ha was applied on class I cultivars according to the TDVi=48 threshold of the 89-ADV program. The same efficiency was achieved when chlorothalonil or terbutrazole was applied on class II cultivars according to the TDVi=96. Cupric hydroxide at 1.79 kg/ha plus sulfur at 1.04 kg/ha or terbutrazole at 126 kg/ha with TDVi=96 as well as chlorothalonil at 1.26 kg/ha with TDVi=120 resulted in efficient control of disease on the class III cultivar. The spray adjuvant SoyOil 937® at 0.5% of spray volume consistently improved the performance of chlorothalonil, and allowed a reduction of application rate from 1.26 to 0.95 kg/ha without sacrificing disease control. The integrated use of cultivar resistance, fungicide, spray adjuvant, and TDVi thresholds of the 89-ADV program contributed to a reduction of fungicide input and improved disease control. / Ph. D.

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Gisele Herbst Vazquez / Resumo: O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de soja, sendo esta uma cultura bastante tecnificada. A utilização de produtos bioestimulantes proporciona incremento no desenvolvimento vegetal e poucos estudos abordam aspectos fisiológicos da soja relacionados à aplicação destes. O uso de novas técnicas culturais tem sido uma das formas de buscar melhoria na produtividade e qualidade das sementes. Foi instalado na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria-MS, um experimento com a cultura da soja, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a utilização de produto bioestimulante (citocinina, ácido indolbutírico, ácido giberélico) em aplicações via sementes e via foliar em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura, em duas cultivares, sendo uma convencional e outra geneticamente modificada na qualidade das sementes produzidas. Os tratamentos foram as duas cultivares, e aplicações do produto via sementes na dose de 6 mL do produto comercial por quilo de sementes, via foliar na dose de 0,25 L do produto comercial por hectare, nos estádios V5, R1 e R5, sendo realizada combinação desses fatores, resultando em 15 tratamentos de aplicação do produto bioestimulante, totalizando 30 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura de plantas, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, ramos por planta, número de vagens por planta e número de sementes por vagem, primeira contagem de germinação, porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plantas em campo e massa de 100 sementes. A cultivar normal apresentou resultados superiores ao do cultivar geneticamente modificada para a maioria das variáveis estudas. A utilização do produto bioestimulante incrementou o ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil is the second largest producer of soybean, being a culture quite advanced. The use of products provides bioestimulants increase in plant development and few studies address physiological aspects of the soybean related to the application of these. The use of new farming techniques has been one of the ways to seek improvement in productivity and quality seeds. The experiment was installed in the Farm of Teaching and Research of the UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, in the Selvíria county MS, with the soybean crop, whose purpose was to evaluate the use of product bioestimulanting (cytokinin, indolebutyric acid, gibberellic acid), applications on seeds and foliar application at phenological different stages of crops in two varieties, one conventional and another genetically modified. The treatments were cultivars, and applications of the product in the seed in the dose of 6 mL of the commercial product per kilo of seeds, leaf at the dose of 0,25 liters of the commercial product per hectare, in stages V5, R1 and R5, and the combination of these factors totaling 30 treatments . The experimental design was randomized blocks with 4 repetitions. Were evaluated the variables: height of plants, height insertion of the first pod, branches per plant, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod, standard germination, first count, speed germination index, accelerated aging, field emergency and mass of 100 seeds. Cultivar presented results above the normal of cultivating genetically modified for all variables studied. The use of the product bioestimulantig increased the number of pods per plant and seed yiel. To seed yield treatment with bioestimulante provided increase of 59% compared to control. There were statistical differences between any treatment with the product in relation to the ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Resumo: A utilização de sementes ricas em molibdênio se constitui numa técnica promissora para sanar as deficiências desse micronutriente, o qual é importante para a fixação biológica do nitrogênio e metabolismo vegetal. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade das plantas, o teor de molibdênio e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes em resposta às fontes, doses e épocas de aplicação foliar de molibdênio, bem como, o grau de nodulação das plantas originadas de sementes enriquecidas com molibdênio. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira, situada no município de Selvíria - MS, no período de outono e inverno de 2015 e de 2016. O delineamento experimental utilizado nessa fase foi em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos distribuídos no arranjo fatorial 2 x 5 x 2 (duas fontes de molibdênio (molibdato de amônio com 81% de Mo e produto Geoclean com 15 % de Mo), cinco doses de Mo (0, 300, 600, 900 e 1.500 g ha-1) e duas épocas de aplicação (V4.6 e R1)), totalizando 20 tratamentos com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas o número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade de grãos. Posteriormente, foram avaliados a qualidade fisiológica (germinação e vigor) e nutricional (teor de proteínas e molibdênio) das sementes colhidas, assim como, o potencial de formação de nódulos das plant... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient that has the greatest ability to influence and increase the productivity of grains of corn. The N is available in insufficient amounts in Brazilian soils, increasing the cost of crop production. So there is interest in using alternative sources to meet the demand of the plant, such as fixation, which is held by a group of bacteria called diazotrophic, which are able to fix nitrogen and make it available to plants. Among the most used in association with grasses is Azospirillum brasilense. Positive interaction with corn has been evaluated in several studies, however there are few studies that evaluate the foliar application, the contribution of N input and the enzymatic activity of inoculated plants. Thus the aim of the study was to establish the relationship between productivity components, enzymatic and morphological changes of different genetic bases of corn with seed inoculation and leaf of A. brasilense. This work is divided into two chapters. Chapter I aimed to establish the relationship between the hybrids and application forms of A. brasilense, unfolding the direct and indirect effects of the main components of grain yield and estimating the relative contribution of nitrogen. Therefore, we conducted experiments in 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons, consisting of single cross hybrids, double and triple inoculated with A. brasilense via seed treatment and foliar application in growth stages V2, V4 + V2, V4 and without application of the bacteria. There was varied response as hybrid and year. In the 2013/14 harvest, grain yield was significant for the simple hybrid AG9045 applied via seed and leaf in V2. The seed inoculation showed grain yield increases for the triple hybrid BG7051 in season 2014/15. The variables in the path analysis have direct influence on grain yield, especially, the thousand grain weight. Considering the increase in hybrid it is estimated that there was accumulation of N fixed for the simple hybrid AG9045 and triple hybrid BG7051 in applications via seed and leaf in V2 and via seed, respectively. Thus it is concluded that there is no established relationship between the forms of application A. brasilense and genetics based hybrid. Chapter II aimed to evaluate the enzymatic and morphological changes of corn hybrids submitted to seed inoculation and leaf with A. brasilense. The test was composed of six corn hybrids inoculated with A. brasilense in the treatment of seeds and leaf via the V2 stage. Analyzed in shoots and roots, biochemical variables: lipid peroxidation, activity of superoxide dismutase, guaicaol peroxidase and nitrate reductase and chlorophyll content and carotenoids; and morphological leaf area, shoot dry weight, root length, projected area, surface area, diameter, volume, number of branches and dry mass of roots. The increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the shoot was the BG7060 with application V2, which prevented damage to the lipid membrane. The nitrate reductase, the shoot was most active in the control treatment, noting that the presence of bacteria reduced the activity of the enzyme. The bacteria showed to be efficient in the area of variables designed and superficial root area in the AG8025 and AG2040 hybrids. Thus, it can be seen that the hybrids have different behaviors in the presence of the bacterium, and the same positively affects the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increase the root system and plant leaf area. / O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente que tem a maior capacidade de influenciar e aumentar a produtividade de grãos da cultura do milho. O N está disponível em quantidades insuficientes nos solos brasileiros, elevando o custo de produção da cultura. Assim há o interesse na utilização de fontes alternativas para suprir a demanda da planta, como a fixação biológica, que é realizada por um grupo de bactérias denominadas diazotróficas, as quais são capazes de fixar N e disponibiliza-lo para as plantas. Dentre as mais utilizadas em associação com gramíneas está a Azospirillum brasilense. A interação positiva com o milho tem sido avaliada em diversas pesquisas, entretanto são poucos os estudos que avaliam a aplicação foliar, a contribuição no aporte de N e a atividade enzimática das plantas inoculadas. Dessa forma o objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer relação entre os componentes de produtividade, alterações enzimáticas e morfológicos de diferentes bases genéticas de milho com a inoculação via semente e foliar de A. brasilense. O presente trabalho é dividido em dois capítulos. O Capítulo I teve o objetivo de estabelecer relação entre os híbridos de milho e formas de aplicação de A. brasilense, desdobrando os efeitos diretos e indiretos dos principais componentes da produtividade de grãos e estimando a contribuição nitrogenada relativa. Para tanto foram conduzidos experimentos nas safras 2013/14 e 2014/15, compostos por híbridos simples, duplos e triplos inoculados com A. brasilense via tratamento de sementes e via aplicação foliar, nos estádios fenológicos V2, V2+V4, V4 e sem aplicação da bactéria. Houve resposta variada conforme o híbrido e o ano. Na safra 2013/14, a produtividade de grãos foi significativa para o híbrido simples AG9045 aplicado via semente e foliar em V2. A inoculação via semente apresentou aumentos de produtividade de grãos para o híbrido triplo BG7051 na safra 2014/15. As variáveis avaliadas, na análise de trilha têm influência direta sobre a produtividade de grãos, principalmente, a massa de mil grãos. Considerando o incremento dos híbridos estima-se que houve acúmulo de N fixado para o híbrido simples AG9045 e híbrido triplo BG7051 nas aplicações via semente e foliar em V2 e via semente, respectivamente. Assim conclui-se que não há relação estabelecida entre as formas de aplicação de A. brasilense e a base genética do híbrido. O Capítulo II objetivou avaliar as alterações enzimáticas e morfológicos de híbridos de milho submetidas a inoculação via semente e foliar com A. brasilense. O ensaio foi composto por seis híbridos de milho inoculados com A. brasilense no tratamento de sementes e via foliar no estádio V2. Analisou-se, na parte aérea e em raízes, as variáveis bioquímicas: peroxidação lipídica, atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase, guaicaol peroxidase e nitrato redutase e conteúdo de clorofila total e carotenóides; e morfológicas: área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, comprimento de raiz, área projetada, área superficial, diâmetro, volume, número de ramificações e massa seca de raízes. A maior atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) da parte aérea, foi no BG7060 com aplicação em V2, o qual evitou danos nos lipídeos de membrana. A nitrato redutase, na parte aérea apresentou maior atividade no tratamento controle, observando que a presença da bactéria reduziu a atividade da enzima. A bactéria apresentou-se eficiente para as variáveis de área projetada e área superficial da raiz nos híbridos AG8025 e AG2040. Assim, pode-se observar que os híbridos têm comportamentos diferentes com a presença da bactéria, sendo que a mesma afeta positivamente a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e aumenta o sistema radicular e a área foliar das plantas.

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Open-field burning has been an effective, economical, and widespread method of post-harvest residue management in creeping red fescue seed production in the Willamette Valley since the late 1940s. However, the use of field burning has been legislatively restricted due to air quality and safety issues. The foliar-applied plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (TE), commercialized in the USA as Palisade, has been accepted by producers as a yield enhancing agent and is considered here as an alternative to open-field burning over a four-year period. The effects of open-field burning versus mechanical removal (flailing) of post-harvest residue, and spring versus fall applications of TE on seed yield, dry matter partitioning, and seed yield components were evaluated in a split-plot design. The response to the different treatment combinations differed across years. The young stand responded with a seed yield increase to spring TE applications, regardless of residue management treatment. However, as the stand aged, field burning became critical for maintaining high yields and, in 2003 and 2004, only spring TE applications resulted in seed yield increases in burned plots. The higher potential seed yield achieved in burned plots over flailed plots, as a result of a higher number of panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle, was critical for maintaining high seed yields as the stand aged. Spring applications of TE, further increased seed yield over the untreated check by increasing the number of florets per spikelet, reducing fertile tiller height and lodging and consequently, favoring pollination and fertilization of the florets. Late spring TE applications also increased 1000-seed weight in 2003 and 2004. Although spring applications of TE were a promising alternative to open-field burning early during the life of the stand, as the stand aged they did not increase seed yield on flailed plots. Fall TE applications did not have a consistent effect on seed yield, dry matter partitioning or seed yield components, and were found not to be a viable management practice. / Graduation date: 2005