Orientador: Kleber Tomás Resende / Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Silvio Doria de Almeida Ribeiro / Resumo: O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Caprinocultura pertencente ao Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do manejo alimentar no consumo de matéria seca, comportamento ingestivo e os parâmetros ruminais e fisiológicos. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 10 cabras alpinas e 15 saanen. A ração era composta por feno da planta de milho, feno de tifton e concentrado milho e soja. Os tratamentos foram T1 = alimentação às 7:00h; T2 = alimentação às 7:00 e 17:00h; T3 = alimentação às 7:00 e 19:00h; T4 = alimentação às 7:00; 13:00 e 17:00h; T5 = alimentação às 7:00; 13:00 e 19:00h. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2. O manejo alimentar nas condições deste experimento não afeta o consumo de matéria seca, digestibilidade do nutrientes e os parâmetros fisiológicos. Os parâmetros ruminais, nitrogênio amoniacal, acido graxos voláteis e o potencial hdrogênio iônico são influenciados pelo manejo alimentar, as maiores alterações nos padrões ruminais foram encontradas nos animais que recebiam duas alimentações. / Abstract: The experiment was conduced in Caprinocultura's Sector belongs to Zootecnia's Department of the Facudade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), with the objective to evaluate the effect of food handling in dry matter's consumption, management and the ruminal and physiological parameters. For this, were used 10 alpinas goats and 15 saanen. The food was composed by hay plant maize, hay of Tifton and maize and soya concentrated. The treatments were T1= food at 7:00h; T2= food at 7:00 and 17:00h; T3= food at 7:00 and 19:00h; T4= 7:00; 13:00 and 17:00h and T5= food at 7:00; 13:00 and 19:00h. The experimental design used was completely randomized in factorial model 5X2. The management does not affect food consumption of dry matter digestibility of nutrients and physiological parameters. The ruminal parameters, ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids and ionic potential hydrogen management are influenced by food, the greatest microbial activities were found in animals that received two meals. / Mestre

Este estudo comparou a ingestão de flúor (F) de crianças de 2 a 6 anos residentes em área fluoretada (Bauru-SP, 0,6-0,8 ppm F) e não fluoretada (Pirajuí-SP), avaliada através do método da dieta duplicada associado à escovação simulada e do Questionário de Freqüência Alimentar semi-quantitativo (QFAsq) associado a questionário para estimativa de ingestão de F a partir do dentifrício. Inicialmente, o QFAsq foi aplicado em 398 crianças residentes no município de Pirajuí-SP. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas subamostras de 25 crianças residentes em Bauru e 24 residentes em Pirajuí. Nestas subamostras, a quantidade de F ingerida através da dieta foi determinada pelo QFAsq e também pela dieta duplicada, considerando seus diferentes constituintes (água, outros líquidos e sólidos). A ingestão de F através do dentifrício foi determinada pelo questionário para estimativa da ingestão de dentifrício e pela escovação simulada. O F foi analisado por eletrodo, depois de difusão facilitada por hexametildiloxano ou após tamponameno com TISAB. A analise estatística foi feita utilizando o software GraphPad InStat, aplicando os testes t pareado, t não pareado, Wilcoxon pareado, Mann-Whitney e estatística de correlação (p<0.05). O QFAsq aplicado à amostra de 398 crianças de Pirajuí encontrou valores de ingestão total de F significativamente menores que os relatados previamente para crianças residentes em Bauru (Miziara, 2006). Na subamostra de crianças avaliadas, a média (±DP, mg) da ingestão de F estimada a partir do QFAsq e da dieta duplicada, considerando-se a dieta total foi de 0,420±0,087 e 0,805±0,190 (Bauru) e 0,227±0,072 e 0,144±0,050 (Pirajuí), sendo a diferença entre os métodos significativa em ambos os municípios. Somente foi obtida uma correlação significativa entre os dois métodos no caso dos sólidos, para ambos os municípios. Considerando a estimativa da ingestão de F a partir do dentifrício obtida pela aplicação do questionário e pela escovação simulada, as médias (±DP, mg) compiladas (Bauru mais Pirajuí) foram 0,611±0,452 e 0,784±0,737, respectivamente, não havendo diferença e nem correlação significativas entre os métodos. Através da utilização dos questionários, foi possível detectar diferença significativa na ingestão total de F entre Bauru e Pirajuí. Entretanto, o mesmo não ocorreu quando se utilizou o método da dieta duplicada associado à escovação simulada. Face aos resultados obtidos, o QFAsq associado a um questionário para estimativa da ingestão de F a partir do dentifrício parece ter um bom potencial para utilização a nível epidemiológico, para se avaliar o risco de grupos de crianças à fluorose dentária. Alguns parâmetros do QFAsq podem ser melhor trabalhados para uma análise mais fidedigna, principalmente com relação à freqüência de ingestão de água e outros líquidos. Em adição, a aplicabilidade desses questionários a nível individual para detecção de risco à fluorose dentária ainda precisa ser melhor estudada. / This study compared the fluoride (F) intake of 2-6-year-old children, living in fluoridated (Bauru-SP, 0,6-0,8 ppm F) and non-fluoridated (Pirajuí-SP) areas. The methods used were the duplicate diet associated to simulated toothbrushing and the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (sqFFQ) associated to a questionnaire for estimation of F intake from dentifrice. Initially, the sqFFQ was applied to 398 children living in Pirajuí. In another phase, subsamples of 25 children living in Bauru and 24 living in Pirajuí were evaluated. In these subsamples the F intake from diet was determined using the sqFFQ as well as the duplicate diet method, considering the different constituents of the diet (water, other liquids and solids). The F intake from the dentifrice was determined using the questionnaire for estimation of F intake, as well as simulated toothbrushing. F was analyzed with the electrode, following hexamethyldisiloxanefacilitated diffusion or after buffering with TISAB. For statistical analysis, the GraphPad InStat software was used. The applies tests were paired and unpaired t tests, paired Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test and correlation analysis (p<0.05). The sqFFQ, when applied to the sample constituted by 398 children living in Pirajuí, found values of total F intake significantly lower when compared to previous data reported by Miziara (2006) for children living in Bauru. In the subsample of evaluated children, the mean (±SD, mg) F intakes estimated by the sqFFQ and duplicate diet (total diet) were 0.420±0.087 and 0.805±0.190 (Bauru) and 0.227±0.072 and 0.144±0.050 (Pirajuí), respectively. The difference between the methods was significant for both municipalities. For both municipalities, a significant correlation between the methods was obtained in the case of solids only. Considering the estimation of F intake from dentifrice obtained by the application of the questionnaire and simulated toothbrushing, the compiled (Bauru plus Pirajuí) means (±SD, mg) were 0.611±0.452 and 0.784±0.737, respectively. The difference as well as the correlation between the methods were not significant. By using the questionnaires, it was possible to detect a significant difference in the total F intake between Bauru and Pirajuí. However, the same did not occur when using the method of duplicate diet associated with simulated toothbrushing. Due to the results obtained, it seems that the sqFFQ associated to a questionnaire for estimation of F intake from dentifrice has a good potential for use at epidemiological level in order to evaluate the risk of groups of children to dental fluorosis. Some parameters of the sqFFQ need to be better addressed for a more precise analysis, mainly with respect to the frequency of water and other liquids intake. In addition, the applicability of these questionnaires at the individual level for the detection of risk to dental fluorosis requires further studies.

Introdução. Muitos estudos epidemiológicos sugerem a potencial relação do consumo habitual de nutrientes ou alimentos com as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Os efeitos da dieta na saúde humana não ocorrem em curto prazo e sim pela exposição repetida em períodos de tempo maior. O interesse em se estudar o consumo alimentar na fase da adolescência justifica-se pela associação de hábitos alimentares inadequados neste grupo etário serem um fator de risco para enfermidades, particularmente as de origem metabólica. A avaliação e a quantificação da dieta habitual dos indivíduos e escolha do instrumento para a mensuração do consumo são exercícios difíceis, pois ambos influenciam a plausibilidade dos resultados obtidos. Cada vez mais os sistemas computadorizados e o meio digital estão sendo incrementados no campo das pesquisas relacionadas à saúde da população, pois permitem recolher dados de forma contínua, independentemente da hora do dia e do dia da semana, e sem limitações geográficas. Objetivo. Aplicar o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Simplificado para Adolescentes (QFASA) em ambiente digital para avaliação da dieta habitual de escolares do município de Salesópolis SP. Métodos. Uma amostra de 157 escolares respondeu a dois Questionários de Frequência Alimentar Simplificado para Adolescentes versão virtual (QFASA) e três Recordatórios de 24 horas (R24h). O QFASA possui 58 itens alimentares, semi-quantitativo e com frequência de consumo. Foi realizada a descrição do consumo habitual dos escolares pelo QFASA e pelo R24h. Os resultados de consumo alimentar de macronutrientes e alguns micronutrientes foram comparados entre: QFASA aplicado no primeiro momento (QFASA1) x QFASA aplicado segundo momento (QFASA2) e QFASA2 x média entre 3 R24h. Resultados. De 157 adolescentes, com idade média de 13 anos, 64 por cento eram do sexo feminino. Os meninos apresentaram consumo superior de energia e nutrientes comparado com as meninas na média dos 3 Recordatórios de 24 horas e no 7 QFASA2. Ao comparar os dois QFASA observou-se diferença entre as médias de consumo dos macro e micronutrientes, com exceção da vitamina C e o QFASA1 apresentou valores superiores para todos os nutrientes estudados. Quando confrontados os valores de consumo do QFASA2 com o R24h, observa-se também diferenças entre suas médias, com exceção do colesterol e vitamina C para o sexo masculino, além disso o QFASA2 superestima todos os nutrientes estudados. Conclusão. Os meninos apresentam uma média maior de consumo alimentar quando comprados as meninas para a maioria dos nutrientes estudados, tanto no R24h quanto no QFASA. O QFASA na sua versão virtual não pode ser considerado um bom instrumento para avaliar o consumo habitual dos adolescentes, pois apresenta médias significativamente diferentes, quando comparado ao R24h (método de referência). Além disso, mostrou-se de difícil compreensão pelos adolescentes, necessitando de uma revisão dos seus itens, porções definidas e frequência de consumo e posterior estudo de usabilidade e Teste de Resposta ao Item. / Introduction. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated the potential relationship between habitual intake of nutrients or foods with chronic non communicable diseases (NCDs). Due to the effects of diet on human health do not occur in the short term but by repeated periods of a long time. The interest in studying adolescents food intake is justified by the association of poor dietary habits in this group being a risk factor for diseases, particularly those of metabolic origin. The assessment,quantification and choice of an instrument for measuring intake of adolescents usual diet are difficult exercises because both influence the plausibility of the results. Increasingly, computer systems and digital media are being incremented in the field of research related to the health of the population, they allow to collect data continuously, regardless of time of day and day of the week, and without geographical limitations. Objective. Applying the Simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire for Adolescents (SFQA) in digital environment to evaluation of usual diet of school children in Salesópolis - SP. Methods. A sample of 157 students answered two Simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire for Adolescents - virtual version (SFQA) and three 24-hour recalls (24h). The SFQA had 58 semi-quantitative food items with the frequency of consumption. The description of the usual diet of students by QFASA and the 24h was performed. The results of dietary intake of macronutrients and some micronutrients were compared in two moments: 1. SFQA - applied at first time (SFQA1) x SFQA - applied second time; 2. The average of (SFQA2) between 3 R24h x SFQA2. Results. Between 157 adolescents, mean age of 13 years (64 per cent female). The boys had higher intake of energy and nutrients when compared to girls in the average of three 24-hour recalls and SFQA2. When comparing the two SFQA was observed difference between the mean intake of macronutrients and micronutrientes, with the exception of vitamin C and SFQA1 revealed higher values in all the studied nutrients. When confronted 9 intake values of SFQA2 with 24h, was observed differences between their averages, with the exception of cholesterol and vitamin C for males, moreover the SFQA2 over-estimated all studied nutrients. Conclusion. Boys have higher food intake than girls in most nutrients studied, in the R24h and SFQA. The SFQA in its virtual version can not be considered a good instrument to assess the habitual intake of adolescents, has been shown significantly differences between means when compared to R24h (reference method). Moreover, proved elusive for adolescents, requiring a revision of their items, defined portions and frequency of intake and subsequent usability study and test item response.

Introdução: Entre as doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST), infecções por papilomavírus humano (HPV) são muito comuns. Apesar de frequentemente transitória, quando há persistência da infecção podem surgir lesões que, se não tratadas, podem progredir para o câncer. A disseminação do HPV tende a ser universal entre indivíduos sexualmente ativos, sendo que o homem, além do risco de câncer anal, peniano e da orofaringe, pode ser importante propagador do vírus entre mulheres. No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito da prevalência, incidência e remissão de infecções por HPV em homens. Os alimentos e nutrientes poderiam influenciar a progressão do câncer afetando a susceptibilidade à infecção, alterando o estado nutricional, atuando na probabilidade da infecção se tornar persistente e na progressão a lesões neoplásicas, além de alterar a estabilidade e reparo do DNA. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre nutrientes selecionados e a infecção persistente por HPV em homens. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados secundários de 1248 indivíduos de 18 a 70 anos e que responderam a um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA), obtidos da coorte brasileira de estudo sobre HPV em homens. O QFA foi desenvolvido e validado para a população do estudo, e posteriormente seus dados foram calibrados e ajustados pela energia. Por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney foram avaliadas diferenças nas medianas de ingestão dos nutrientes entre grupos com e sem infecção persistente por HPV oncogênico e não-oncogênico, e realizado teste de tendência. A associação entre os nutrientes e o HPV persistente foi testada por regressão logística. Resultados: Dos 1248 participantes analisados, 1211 (97,0 por cento ) apresentaram infecção por HPV e 781 (62,6 por cento ) apresentaram infecção persistente por HPV, sendo que 458 (36,7 por cento ) tinham infecção persistente por HPV oncogênico e 636 (51,0 por cento ) por HPV não-oncogênico. Para o HPV oncogênico, o grupo sem infecção persistente apresentou maior mediana de ingestão de retinol (p=0,008), vitamina A (p<0,001) e folato (DFE) (p=0,003), além de menor mediana de ingestão de energia (p=0,005) e licopeno (p=0,008). Não houve associação significativa entre os nutrientes selecionados e o HPV persistente oncogênico. Já para o HPV persistente não-oncogênico, a vitamina B12 apresentou associação inversa estatisticamente significativa (p de tendência=0,003). Conclusão: Não houve associação entre ingestão de nutrientes e infecção persistente por HPV oncogênico; e apenas a vitamina B12 mostrou-se inversamente associada com a persistência da infecção por HPV não-oncogênico. / Background: HPV infections are the most common among sexually transmitted diseases. Although most frequently transitory, persistent oncogenic-type HPV infection may progress to a precursor lesion and, if not correctly treated, to cancer. The dissemination of HPV tends to be universal in sexually active individuals. Men, besides being in risk to cancer, in special penile and anal cancer, can be the spreader of this virus to women, contributing to the infection, and hence the cervical cancer. However, little is known about this infection in men. Some studies discuss the possible relation between diet and the risk of HPV and the role of food in persistent infections. Food and nutrients could influence carcinogenesis process by affecting nutritional status, susceptibility to infection and by acting in the probability of infection turning persistent and progressing to neoplastic lesions, besides altering DNA repair and stability. Objective: Investigate the relation of selected nutrients and HPV persistent infection in men of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: The study population consisted of 1,248 men from the Brazilian cohort of HIM study, aged from 18 to 70 years old, whose answered a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in the baseline. The FFQ was developed and validated for the study population and afterwards calibrated and energy-adjusted. The U Mann-Whitney test was used to assess differences in the medians of nutrient intake between men with persistent and non-persistent infection. The association of dietary intake and persistent HPV infection was assessed in multivariate logistic models. Two independent multivariate logistic regression models were developed, one for oncogenic HPV persistent infection and other for nononcogenic HPV persistent infection. By treating categorical nutrient variables as continuous, it was possible to perform tests for trends. Results: Of 1248 participants analyzed, 1211 (97,0 per cent ) presented HPV infection and 781 (62,6 per cent ) presented persistent HPV infection, whereas 458 (36,7 per cent ) showed persistent infection by oncogenic type and 636 (51,0 per cent ) by nononcogenic type. For oncogenic type, the group with non-persistent infection had higher medians of retinol (p=0,008), vitamin A (p<0,001) and folate (DFE) (p=0,003), besides lower medians of energy (p=0,005) and lycopene (p=0,008). There was no significant association between selected nutrients and persistent oncogenic HPV infection. For nononcogenic persistent infections, only vitamin B12 was significantly associated (p=0,003, test for trend). Conclusion: No association was found between dietary intake and persistent oncogenic-type HPV infection. For nononcogenic persistent infections, only vitamin B12 was inversely associated.

Concern regarding the decline in the knowledge and use of indigenous green vegetables exists in many southern African regions including Swaziland. Reasons for this are, amongst others, attributed to a lack of inter-generational knowledge transfer, the influence of westernisation and changing food values and attitudes, as people nowadays regard indigenous green leafy vegetables as a low status food. It is imperative that knowledge of these foods be documented before it is lost to future generation. Indigenous green leafy vegetables have long been considered healthier options than the many recently introduced western-orientated foods, which are closely linked to chronic lifestyle diseases. The aim of this study was to determine, describe and compare the knowledge of indigenous green leafy vegetables among two generations of rural Swazi women from the Eluyengweni community, and how it manifests in their food practices. Studies on indigenous green leafy vegetables in Swaziland are limited. This study will fill the knowledge gap in this field. The human ecological perspective was adopted as theoretical perspective and an explorative mixed method approach was followed. Qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions with younger (25-45 years) and older (over 45 years) women. Face-to-face structured interviews provided quantitative data on the knowledge the women had of indigenous green leafy vegetables, including their procurement, preparation, preservation and consumption patterns. The convenience sample comprised 102 respondents. Observation was done concurrently during both phases of data collection and photographs accompanied comprehensive field notes. It transpired that the availability of indigenous green leafy vegetables had declined in the community and those that were available were not easily accessible as they were located on the outskirts of the community. In spite of changes in the physical and natural environment, some indigenous green leafy vegetable species are still available in summer. It is clear that the older women, in comparison to their younger counterparts, had more knowledge of indigenous green leafy vegetables in terms of identifying them, where they are found and how they are used. Familiar and available indigenous green leafy vegetables such as imbuya (Amaranthus), chuchuza (Bidens pilosa) were preferred, and consumed fairly regularly. Although indigenous green leafy vegetables were still part of the food practices in this community, their consumption among the younger generation had declined. However, due to factors related to modernisation, economic influences and technological advancement the majority of both the younger and older participants seem to have become dependent on, and often include, western-orientated food in their food consumption patterns. Based on the results, recommendations are made to capture and preserve the knowledge of indigenous green leafy vegetables in this community and to revive interest in these vegetables and promote their consumption. / Daar is 'n besorgdheid oor die afname in kennis in die gebruik van inheemse groen blaargroentes in baie streke in Suider Afrika, insluitend Swaziland. Redes wat hiervoor aangevoer word, is onder andere, die gebrekkige oordrag van kennis van een geslag na die volgende, die invloed van verwestering asook 'n verandering in waardes en houdings aangesien mense inheemse groen blaargroentes deesdae as 'n lae status voedsel beskou. Daarom is dit noodsaaklik dat kennis oor hierdie voedsel gedokumenteer word voordat dit verlore gaan vir die nageslag. Inheemse groen blaargroentes word gesonder geag in vergelyking met Westers-georienteerde voedsel, wat op hul beurt nou geassosieer word met kroniese lewenstyl siektes. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die kennis van inheemse groen blaargroentes van twee geslagte landelike Swazi vroue van die Eluyengweni gemeenskap te bepaal, beskryf en te vergelyk asook hoe dit manifesteer in hul voedselpraktyke. Studies oor inheemse groen blaargroentes in Swaziland is beperk en hierdie studie dra by om die leemte in kennis in hierdie studieveld te vul. Die menslike ekologiese perspektief is a teoretiese perspektief gebruik en 'n verkennende gemengde metodologie is as navorsingsbenadering gevolg. Kwalitatiewe data is deur middle van fokusgroep gesprekke met beide die jonger (25-45 jaar) en ouer (ouer as 45 jaar) vroue ingesamel. Met behulp van gestruktureerde individuele onderhoude is kwantitatiewe data oor die kennis van inheemse groen blaargroentes ingesamel wat die verkryging, voorbereiding, preservering en verbruikspatrone van hierdie groentes ingesluit het. 'n Geriefssteekproef van 102 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Waarnemings is gedurende beide fases van die data insameling uitgevoer en fotos en volledige veldnotas is ingesluit. Dit is duidelik dat die beskikbaarheid van inheemse groen blaargroentes in hierdie gemeenskap afgeneem het, en dit wat beskikbaar was, was nie maklik toeganklik nie, omdat dit aan die buitewyke van die gemeenskap gelëe was. Ten spyte van die verandering in die fisiese en natuurlike omgewing is sommige inheemse groen blaargroentes steeds beskikbaar gedurende die somer. Dit is duidelik dat die ouer vroue, in vergelyking met die die jonger vroue oor meer kennis van inheemse groen blaargroentes beskik het met betrekking tot die identifisering, waar hulle groei en hoe om hulle te gebruik. Bekende en beskikbare inheemse groen blaargroentes soos gewone misbredie (Amaranthus) en knapsakkerwel (Bidens pilosa) was voorkeur groente en is redelik gereeld gebruik. Alhoewel inheemse groen blaargroentes steeds deel vorm van die voedselpraktyke in hierdie gemeenskap, het die gebruik daarvan deur die jonger geslag afgeneem. As gevolg van faktore soos modernisering, die ekonomie en tegnologiese vooruitgang het die meerderheid van beide die jonger en ouer geslag afhanklik geword van westers-georienteerde voedsel en dit dikwels in hulle eetpatrone ingesluit. Die resultate van hierdie studie het bygedra dat aanbevelings oor die vaslegging en bewaring van die kennis oor inheemse groen blaargroentes in hierdie gemeenskap gemaak kon word, asook om 'n oplewing in die belangstelling in die gebruik daarvan te bevorder. / Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Consumer Science / MConsumer Science / Unrestricted

Youth consuming inadequate amounts of calcium are at risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. To better assess dietary calcium intakes and the efficacy of dietary intervention strategies to improve bone health among youth, it is important to develop calcium intake assessment tools that are reliable, accurate, and interactively engaging for a new generation of youth who have a higher computer literacy and are more technologically knowledgeable than preceding generations. The goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate an electronic food frequency questionnaire ( eFFQ) that measures calcium intake among 11-to 18-year-old Asian, Hispanic, and White youth. Enhancing this tool was the inclusion of 100 original digital color food photographs portraying the foods listed in the eFFQ. A formal evaluation study, as well as formative and summative evaluations of food photos and the eFFQ, was accomplished.

Little is known of the elderly's ability to use a food frequency questionnaire to describe their dietary intake. This study examines the elderly's ability to reliably describe their diets and how age, education, cognitive status, and gender may affect their ability to complete and return a food frequency questionnaire. The reproducibility of the questionnaire was tested by a repeated administration among 85 participants 65 years of age and older from the Preston, Idaho, area. Correlation coefficients between nutrient scores from the first and second administration ranged from 0.48-0.79 (total population), 0.44-0.88 (males), and 0.39-0.86 (females). Median values for the correlation coefficients were 0.60, 0.66, and 0.58 for total population, men, and women, respectively. Response rate and response quality were determined by distributing 4600 questionnaires to the residents of Cache County, Utah, who were 65 years or older. The overall response rate was 82.1%, 83.2% for men, and 81.3% for women. Little difference was found between the age, education level, and cognitive status of respondents compared to nonrespondents. Response quality was defined by the number of missing values per questionnaire. Age had a positive relationship with missing values. The linear regression model had a p-value significant at the p2=0.035), males (r2=0.020), and females (r2=0.044). The years of education had a negative relationship with the number of missing values. The p-value was significant at the p2=0.010), males (r2=0.004), and females (r2=0.018). The relationship between cognitive status and missing values was inconsistent. The p-values were significant at the p

No description available.

The prevalence of children and adolescents who are considered overweight or obese has grown drastically in the United States. Childhood overweight and obesity is associated with serious long-term health consequences, including an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, strokes, and different types of cancers. Added sugar intake (AS), in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), may contribute to weight gain and obesity development in children and adolescents. Due to the negative health implications of SSB consumption, a valid and reliable brief beverage intake assessment tool is needed for children and adolescents to advance research in this area. The BEVQ-15 food frequency questionnaire has been validated as a tool to assess habitual beverage intake in adults. By validating this tool in youth, there will be a rapid, feasibly administered method to assess beverage intake in children and adolescents. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the comparative validity and test-retest reliability of the BEVQ-15 for assessing usual beverage intake in children and adolescents. Participants (n=326) completed four laboratory sessions, which included providing demographic information, assessment of height/weight, and four record-assisted 24 hour dietary recalls (24HR) from January 2014-September 2015. The BEVQ was completed at 2 sessions (BEVQ1, BEVQ2). Validity was assessed by comparing beverage intake from dietary recalls (24HR) to the BEVQ1; reliability was assessed by comparing BEVQ responses at two sessions (BEVQ1, BEVQ2). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, paired sample t-tests, independent sample t-tests, and chi-squared test, and one-way ANOVA tests. Comparisons of validity and reliability were also made within two subsets; children (aged 6-11) and adolescents (aged 12-18). In the full sample, self-reported water and total sugar-sweetened beverage intake (in fl oz and kcal) were not different between BEVQ1 and 24HR. Responses between BEVQ1 and BEVQ2 were not different in intake (fl oz) or energy (kcal) for water, milk, and total sugar-sweetened beverages. In children, milk and energy (kcal) for total beverages were not different between BEVQ1 and 24HR. No differences were reported between BEVQ1 and BEVQ2 across beverage categories. In adolescents, water and energy (kcal) for total-sugar sweetened beverages were not different between BEVQ1 and 24HR. No differences were reported between BEVQ1 and BEVQ2 with the exception of sweetened juice drinks and total beverages. Overall, these results demonstrate that the BEVQ-15 appears to be a valid and reliable tool to assess habitual water and total SSB intake in children and adolescents. This tool could further epidemiological and clinical research examining the impact of SSB intake, as well as intake of other beverages, on health. / Master of Science

Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are frequently used as substitutes for added sugars. NNS are difficult to study due to the inability to accurately measure the amounts individuals consume, as well as limitations in study design and methods, including reliance on observational study designs, the use of diet soda as a proxy of total NNS intake, and the grouping of NNS into a single category rather than studying NNS as individual products. New dietary assessment methods and improved study design and methods are needed to advance researchers' abilities to study NNS and their impact on consumers' health. The objectives of this dissertation were to 1) determine validity and reproducibility of a novel NNS food frequency questionnaire (NNS-FFQ), 2) develop methodology for an objective NNS urinary biomarker, 3) identify an appropriate carrier for NNS intake in studies, and 4) examine the literature on the relationship between NNS and weight-related outcomes based on study design and methods. Objectives 1 and 2: participants (n=125) completed three 24-hr dietary recalls, the NNS-FFQ, and 2 24-hr urine samples. NNS intake via NNS-FFQ and recalls were compared using Bland-Altman analyses, with agreement levels ranging from 92.7-99.2% for individual NNS types and total intake. The NNS biomarker methodology was developed using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS), which analyzes each sample for the presence of NNS and related metabolites. This method observed a range from very strong presence of NNS to not detectable, indicating that this biomarker could identify specific NNS consumption (n=9). Objective 3: a sensory evaluation (n=67) was conducted to identify if applesauce or water was a more appropriate carrier for NNS for future interventions. Applesauce was preferred (sucralose=83.6%; aspartame=79.1%; stevia=74.6%) significantly more than water (p≤0.001), indicating that applesauce could be used as an acceptable carrier of NNS in research studies. Objective 4: a systematic literature review focusing on study design and methods used in investigations on NNS and weight-related outcomes found that 81% of RCT had improved weight outcomes, while 76% of observational studies had higher weight outcomes. Improving NNS study design and methods will increase the quality of research conducted on NNS and related health outcomes. / Ph. D. / Artificial sweeteners [non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS)] are often used to replace added sugars. NNS are difficult to study due to the inability to accurately measure the amounts individuals consume, as well as limitations in study design and methods, including reliance on observational study designs, the use of diet soda to represent total NNS intake, and the grouping of NNS into a single category rather than studying NNS as individual products. New dietary assessment tools and improved study design and methods are needed to allow researchers better to study NNS and their impact on health. The objectives of this dissertation were to 1) to determine the ability of a NNS food frequency questionnaire (NNS-FFQ) to measure typical NNS intake, 2) develop methodology for an objective NNS urinary biomarker, 3) identify an appropriate carrier for NNS intake in studies, and 4) to review the currently available research on the relationship between NNS and weight status. Objectives 1 and 2: 125 participants completed three 24-hr dietary recalls, the NNS-FFQ to measure usual NNS intake, and 24-hour urine samples for a NNS biomarker. Amounts of NNS that consumers reported in recalls were compared to amounts reported in the NNS-FFQ, with the tools finding similar NNS amounts in participants’ diets. The NNS biomarker methodology was developed using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS). This rapid method measures the presence of NNS and related products (saccharin, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, steviol glucuronide, and erythritol) in urine. Among 9 participants, this method identified wide differences, ranging from strong presence of NNS to not measureable. Objective 3: participants (n=67) completed a sensory evaluation (taste testing) study to identify a more appropriate food or beverage (applesauce or water) for NNS (sucralose, aspartame, and stevia) to be mixed with in research studies. Applesauce was preferred over water for all sweeteners (>74%), indicating that applesauce would be an acceptable NNS carrier. Objective 4: a systematic review on study design and research methods used in studies on NNS and weight-related outcomes. Improving NNS measurement tools and study design methods will improve the quality of research that can be conducted on NNS and related health outcomes.