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O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a viabilidade da levedura probiótica Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 em sorvete e barra de cereais, quantificando a população da levedura ao longo do armazenamento (log10 UFC/g) e verificar a aceitação sensorial de possíveis consumidores. Os produtos desenvolvidos foram analisados quanto à composição centesimal, pH, overrun e presença ou ausência de micro-organismos contaminantes. Todas as análises foram realizadas em triplicata. O teste de aceitação sensorial foi conduzido com 70 provadores não treinados utilizando uma escada hedônica estruturada de nove pontos, variando entre gostei muitíssimo e desgostei muitíssimo. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste para comparação de médias (Tukey, p < 0,05). O sorvete mantevese com contagem de células superior a 6 log UFC/g por 240 dias e a barra de cereais por 30 dias. O sorvete apresentou valores de gordura (3,9%), proteínas (4,2%) e sólidos totais (35,4%) dentro dos limites preconizados pela legislação brasileira, e semelhantes a outras pesquisas envolvendo bactérias probióticas. A barra de cereais apresentou teor de umidade (8,9%) abaixo do máximo permitido (15%), além de apresentar teores de lipídios (10,2%), proteínas (5,4%) e cinzas (1,2%) semelhantes a outras pesquisas. Não se verificou variação do pH do sorvete por 120 dias, sendo detectado ligeiro aumento (5,6 para 5,7) aos 150 dias. Após esse período, manteve-se constante até o fim do armazenamento. A taxa de incorporação de ar (overrun) no sorvete foi de 44%. Não foi detectada presença de Salmonella sp. e Estafilococos coagulase positiva, além de apresentar quantidades de coliformes termotolerantes dentro dos limites aceitáveis. Os sorvetes probiótico e controle não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si e foram mais apreciados que o sorvete comercial, onde foi observada diferença significativa em relação aos demais. Dentre todas as barras de cereais oferecidas (probiótica, controle e comercial), não se detectou diferença significativa. As notas dos produtos desenvolvidos variaram entre gostei muito e gostei moderadamente, apresentando índice de aceitabilidade superior a 80% em todos os parâmetros avaliados no sorvete e na barra de cereais probiótica. A aplicação da levedura não comprometeu as características dos produtos estudados, porém são necessárias outras formas de aplicação na barra de cereais a fim de se obter maior tempo de permanência do micro-organismo. / The objective of the research was to evaluate the viability of probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 in ice cream and cereal bar, quantifying the yeast population along the storage (log10 CFU/g) and the sensorial acceptation by probable consumers. The products developed were analyzed for centesimal composition, pH, overrun, presence or absence of contaminating microorganisms and sensorial acceptance. All analyzes were performed in triplicate. The sensory acceptance test was conducted with 70 untrained tasters using a structured nine point hedonic ladder, varying between I liked very much and disliked very much. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and test for comparison of means (Tukey, p <0.05). The ice cream remained with a cell count over 6 log CFU/g for 240 days and the cereal bar for 30 days. The ice cream presented values of fat (3.9%), proteins (4.2%) and total solids (35.4%) within the limits recommended by brazilian legislation, and similar to other studies involving probiotic bacteria. The cereal bar had a moisture content (8.9%) below the maximum allowed (15%), besides presenting lipids (10.2%), proteins (5.4%) and ash (1.2%) similar to other researches. There was no alteration in the pH of the ice cream for 120 days, and a slight increase (5.6 to 5.7) was detected at 150 days. After this period, it remained constant until the end of storage. The rate of air incorporation (overrun) in ice cream was 44%. It was not detected presence of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus coagulase positive, in addition to presenting quantity of thermotolerant coliforms inside acceptable limits. The probiotic and control ice creams did not present the significant difference between them and were more appreciated than the commercial ice cream, where a significant difference was observed in relation to the others. Among all the cereal bars offered (probiotics, control and commercial), no significant difference was detected. The notes of the products developed ranged between from I liked very and I liked moderately enjoyed, with an acceptability index over 80% in all parameters evaluated in the ice cream and probiotic cereal bar. The application of yeast does not compromise the characteristics of the products studied, but other forms of application in the cereal bar are necessary in order to obtain a longer time of permanency of the microorganism.

Poor diet precipitates significant social and economic burden, necessitating effective and economical dietary intervention strategies. Current population-level campaigns provide guidelines for living healthily and focus on the impact of lifestyle on chronic disease risk. Behavioural interventions which capitalise on individuals' existing cognitions are likely to be more effective. A programme of work is presented here which evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of an appearance-based dietary intervention approach. This project aims to improve fruit and vegetable consumption by illustrating the associated benefits to skin appearance. The impact of fruit and vegetable consumption on skin colour is assessed (Chapter 6), corroborating previous between-subjects evidence which finds that dermal yellowness (CIE b*) is positively associated with fruit and vegetable intake. This work also discovers that modest within-subject dietary change is sufficient to perceptibly alter skin colour within six weeks (Chapter 7). Perceptual preferences are examined (Chapters 5 to 9), finding that optimally healthy skin colouration is that associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption. Two behavioural intervention trials are conducted (Chapters 6 and 9) to evaluate whether visualising the impact of fruit and vegetable consumption on skin colour motivates dietary improvement. Relative to control groups, participants receiving an appearance-based intervention (in which the above effects are illustrated and explained) reported improvements in diet, particularly when illustrations were performed upon images of one's own face. It may be valuable to disseminate such an intervention at a population level, though a number of further longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the wider effectiveness of this approach.

This thesis investigates estrogens' modulation of three aspects of social cognition (aggression and agonistic behaviour, social learning, and social recognition). Sex-typical agonistic behaviour (males: overt attacks, females: more subtle dominance behaviours) was increased in gonadectomized mice by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonist 1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole (PPT), while non-overt agonistic behaviour was increased in male and female gonadally intact mice by ERβ agonist 7-Bromo-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-ol (WAY-200070). Estrogens also affected the social transmission of food preferences (STFP). Acute estrogen and ERβ agonists WAY-200070 and 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile (DPN) prolonged the preference for the demonstrated food when administered pre-acquisition, likely by affecting motivation or the nature of the social interaction, while acute PPT blocked the STFP. All mice receiving any of the three treatments chronically showed a prolonged demonstrated food preference, suggesting a loss of ER specificity. Individual differences in social recognition may relate to increased oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) mRNA, and ERα and ERβ gene activation, in the medial preoptic area, and decreased mRNA for ERs, OT receptor (OTR), AVP and AVP receptors 1a and 1b in the lateral amygdala. Additionally, dorsolateral septum ERs, progesterone receptor, and OTR may relate to social interest without affecting social recognition. Our and others' results suggest that estrogens, OT and AVP are all involved in social behaviours and mediate social recognition, social learning, social interactions, and aggression. ERs differently modulate the two types of social learning investigated here: ERα is critical for social recognition, but impairs social learning, while ERβ is less important in social recognition, and prolongs the demonstrated food preference in the STFP. This may be due to differences in receptor brain distributions or in downstream neurochemical systems that mediate these behaviours. The results of this thesis suggest that estrogens, through the various systems they modulate, have a key role to play in social behaviour. Further investigations of how estrogens effect change in these systems at the molecular and cellular level, as well as the critical brain areas and downstream effectors involved in these complex behaviours, are needed, and could contribute to therapeutic interventions in socially-based, sexually dimorphic disorders, like the autism spectrum disorders, and women receiving hormone replacement therapy for negative peri- or post-menopausal symptoms. / National Science and Engineering Research Council (PGS-D, CGS-M)

In this thesis I explore issues of food security and food-identity relationships among international students at the University of Guelph and the University of Windsor. I argue students who attempt to maintain traditional diets are more likely to experience food insecurity than students who explore diverse foods because they are more likely to be negatively affected by food availability, food access and structural barriers. What students eat can also have implications for identity maintenance and identity creation. Thus in this thesis I also explore the relationship between food and identity by considering how identity and food-security can be closely related to preferred food availability and accessibility. I argue that students consume certain foods as a means to maintain and create identities, and as such I suggest that familiar food eaters may experience a sense of losing their identities as their food insecurity increases.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pardee Rand Graduate School, 2007. / Title from title screen (viewed on June 13, 2008). This website links to the complete document in PDF format. Includes bibliographical references.

In this thesis we studied individuals of 4 species of tortoises, often bred in captivity genus Testudo species T. hermanni, T. graeca, T. horsfieldi and T. marginata, in possession of the ZOO Hluboká nad Vltavou. We studied and analyzed their morphological parameters, size measurements, their weight and biometrical indexes, wheather they follow described sexual dimorphism as it was found out in non-captive populations. We also studied and analyzed their food preferences to find out differences between sexes and between keeping individual animal versus a group, by giving them a choice between 4 types of food (the red cabbage, leaves of dandelion and clover, and carrot roots). Sexual dimorphism displayed by different body proportions was most apparent in Testudo hermanni. In specimen from the ZOO of Testudo horsfieldi a T. graeca was sexual dimorphism less prominent. Measured Testudo females from the ZOO were in lowest, approximate and highest values bigger and heavier than males of the same species, which mirrors data from other studies of non-captive populations. Males are quicker to get to and quicker to start eating food than females. Males preffered red cabbage and carrot while the females clover and dandelion. The amplitude of preference change between individual and group experiment was not correlated by individual´s sex, species or size. We found out no apparent hierarchical enforcement from the side of faster or bigger specimen in the feeding process.

Thesis (DTech(Marketing Management)-- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / The fall of apartheid in South Africa has attracted a large number of immigrants from different parts of the world, predominantly from sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africans immigrate to South Africa mainly in search of greener pastures and for educational enhancement. However, in pursuit of their objectives, sub-Saharan African immigrants encounter numerous challenges. One of the main challenges encountered by sub-Saharan African immigrants in South Africa is the absence of indigenous foods in South Africa’s leading supermarkets. As a result, the majority of these immigrants are compelled to modify their taste and food needs to comply with available local products. Sub-Saharan African immigrants in South Africa also consume indigenous foods obtained from friends and relatives visiting South Africa and from ethnic entrepreneurs. However, ethnic entrepreneurs are perceived to be expensive, have poor quality products and a limited variety of stocks. As a result, the majority of sub-Saharan African immigrants in South Africa prefer to buy their indigenous foodstuffs from South Africa’s major supermarkets, in the case where they are stocked by these supermarkets. It is noteworthy that, South Africa’s leading supermarket chains acknowledge the potential of the emerging sub-Saharan African immigrant market and are interested in stocking indigenous food products from other sub-Saharan African countries. However, these supermarkets lack the knowledge and understanding of the market in order to establish marketing strategies to cater for their immigrant customers’ indigenous food needs. This study has established a food consumption behaviour model of the sub-Saharan African immigrants in South Africa.

BScnut / Department of Nutrition

The aim of this exploratory qualitative study is to identify the problems African American adolescent girls face in making eating choices and to learn how they make decisions about eating. Differences related to culture and socioeconomic status influences, and decision-making strategies were explored. Three sites in African American communities were selected for focus groups and individual adolescent girl-parent dyad interviews for data collection. Data were gathered in 5 focus groups and 4 individual adolescent girl-parent dyad interviews with African American adolescents (n=30). Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory (EST) provided the conceptual framework for informing the analysis and interpretation of the data. Using grounded theory methods, the researcher identified the core variable or basic psychosocial problem that faced the participants was receiving mixed messages. Low income African American adolescent girls receive mixed messages about nutrition, health and foods from their microsystems that are comprised of friends and family, and from macrosystems that include textbooks and the media. Filtering the mixed messages is the basic psychosocial process that low income African American girls use to handle the barrage of mixed messages they receive from their microsystems and macrosystems regarding eating choices and exosystem influences. The process of filtering the mixed messages is comprised of five phases: Applying a lens, surveying available resources, weighing influences, then choosing alternating eating strategies and evaluating their eating choices. How the adolescent girl applies a lens, surveys resources and weighs the influences together impact the alternating eating strategies that they implement. Over time they evaluate the effectiveness of their eating choices. / text