Les rizières constituent des habitats favorables pour les oiseaux d’eau, en particulier en tant que halte migratoire, zone de reproduction ou site d’alimentation hivernal. Dans ce dernier cas, la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires (grains de riz non ramassés, graines d’adventices ou invertébrés) semble être fortement influencée par les pratiques culturales post-récolte. Ce projet vise à tester des pratiques post-récolte alternatives au brûlage-labour traditionnellement mis en place en Camargue afin de mesurer les conséquences en termes de disponibilité de nourriture et de fréquentation des parcelles par les canards hivernants. Différents traitements post-récolte (inondation, brûlage, labour, disquage et leurs combinaisons) ont été testés. Nous avons réalisé un suivi de la quantité de graines (riz, adventices) disponibles au cours du temps, depuis la récolte en Septembre-Octobre jusqu'en Mars ainsi qu’un suivi de l'usage des parcelles par les canards pendant la journée et pendant la nuit. En parallèle, nous avons étudié les bénéfices agronomiques potentiels de certaines pratiques en interculure et nous avons cherché à identifier une solution mutuellement bénéfique, répondant aux besoins d’habitat d'hivernage des canards et à ceux des riziculteurs, le tout à moindre coût. / Rice fields provide foraging habitat to waterfowl during migration, breeding and wintering seasons. In the latter case, food availability (waste rice, weed seeds or invertebrates) seems to be strongly influenced by post-harvest agricultural practices. This project aims at testing alternative post-harvest practices to the traditional burning-mowing in the Camargue in order to assess their consequences in terms of food availability and field use by wintering ducks. Different post-harvest treatments (flooding, burning, mowing, disking and their combinations) were conducted. The amount of seeds (rice + weeds) available through time was assessed, from harvest in Sept-Oct until March, and duck use of these fields during the day and during the night was simultaneously monitored. In parallel, we studied potential agronomic benefit of specific post harvest practices and we searched a mutually beneficial solution that provides needed wintering ducks habitat and is acceptable to rice farmers with limited costs.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes contribute increasingly to the global burden of disease. Along with other behavioural risk factors, diet plays a key role in the onset and management of the disease, in turn largely determined by what foods are immediately accessible in local food environments. With this in mind, this thesis aims to answer the research question: What role do local food environments play in promoting or inhibiting access to healthy foods as part of the self - management of T2DM in urban and rural communities in South Africa, and what can be learned from an international perspective? Specific research objectives include, to: 1. Understand the current national-level policy context with regard to the observed rise in NCDs, their proximal determinants (specifically an observed change in diet patterns), and contributing environmental factors; 2. Identify the current food-related environmental factors associated with the onset and/or management of T2DM in an urban and a rural setting (as well as in four additional international settings in order to provide an international perspective); 3. Explore community perspectives of the role the local food environment plays in the self-management of T2DM in an urban and a rural setting; and, consequently 4. Recommend intervention- and/or policy-related actions that can be implemented based on study findings. A review of the literature and relevant policies was conducted towards achieving the first research objective. Quantitative data were systematically collected at an urban and rural site in South Africa through the creation of an ‘environmental profile’ in an attempt to achieve the second objective – comparable urban and rural data was also collected as part of a larger study at two other international sites (Kampala, Uganda and Stockholm, Sweden) to provide an international perspective. Included in the third objective is the collection of qualitative data through a community based participatory research method at the same urban and rural sites in South Africa. Finally, intervention and/or policy-related recommendations are developed based on study findings and in consultation with relevant stakeholders through interviews. / 2018-12-14

As formas de defesa encontradas na natureza são incrivelmente diversas e envolvem estratégias que minimizam as chances de encontro com o predador ou as chances de escape diante de um ataque. A liberação de substâncias químicas é uma forma de defesa amplamente difundida entre artrópodes e vários estudos já demonstraram sua eficiência contra o ataque de predadores. Apesar de trazerem benefícios óbvios em termos de defesa, a produção de vários desses compostos químicos deve ser custosa para as presas. Esta tese teve como objetivo geral explorar os custos da produção de defesas químicas em um grupo particular de artrópodes, os opiliões. No capítulo 1, investigamos como a produção de ovos pode comprometer a produção de defesas químicas (benzoquinonas) e quais as conseqüências da redução do volume de secreção liberada sobre a capacidade de defesa das fêmeas de Acutisoma longipes. Nossos resultados apontam que a quantidade de secreção produzida por fêmeas ovígeras é quase 50% inferior à das fêmeas não-ovígeras. Como conseqüência, a secreção liberada por fêmeas ovígeras é menos eficiente em deter formigas e aranhas do que a secreção liberada por fêmeas não-ovígeras. No capítulo 2, investigamos como a quantidade e a qualidade da dieta influenciam a produção de defesas químicas (benzoquinonas) em Magnispina neptunus. Demonstramos que a produção de defesas químicas é condição dependente, pois indivíduos bem alimentados produziram mais secreção que indivíduos mal alimentados. Entretanto, indivíduos que receberam aporte extra dos precursores da secreção não incrementaram nem a quantidade total nem a concentração da secreção. Por fim, o capítulo 3 teve como objetivo investigar possíveis demandas conflitantes (trade-offs) entre o esforço de acasalamento (produção de armamentos) e o esforço somático (defesas químicas) de machos e fêmeas em um clado de opiliões neotropicais. Usando uma abordagem comparativa, mostramos que fêmeas produzem mais defesas químicas (benzoquinonas) que machos, mas não há uma relação negativa entre o dimorfismo sexual morfológico e o dimorfismo na quantidade de defesas químicas produzidas por machos e fêmeas. Coletivamente, os resultados obtidos aqui apontam que a produção de defesas químicas em opiliões é custosa e que está sujeita a demandas conflitantes com outros componentes de aptidão. / The forms of animal defenses found in nature are incredibly diverse and comprise many strategies that minimize the changes of a prey being detected or attacked by a predator. The emission of chemical secretions is a widespread defense among arthropods, and several studies have already demonstrated the efficiency of chemical defenses against predation. Although chemical defenses confer obvious survival benefits, the production of deterrent compounds may be costly for the individuals. The main goal of this thesis was to evaluate the costs of producing chemical defenses in a particular arthropod group, the harvestmen. In chapter 1 we investigated how egg production may compromise the production of chemical defenses (benzoquinones) by females of Acutisoma longipes, and whether a reduction in the amount of secretions released by ovigerous females make then more vulnerable to predation. Our results indicate that ovigerous females produce almost 50% less secretion than non-ovigerous females. Moreover, the low amount of secretion released by ovigerous females is less efficient than the amount released by non−ovigerous females in deterring ants and spiders. In chapter 2 we investigated how the quantity and quality of food influence the production of chemical defenses (benzoquinones) in Magnispina neptunus. We demonstrate that the production of chemical defenses is clearly condition dependent because well fed individuals produced more secretion than poorly fed individuals. However, individuals that received in the diet an input of the benzoquinones\' precursor did not show an increase in the amount and concentration of secretion released. Finally, in chapter 3 we investigated possible trade-offs between mating effort (i.e., investment in weaponry) and somatic effort (i.e., investment in chemical secretions) in males and females of several harvestman species belonging to the family Gonyleptidae. Using a comparative approach, we showed that females consistently produce more secretion than males, but there is no negative relationship between morphological sexual dimorphism and sexual dimorphism in the amount of secretion released by males and females. Taken together, our findings indicate that the production of chemical defenses in harvestmen is costly and is under allocation trade-offs with other fitness components.

No description available.

La Barge à queue noire Limosa limosa est un oiseau limicole communément rencontré tout au long de l’année sur le territoire Français. Les individus présents sur la partie ouest de l’Europe sont représentés par deux sous-espèces : la sous-espèce L. l. limosa, dite barge à queue noire « continentale », est principalement observée pendant les phases de migration et en très faibles effectifs reproducteurs sur les marais ouest Atlantique; la sous-espèce L. l. islandica, dite « islandaise », est quant à elle, exclusivement présente en hivernage le long des côtes atlantiques et de la Manche. L’étude menée au cours de ces travaux de thèse porte principalement sur la barge « islandaise » en dehors de la période de reproduction sur les sites d’hivernage le long de la façade atlantique Française. Contrairement à L. l. limosa, la population de L. l. islandica connaît sur l’ensemble de son aire de répartition, une expansion aussi bien en termes d’effectif qu’en nombre de sites fréquentés. La synthèse des effectifs nationaux hivernants montre que la population hivernante en France suit cette même tendance, avec une progression de 1350 à 27000 individus au cours des vingt dernières années. Actuellement, la France accueille environ 30 % de la population sur un nombre de sites grandissant mais néanmoins restreint, principalement représentés par les Réserves Naturelles littorales abritant des vasières intertidales utilisés comme zone d’alimentation. À partir de données biométriques, génétiques ou encore des historiques de vie des oiseaux équipés de bagues couleurs, les périodes de présence des deux populations sur le territoire Français ont pu être mis à jour. De plus, au sein de la sous-espèce islandaise, plusieurs durées d’hivernage en France ont été avancées, pouvant varier de 2 à 8 mois selon les individus. La phénologie des effectifs étudiée sur chacun des sites suggère une utilisation très variée des sites ainsi que de nombreux échanges entre ces sites au cours d’un même hiver. Couramment utilisée dans la compréhension de la distribution des populations d’oiseaux, la disponibilité de la ressource trophique a également été étudiée au regard du régime alimentaire de la Barge queue noire à partir d’échantillonnages de macrofaune, de collecte de fèces mais aussi d’analyses d’isotopes stables. Au cours de l’hiver, à l’échelle des Pertuis Charentais, les barges montrent deux régimes distincts mais néanmoins monospécifiques. Elles s’alimentent de rhizomes de zostères (Zostera noltii) sur les herbiers des vasières de l’Ile de Ré et de bivalves (Macoma balthica) sur les vasières nues. Au cours de l’hiver, il est supposé que la déplétion de ces ressources conduit à une redistribution des effectifs de barges sur de nouvelles zones d’alimentation voire de nouveaux reposoirs. Les deux régimes alimentaires sont majoritairement retrouvés à l’échelle de la distribution nationale des barges. Néanmoins, leurs distributions au sein des sites français dépend des caractéristiques sédimentaires, des interactions intra et interspécifiques, de la disponibilité de reposoirs de marée haute et des dérangements tels que la chasse. Ce travail a permis d’établir de solides connaissances et aboutit à la collecte de données détaillées et complémentaires qui vont permettre de tester les modèles théoriques de distribution spatiale des organismes à l’échelle d’une région de leur aire de distribution. / The Black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa is a shorebird species commonly observed in France throughout the year. Two sub-species are dissociated in West European. The so called “continental” Godwit L. l. limosa is observed in France during migration cycles and some pairs breed in marshes on the Atlantic coast; the so called “Icelandic” Godwit winters exclusively along coast of the Western Europe. This present work mainly investigates the wintering ecology of Icelandic–godwit in coastal mudflats of France. Contrarily to the continental sub-species, the whole Icelandic-godwit L. l. islandica population increased quantitatively as long as the number of sites used. In France, national counts pointed out that wintering population follows this trend and have increased from 1350 to 27000 individuals during the last twenty years. This population represents now around 30% of the whole islandica population but individuals stage in large flocks in a very limited number of sites, mainly included in Nature Reserves. From standard biometrics, molecular analyses and resighting data, phenologies of the both sub-species can then be specified for France. Furthermore, this study allowed to define how long the wintering period lasts in France for Icelandic-Godwits, between 2 and 8 months depending on individuals. Phenology at site scale suggested that godwits used several sites throughout the winter. As currently used for understanding the distribution of bird populations, trophic resource availability was studied in regard to the diet of the Black-tailed godwit from macrofauna sampling, droppings collection and stable isotope analyses. At the Pertuis Charentais scale, two feeding behaviors were clearly distinguished: seagrass grazing (Zostera notlii) or bivalve probing (Macoma balthica). Food depletion along the winter is expected to lead to the decrease of local populations, and to the selection of new feeding area or roost. Considering the distribution of the species at the national level, the diets were recorded depending on the mudflats’ characteristics. Even if food distribution is commonly used to understand at first the bird population distribution, our observations point out that, here at a local level, more parameters may influence the wintering distribution such as sediment characteristics, intra and inter-specific interactions, high tide roosts availability and human disturbances as the hunt. This work allowed to establish a solid knowledge and to collect many complementary data to test the distribution theories on the Black-tailed Godwit population wintering in France.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Queiroz Martins Pedroso.pdf: 1093596 bytes, checksum: 07eb393466b02df8274ee63254b1d002 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-16 / Replicating Iversen s (1993) procedure, this study s goal was to increase the comprehension of the running response of rats on an activity wheel when running was a consequence of responding on a fixed-ratio schedule. The study also explored the impact of a restricted period of food availability on the reinforcing value of wheel running. Body weight, food and water consumption of six female rats were systematically measured. Five subjects were also submitted to a procedure designed to install wheel-running as a consequence for lever pressing. After baseline measures of wheel running, a gradual restriction of the session time when wheel-running was possible was implemented, followed by the shaping of a lever pressing response reinforced by wheel-running, and a phase when lever pressing was maintained by intermittent reinforcement on a FR. The FR values initially were increased automatically and later the FR values were increased based on the analysis of the subject s responses. One subject was finally submitted to an extinction procedure of the lever pressing response. The availability of food also varied during experimental phases concomitantly with the manipulation of lever pressing and wheel running: food was initially available all the time, later food was available for 90 minutes daily, and, finally, it was available all the time again for some subjects.. Results indicated that the lever pressing that produced wheel running as a consequence was acquired and maintained for 4 of 5 subjects. Nevertheless these responses were emitted at low rates, and were acquired only after a long training. For one subject, the lever pressing response was acquired only when food was its consequence and was, then maintained when the consequence became wheel-running. Results also showed that rate of lever pressing and the number of wheel turns decreased as the value of fixed ratio increased, and that weight loss did not depend on the number of wheel turns, but seemed to depend on the time restriction of food availability. It is discussed that for 3 subjects the time restriction of food availability was an establishing operation for wheel-running / Similar ao procedimento de Iversen (1993), este estudo buscou compreender o funcionamento da resposta de andar na roda como reforço, em esquema de reforçamento em FR e explorou o impacto da restrição do tempo de alimento disponível sobre o valor reforçador de andar na roda. Seis ratas foram submetidas à linha de base de peso corporal, consumo de alimento e água. Destas, cinco foram designadas às seguintes fases tendo a possibilidade de andar na roda: sessões de linha de base, redução gradual do tempo de possibilidade de andar na roda; modelagem da resposta de pressão à barra; reforçamento intermitente em FR com aumento automático do valor da FR, aumento do valor da FR determinado pela análise das respostas emitidas pelos sujeitos e extinção da resposta de pressão à barra. Sobre o alimento, destacam-se as seguintes condições: alimento disponível por tempo integral, 90 de alimento disponível por dia e alimento por tempo integral. Tais condições acompanharam as manipulações das variáveis relativas a andar na roda. Os resultados apontaram que quatro de cinco sujeitos adquiriram com muito treino e mantiveram com taxas baixas a resposta de pressão à barra tendo a possibilidade de andar na roda como conseqüência, diferente do obtido por Iversen (1993). Para um sujeito, inclusive a resposta de pressão à barra só foi instalada usando alimento como reforço, e depois mantida com a resposta de andar na roda. Observou-se também que as taxas de respostas de pressão à barra e o número de voltas na roda diminuíram com o aumento do valor da FR, e que a perda de peso dos sujeitos não dependeu da quantidade de voltas na roda e sim da restrição do tempo de alimento disponível. Pode-se dizer que a restrição do tempo de alimento foi uma operação estabelecedora que alterou a efetividade reforçadora do andar na roda para quatro dos sujeitos

No description available.

Depuis plusieurs années il est devenu essentiel de comprendre le déterminisme sexuel des espèces à fort intérêt économique afin d’optimiser leur production au sein d’écloseries émergentes.L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de mettre en évidence les mécanismes impliqués dans la détermination et la différenciation sexuelle, et notamment du sexe femelle, chez l’huître perlière P. margaritifera, espèce hermaphrodite protandre et espèce clé de la perliculture, la seconde ressource économique pour la Polynésie française. Pour atteindre cet objectif, deux approches ont été menées : une approche transcriptomique visant à étudier les mécanismes moléculaires du déterminisme et de la différenciation sexuelle, et une approche expérimentale visant à comprendre le phénomène de la sexualisation par des forçages environnementaux et hormonaux en s’intéressant plus particulièrement au déterminisme et à la différenciation sexuelle femelle.Dans l’approche transcriptomique, le transcriptome de la gonade de P. margaritifera a été séquencé à partir de plusieurs échantillons gonadiques d’huîtres de sexe mâle et femelle à différents stades de développement. Après le séquençage Illumina et l'assemblage du transcriptome, 70 147 contigs ont été obtenus. L’analyse fonctionnelle de ces 70 147contigs, a permis d’identifier des gènes d’intérêt et ainsi de constituer un catalogue de 87 ARNm codant pour 67 protéines impliquées dans la détermination, la différenciation sexuelle et/ou la gamétogenèse. Ensuite une analyse stricte des données de quantification RNAseq a révélé 1 937 contigs exprimés de manière différentielle entre les catégories histologiques des gonades. À partir de l’analyse de leurs profils d’expression au sein de chaque échantillon, un nouveau modèle de la reproduction de P. margaritifera, basé sur une double approche analytique, eg. histo-moléculaire, a été proposé. Ce modèle révèle notamment que le déterminisme sexuel de P. margaritifera chez l’adulte se produirait durant une phase de régression de la gonade. Considérant ainsi les nouveaux stades définis par ce modèle, 9 gènes biomarqueurs de la voie sexuelle femelle ont pu être identifiés révélant un modèle prédictif de la voie sexuelle basé sur 3 rapports d’expressions de gènes impliquant 2 gènes inconnus pmarg-c43476 et pmarg-c54338 et 2 gènes connus pmarg-foxl2 et pmarg-fem1-like. Ce deuxième modèle suggère fortement l'implication de pmarg-foxl2 et pmarg-fem1-like dans le déterminisme du sexe de P. margaritifera. Dans l’approche expérimentale, deux expérimentations séparées ont été réalisées pour mettre en évidence l’effet i) de plusieurs combinaisons de température et de niveau trophique, et ii) de l’œstradiol-17β administré par injection directe dans la gonade ; sur le sexe, la gamétogenèse et l’expression des neuf gènes biomarqueurs de la voie sexuelle femelle identifiés précédemment. Les résultats ont montré que la condition combinant la température de 28°C et la concentration en algues de 40 000 cellules mL-1 était la plus favorable non seulement à la maturation des gonades mâles et femelles mais aussi au maintien du sexe femelle. Ce serait dans cette condition environnementale qu’il serait possible d’induire un changement de sexe de mâle vers femelle. Dans la seconde expérimentation, il a été clairement démontré que la reproduction de P. margaritifera pouvait être régulée par les hormones œstrogènes. Les résultats montrent un effet négatif de l’œstradiol sur le développement et la différenciation mâle. Enfin les résultats du modèle prédictif de la voie sexuelle de P. margaritifera, suggèrent une programmation génétique du sexe femelle qui toutefois resterait soumise aux conditions environnementales validant ainsi l’hypothèse d’un mode de détermination mixte du sexe chez P. margaritifera. / For several years it has become essential to understand sex determination of species with high economic interest to maximize their production in emerging hatcheries.The main objective of this thesis was to identify the mechanisms involved in sex determination and sex differentiation, and particularly in female sex, in the pearl oyster P. margaritifera, a protandrous hermaphrodite species and the key species of the pearl farming, the second economic resource for French Polynesia. To achieve this goal, two approaches were undertaken: a transcriptomic approach to investigate the molecular mechanisms of sex determinism and sex differentiation, and an experimental approach to understand the phenomenon of sexualization by environmental and hormonal forcing focusing especially on female sex determinism and female sex differentiation.In the transcriptomic approach, the gonad transcriptome of P. margaritifera was sequenced from several samples of male and female oyster gonads at different stages of development. After Illumina sequencing and assembly of the transcriptome, 70,147 contigs were obtained. Functional analysis of these 70,147 contigs identified genes of interest and allowed the constitution of a catalog of 87 mRNAs encoding 67 proteins involved in sex determination, sex differentiation and/or gametogenesis. Then a strict analysis of RNAseq quantification data revealed 1,937 contigs differentially expressed between the histological categories of gonad. From the analysis of their expression profiles in each sample, a new model of reproduction of P. margaritifera, based on dual analytical approach, i.e. histo-molecular, has been proposed. This model shows that sex determination of adult P. margaritifera pearl oysters occur during a regression phase of the gonad. And considering the new stages defined on this model, 9 biomarkers genes of the female sexual pathway have been identified revealing a 3-gene-pair expression ratio based model, which makes it possible to predict the sexual pathway in this hermaphrodite species. This predictive model involves two unknown genes pmarg-c43476 and pmarg-c54338 and 2 known genes pmarg-foxl2 and pmarg-fem1-like, and strongly suggests the involvement of pmarg-foxl2 and pmarg-fem1-like in sex determinism in P. margaritifera.In the experimental approach, two separated experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effect of i) various combinations of temperature and trophic level, and ii) 17β-estradiol administered by direct injection into the gonad; on sex, gametogenesis and expression of the nine biomarkers genes of the female sexual pathway previously identified. The results showed that the condition combining a temperature of 28 °C and a concentration of 40 000 cells of algae mL-1 was the most favorable not only for the maturation of the male and female gonads but also for the maintenance of the female sex. It would be in this environmental condition that it would be possible to induce a sex change from male to female. In the second experiment, it was clearly demonstrated that the reproduction of P. margaritifera could be regulated by estrogen hormones. The results show a negative effect of estradiol on male development and differentiation. Finally the results of the predictive model of the sexual pathway of P. margaritifera, suggest a genetic programming of the female sex, which however remain subject to environmental conditions, thus validating the hypothesis of a mixed sex determinism mode in P. margaritifera.

Les habitats côtiers à fonds meubles sont essentiels dans le cycle de vie de nombreuses espèces de poissons. Ces habitats ont pour caractéristique d’être peu étendus mais sont aussi très productifs et jouent à ce titre un rôle de nourricerie pour les juvéniles de poissons bentho-démersaux. Les fortes abondances de proies semblent être l’une des raisons principales de la présence des juvéniles au sein de ces habitats. Bien que déjà étudié, le caractère limitant de la nourriture disponible fait toujours l’objet de débats dans la communauté scientifique. Une des raisons principales est que l’étude des milieux côtiers est rendue complexe par la diversité des facteurs entrant en jeu dans le développement des jeunes stades de poissons. A partir du cas d’étude de la baie de Vilaine, une des nourriceries les plus productives du golfe de Gascogneles recherches menées dans cette thèse visent à définir le rôle du facteur alimentaire dans l’organisation de la nourricerie et dans sa capacité à soutenir le développement des juvéniles de poissons. Le fil conducteur de cette thèse est donc de déterminer si le facteur alimentaire limite la production de juvéniles. Les résultats montrent une forte exploitation de la production alimentaire ainsi qu'une superposition spatiale entre les densités de juvéniles de poissons et de leurs proies. La cohérence de ces résultats tend à soutenir l'hypothèse que la capacité d'accueil de la baie de Vilaine est atteinte et donc que le facteur alimentaire est limitant. Les implications de ce mécanisme de régulation sur la dynamique des populations nourricer / Soft sediment coastal habitats are essential in the life cycle of numerous fishes. These habitats are spatially-limited but very productive, and play a key role of nursery for the juveniles of benthic and demersal fishes. High abundance of prey seems to be one of the main reasons of the presence of juvenile fish within these habitats. Although widely studied, the limiting aspect of the feeding factor is still debated in the scientific community. One of the main reasons is that studying coastalhabitats is complex because numerous factors influence the development of the first life stages of fish. From the study case of the Bay of Vilaine, one of the most productive nurseries of the Bay of Biscay, research conducted in this thesis aims to define the role of the feeding factor in the organisation of the nursery and in its capacity to support the development of juvenile fish. The common thread of this thesis is thus to determine if the feeding factor limits the juvenile fish production. The results show a strong exploitation of the food production by the juvenile fish community and a spatial match between the densities of juvenile fish and their prey. The consistency of these results tends to support that the hypothesis that the carrying capacity of the Bay of Vilaine is reached, and that the feeding factor is limiting. The consequences of this regulation process on the dynamics of nursery-dependent fish populations are discussed.