Inom födosöksteori söker och konsumerar djur föda på ett sätt som maximerar deras förmåga att reproducera sig och få sina gener representerade i kommande generationer. För att åstadkomma detta måste individer ibland anpassa sina beteenden. Brunbjörnhonor (Ursus arctos) med årsungar måste bland annat dela den föda de hittar med ungarna. För att inte riskera att ungarna dödas av hannar så har honor med årsungar under parningsperioden mindre hemområden och rör sig mindre under ett dygn än vuxna honor utan årsungar. Med bakgrund av dessa olikheter undersöks ifall honor med årsungar konsumerar annan föda jämfört med honor i andra reproduktiva kategorier. En spillningsinsamling från GPS-märkta björnar gjordes i västra Hälsingland och norra Dalarna under 2015 från 25:e maj till 11:e oktober. Inför dataanalysen delades säsongen upp i två perioder vid den 15:e juli på grund av olikheter i födotillgång samt att parningssäsongen slutar. En frekvensanalys gjordes av individernas spillningar som resulterade i en icke signifikant skillnad mellan honor med och honor utan årsungars födoval. En undersökande dataanalys av volymprocent antyder dock att det kan finnas skillnader i mängd av vissa födoämnen under parningsperioden. Dessa skillnader fanns i kategorierna ben, älghår samt övriga växtmaterial. Även om studien lider av liten provstorlek med endast fyra honor med årsungar i var och en av de båda perioderna tycks undersökningen originell med en upplösning på individnivå. Tidigare skandinaviska födovalsanalyser hos brunbjörnen har gjorts med spillning som minsta enhet. / According to foraging theory, animals seek and consume food in ways that maximize their ability to reproduce and have their genes represented in future generations. In order to achieve this, individuals must sometimes adapt their behaviors. Females of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) with cubs of the year must share the food they find with their cubs. To protect the cubs from being killed by males in the mating period, females with young have smaller home ranges than other adult females and move less on a daily basis than other females. In view of these differences my hypothesis is that females with yearlings consume different food items than other females. A fecal collection from GPS-marked brown bears was made in 2015 in the northern Dalarna county and northwestern county of Gävleborg in Sweden from 25 May to 11 October. Prior to the data analysis, the season was divided into two periods, 25 May to 15 July and 16 July to 11 October, based on differences in food availability and season (mating vs non-mating season). A frequency analysis detected no significant differences in food items consumed for either period. However, an exploratory data analysis of percent volume of different food items suggests that there may be differences in the amount of certain foods during the mating period. These differences were found for the food categories, bone, moose hair and other plant material. Although the study suffers from a small sample size with only four females with cubs of the year in each of the two periods, this study is relatively novel with a resolution at the individual level. Previous food item analyzes of the brown bear in Scandinavia have been done with fecal samples as the smallest unit.

El proceso de producción es uno de los más importantes, si no el más importante, para una organización. Para el rubro de alimentos y restaurantes, una producción eficiente y que se adapte a las diversas fluctuaciones de la demanda determinará su éxito económico como posicionamiento en el mercado. En este contexto, las áreas de Operaciones y de Marketing juegan un rol importante para el desarrollo de la rentabilidad anhelada por la compañía. Numerosos casos de estudio e investigación han demostrado que la Teoría de Restricciones, en conjunto con el seguimiento de la metodología MRP, permite una adecuada planificación de la producción. Es por ello por lo que este trabajo se apoyará en ambas herramientas de ingeniería industrial para solucionar la problemática identificada en una importante cadena peruana de restaurantes. TOC permitió identificar la restricción del proceso productivo, llegando a la conclusión que para satisfacer la demanda de pizzas sería necesario considerar la compra de nueva maquinaria (levadoras). Adicionalmente, se simularon los escenarios actual y mejorado para validar matemáticamente la propuesta que se desea implementar, por medio del software Arena. El análisis económico se validó con el software @Risk. En los límites de un escenario conservador de demanda, podría lograrse una TIR de aproximada de 57% en promedio, colocando a la propuesta planteada como viable y exitosa. / Production is one of the most important, if not the most important, process for any organization. For the food and restaurant sector, efficient production that adapts to demand fluctuations will determine its economic success, as market position. In this context, the Operations and Marketing areas play an important role in developing the desired profitability for the company. Numerous case studies and research have shown that the Theory of Constraints and MRP methodology, allow adequate production planning. For this reason, this paper will rely on both industrial engineering tools to solve the problems identified in an important and major Peruvian restaurant chain. TOC identified the restriction of the production process, reaching the conclusion that to satisfy the demand for pizzas it would be necessary to consider the purchase of new machinery (lifters). Additionally, the current and improved scenarios were simulated to mathematically validate the proposal to be implemented, using the Arena software. The economic analysis was validated with @Risk software. Within the limits of a conservative demand scenario, an IRR of approximately 57% on average could be achieved, placing the proposed proposal as viable and successful. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

The effect of portion size on food intake is a well-documented phenomenon: when served larger portions, individuals significantly increase their food intake. Insofar authors have limited their research on presenting the potential outcomes, while identifying several conditions favorable to this phenomenon. Indeed, the mechanisms of this effect are poorly understood and no research has insofar provided conclusive evidence regarding the underlying mechanism that could help explain the portion size effect. The first part of this dissertation aimed to fill this gap. We argue that the anchoring and adjustment heuristic accounts for most of the favoring conditions evidenced in earlier research and present it as a possible mechanism underlying the portion size effect. In this view, the portion size served is used as an anchor whereas other influences (i.e. economical, metabolic, regulatory, physiological, sensory, social and environmental) may further contribute to adjust total amount of food consumed. Moreover, we argue that prevention strategies based on this decision making literature may be similarly effective to limit excess food intake from enlarged portions. <p><p>The second and third chapter of this dissertation focus on two other factors related to the portion size of foods, namely the container size and the structure of the portion (i.e. food item size). The discussion of this dissertation reviews the facilitating conditions put forward previously to understand the portion size effect, as well as those reinforcing this effect, and how they may be integrated in an anchoring and adjustment perspective of eating. Finally, it aims to provide a food intake model that may accommodate for most environmental influences, with a special focus on the three influences mentioned above. / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished