This experiment examined the forage potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa) and kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). The objectives were to evaluate yield and forage nutritive value (i.e. NDF, ADF, ADL, IVTD, and CP) fluctuations over the course of a growing season based on planting date, morphological composition, and management. Three types of hemp (grain, fiber, and a dual- purpose type) and kenaf were planted on two dates and were sampled approximately every two weeks throughout the growing season at the University of Kentucky (UK) Research Farm in Lexington, KY. Subsamples were separated into morphological components (i.e. leaf, flowers, stem, core fiber, and bast fiber) while the remainder of the sample was ground for laboratory analysis. All samples were scanned in Foss 6500 NIRS and wet chemistry analytical methods were utilized on a subset of samples to develop equations to predict the nutritive value of the remaining samples. Significant interactions for forage type, planting date, and harvest time were observed for yield, % floral components, % bast, and ADL. Significant interactions occurred between planting date and harvest date as well as type and harvest date for NDF, ADF, digestibility, crude protein, % leaf, % core, and % stem. Overall, forage nutritive value declined with increased plant maturity. The later planting date reduced the vegetative growth period, resulting in reduced leaf content, yield, and forage nutritive value. The performance of kenaf in this study indicates that it may be a better alternative forage than hemp due to remaining vegetative longer and having superior nutritive value. Better selection and the development of new hemp varieties with different photoperiod requirements could lengthen the vegetative state and may result in yields and nutritive values that are more competitive with kenaf and other typical forages.

A 2-year grazing study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid compositions in subcutaneous adipose tissue of beef steers grazing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.; TF) pastures without or with N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization increased crude protein concentration of TF pasture and average daily gain of beef steers. Increase in total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N (NH3-N) concentrations were detected in steers grazing fertilized TF. In comparison with steers on feedlot, pasture-finished steers had greater proportions of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and C18:3 n-3, but lower n-6:n-3 ratio in adipose tissue. In the first in vitro study using 2 energy supplements [corn or dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)] and 4 pasture mixture forages [TF without or with N fertilizer (TF˗NF or TF+NF), TF-alfalfa mixture (TF+AF), and TF-birdsfoot trefoil mixture (TF+BT)], we found that corn supplementation increased total VFA and propionate concentrations, while DDGS supplementation decreased total VFA concentrations. Lower NH3-N concentration and methane (CH4) production were observed due to energy supplementation, in particular when corn grain was supplemented. Similar NH3-N:VFA ratios were detected in the cultures fed the TF+NF and the TF+BT. This result indicates that the TF+BT had similar fermentation efficiency on in vitro ruminal metabolism compared with the TF+NF. The second in vitro study was performed to investigate the effects of grass-to-legume ratios of 3 different TF-legume mixed diets on in vitro fermentation characteristics in continuous cultures. Propionate concentration increased with the increasing of legume proportion in the mixed diets. The greatest propionate concentration was shown by cultures fed the TF+CM, while the TF+AF and the TF+BT maintained a similar propionate concentration. Increasing legume proportion in the forage diets also increased NH3-N concentration, but decreased CH4 production in the cultures. Further decrease of CH4 production was recorded when the TF+BT was fed to the cultures. Overall results from the grazing study demonstrate that N fertilizer can improve nutrient quality of TF as well as growth performance of grazing steers, while the in vitro studies showed positive effects of grass-legume mixture diets on in vitro microbial metabolism by improving ruminal fermentation and reducing CH4 production.

Two independent studies were conducted to assess the effects of feeding condensed tannin (CT)-containing forages to continuous cultures to evaluate their impacts on ruminal fermentation and digestibility, with an emphasis on methane (CH4) and ammonia-N (NH3-N) production. In Chapter 3, treatments consisted of: 1) 100% alfalfa hay (AH), 2) 50% AH and 50% birdsfoot trefoil hay (dry matter (DM) basis; AHBFTH), and 3) 100% birdsfoot trefoil hay (BFTH). Three replicated runs lasted 8 d each, with the first 5 d allowed for microbial adaptation to the diets, and 3 d for data collection and sampling. Methane, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and profiles were not affected by the dietary treatments. However, NH3-N concentration and flow were reduced when replacing the AH with the BFTH. It was concluded that feeding a CT-containing diet (BFTH) increased the in vitro N utilization. In Chapter 4, five total mixed ration (TMR) diets were evaluated, each containing a different forage source as hay: 1) alfalfa (AHT), 2) cicer milkvetch (CMVHT), 3) Norcen birdsfoot trefoil (NBFTHT), 4) Oberhaunstadter birdsfoot trefoil (OBFTHT), and 5) sainfoin (SFHT). Total VFA production and acetate molar proportion were not influenced by treatments. However, molar proportion of propionate increased by the CMVHT, and decreased by the SFHT. Acetate to propionate ratio decreased with the CMVHT and the OBFTHT, but increased with the SFHT when compared to the AHT. Digestibilities of DM and NDF were not influenced by dietary treatments. Total CH4 production decreased by all treatments when compared to the AHT, whereas CH4 production expressed as mM per g of NDF digested was reduced only by the CMVHT and the OBFTHT. Ammonia-N concentration decreased when feeding the CMVHT and the SFHT. Feeding the CMVHT decreased ruminal concentration of C18:0, while ruminal C18:1 cis and trans isomers were greatest with the CMVHT. Because these effective tannin-free and tanniniferous legumes did not have negative impacts on ruminal fermentation, they can maintain potential productive performance of lactating dairy cows when fed as main forage sources in TMR diets.

La complexité du système climatique nécessite de recourir à une grande variété d'indicateurs pour reconstruire ses variations passées. A ce titre, les glaces polaires constituent un outil d'investigation privilégié compte tenu de la grande diversité d'informations qu'elles recèlent. Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement au forage antarctique côtier de DSS, sur le site du Law-Dome et aux indicateurs climatiques que constituent les teneurs isotopiques et la teneur en air de la glace. Le nombre d'analyses et la précision des mesures isotopiques requises pour l'étude d'un forage polaire demandent une adaptation et une mise en oeuvre spécifique des techniques classiques de spectrométrie de masse. Notre étude présente une technique nouvelle et originale d'injection des échantillons mise au point sur l'un des spectromètre de masse du laboratoire; elle a permis d'accroître sensiblement le rendement de l'appareil en conservant la précision expérimentale. Récemment de nouvelles études ont remis en cause l'interprétation quantitative classique des isotopes en termes de température. L'analyse de nouveaux échantillons de neige de surface sur la zone de l'Antarctique de l'Est nous permet de discuter la validité de la relation spatiale isotope/température et de proposer une estimation de l'erreur associée. L'utilisation de l'excès en deutérium et d'un modèle isotopique simple apportent une information supplémentaire sur l'origine des précipitations actuelles. Face aux interrogations sur l'impact des activités humaines sur le climat, il est essentiel de replacer les fluctuations récentes dans la cadre de la variabilité climatique naturelle. L'unique résolution temporelle offerte par le forage de DSS nous permet d'étudier en détail le climat des 4000 dernières années. L'analyse spectrale des enregistrements suggère l'existence de modes oscillatoires à rapprocher des phénomènes ENSO et/ou de l'onde circumpolaire antarctique. L'analyse de la teneur en air des échantillons de DSS nous apporte enfin une information sur les variations d'altitude probablement subies par le LawDome au cours de la dernière transition climatique.

Déposés en Antarctique de l'Est au cours des 4 derniers cycles climatiques, les aérosols volcaniques (5-50 )um) et continentaux (2-3 )um) de la carotte de Vostok constituent des traceurs de circulations atmosphériques passées. Pour reconstruire leurs trajectoires troposphériques, il est nécessaire d'identifier les sources (volcans ou régions désertiques) à l'origine des émissions des cendres et des poussières continentales. Pour cela, on compare les caractéristiques géochimiques des aérosols avec les caractéristiques des sources potentielles répertoriées. Ces analyses reposent sur les concentrations en éléments majeurs (obtenues par microsonde électronique), en éléments traces (ICPMS), et sur les compositions isotopiques en Strontium et Néodyme (TIMS). Nous avons dû adapter ces méthodes analytiques à la petite taille des aérosols et à leur très faible quantité. Les caractéristiques géochimiques des volcans sources potentiels (latitude>30oS, activité<-500 ka) sont basées sur une synthèse bibliographique. On montre que les cendres des horizons volcaniques analysés proviennent essentiellement de l'arc volcanique des îles Sandwichs (situé dans l'Atlantique Sud, à 5000 km), mais aussi d'Antarctique de l'Ouest et d'Amérique du Sud. De plus, certains horizons peuvent être utilisés comme marqueurs stratigraphiques pour dater (e.g. 141 ka) et corréler les carottes. Les caractéristiques isotopiques (Sr et Nd) des régions désertiques d'Afrique du Sud, d'Australie, du Sud de l'Amérique du Sud, d'Antarctique et de Nouvelle Zélande sont mesurées sur des échantillons prélevés in situ. On remarque qu'il est nécessaire d'utiliser, pour la comparaison avec les aérosols, la fraction granulométrique inférieure à 5 um. Il est ainsi montré que les poussières continentales déposées à Vostok au cours des 4 derniers cycles climatiques proviennent de la Patagonie en période interglaciaire (flux -1,5 mg/m2/an) comme en période glaciaire (flux -20 mg/m2/an). Une partie de cette augmentation de flux peut être expliquée par la présence de vastes épandages de particules détritiques fluvio-glaciaires qui recouvrent, en période glaciaire, la Patagonie et le plateau continental argentin émergé. L'ensemble des sources des aérosols volcaniques et continentaux est donc localisé, quelle que soit la période climatique, dans une région située du côté Atlantique de l'Antarctique, aux moyennes et hautes latitudes. Le transport des particules semble quant à lui être assuré par un courant d'ouest circumpolaire convergent versl'Antarctique. Ce travail montre donc que, à partir des aérosols volcaniques et continentaux, on peut obtenir des paléo-informations dynamiques qui, au travers des corrélations, des datations, ou des modèles de circulation atmosphérique globaux, seront utiles aux reconstitutions des climats du passé.

La région de Tazareh qui fait l'objet de cette étude se situe entre les villes de Shahroud et Damghan, à la partie orientale de la chaine de l'Alborz et sur son flanc sud. Cette région est un des bassins charbonneux de l'Iran. La région étudiée au point de vue de la situation climatique est semi-aride au nord et aride au sud car les précipitations sont très faibles . Pendant la période d'étude la lame d'eau précipitée sur la ville neuve était de 102 . * * mm, et celle de la région de Tazareh 177 mm. Donc l'alimentation des nappes par les eaux précipitées sur la région est très faible. Environ les 2/3 des tormations géologiques qui constituent notre région sont des formations lias iques qui secomposent de grés, d'argiles et charbons. La majeure partie de la région, à cause de sa nature argileuse et plus ou moins imperméable, ne peut donc pas intervenir dans le domaine des nappes d'eau du bassin versant. Les formations calcaires et dolomitiques de la région ne sont pas" très 'iissurées et karstifiées , sauf dans le cas où les grandes failles drainantes passent par ces formations La plupart des points d'eau qui se trouvent dans la région soit des sources soit des puits, à cause du contact avec les formations charbonneuses du Lias ou du Dévonien- Carbonifère contenant des sulfates de calcium et de sodium sont riches en sulfates et ne peuvent pas être potables. Les calcaires de la formation de " Lar " ( Jurassique supérieur) présentent un intérêt hydrogéologique du fait de leur état de fracturation, mais les conditions topographiques ne sont pas sataisfaisantes pour alimenter notre bassin versant. L'eau des ruisseaux qui traversent notre région n'est pas utilisable pour les besoins industriels parce qu'elle sert pour les besoins agricoles des petits villages qui existent dans la région et au Sud de notre territoire d'étude.

Afin d'appréhender in-situ le couplage entre les pressions de fluides et la mécanique des failles, un laboratoire géodynamique a été installé dans le Rift de Corinthe. L'élément majeur de ce projet européen est un forage recoupant la faille d'Aigion, qui a rejoué lors d'un séisme de magnitude 6.2 en 1995, et son instrumentation permanente qui permet le suivi en continu de la pression de fluide autour de la faille. Nous avons d'abord caractérisé l'environnement hydrogéologique par la conjonction de méthodes relevant de la thermique et de l'hydrogéologie. Il devient alors possible d'interpréter les multiples anomalies hydrauliques perçues par nos capteurs de haute précision. Leur abondance témoigne de l'activité de la faille.

Mémoire (M.Sc.A.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1987. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_af_me_jabo.pdf: 572955 bytes, checksum: f64dd01902ef75161ee1881df3afa8ed (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A avaliação nutricional de alimentos para ruminantes tem sido de grande importância para adequar os bancos de dados dos sistemas de formulação de dietas em regiões de clima tropical. Devido à grande quantidade de opções de forrageiras, várias alternativas de avaliação dos alimentos foram desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas, entre elas, as técnicas in vitro. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, digestibilidade e a produção de gases in vitro de três cultivares de Brachiaria: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés e Brachiaria híbrida cv. Mulato, submetidas a níveis de oferta (4, 7, 10 e 13% do peso vivo animal), sob ciclos de pastejo rotativo. A cultivar Xaraés apresentou os maiores teores de FDN, FDNcp, FDA, LIG e menor produção de gases em 96 horas no componente lâmina foliar . Houve diminuição dos CNF e fração B2 e o aumento da fração C dos carboidratos nos componentes colmo e lâmina foliar entre ciclos de pastejo em todos as cultivares. A cultivar Marandu apresentou maiores valores de digestibilidade (DIVMO e DIVMS) nos dois componentes. A cultivar Marandu apresentou a melhor composição química e maiores valores de digestibilidade / Nutritional evaluation of ruminant feed has been of great importance to adapt the databases of the systems of feed formulation in tropical regions. Due to the large amount of various alternative options for forage food assessment were developed in recent decades, among them the in vitro techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, digestibility and gas production in vitro of three cultivars of Brachiaria, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés and Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato, subjected to offer levels (4, 7, 10 and 13% of live weight) under rotational grazing. Xaraés cultivar showed the highest contents of NDF, NDFcp, ADF, lignin, and lower gas production in 96 hours in the stem and leaf fractions. There was a decrease in NFC and B2 fractions and increased the fraction C of carbohydrates in the stem and leaf fractions between grazing cycles in all the cultivars. Marandu cultivar showed the highest digestibility (IVDMD and IVDOM) in both fractions. The leaf fraction had lower levels of fiber and higher protein content in relation to the stem fraction. Cultivar Marandu had the best chemistry and higher digestibility values

Submitted by DIEGO MONTEIRA RENESTO null (diego.dimonre.unesp@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T00:37:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação (RENESTO, D.M)..pdf: 787537 bytes, checksum: ea8fc7990e772219cd140ba3099a83a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T13:00:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 renesto_dm_me_jabo.pdf: 787537 bytes, checksum: ea8fc7990e772219cd140ba3099a83a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T13:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 renesto_dm_me_jabo.pdf: 787537 bytes, checksum: ea8fc7990e772219cd140ba3099a83a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da substituição da virginiamicina (VM) por óleos funcionais (OF) a base de mamona e castanha de caju, na recria (Exp. 1) de tourinhos da raça Nelore mantidos em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu no período de seca de Junho a Setembro de 2015 e terminação (Exp. 2) em confinamento de Outubro a Dezembro do mesmo ano, sendo que nesta fase o tratamento com VM teve inclusão de monensina sódica (MN). Foram utilizados 40 tourinhos Nelore com peso corporal (PC) inicial médio de 403,8 ± 24 kg. Durante o período de seca foram estudados dois níveis de suplementação x dois aditivos, sendo os tratamentos: suplemento proteico/energético com VM (175 ou 70 mg/kg de suplemento) ou OF (2260 ou 810 mg/kg de suplemento), fornecidos na quantidade de 3 ou 6 g por kg-1 do PC, respectivamente. Foram utilizados oito piquetes com capim Marandu (dois por tratamento) manejados em sistema de lotação contínua com duração de 104 dias. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 (doses × aditivos) com medidas repetidas no tempo (três períodos). Na fase de recria foram realizadas avaliações de massa, estrutura e qualidade da forragem e desempenho animal. Durante a fase final em confinamento os animais foram alocados em baias individuais recebendo os mesmos aditivos da fase anterior (VM ou OF nas doses de 29,2 e 700 mg/kg de MS de suplemento, respectivamente) sendo mantido o histórico da suplementação utilizado na fase de recria em pastagem, exceto com inclusão de MN (31,7 mg/kg de MS do concentrado) no tratamento VM na fase de confinamento. Foi avaliada a influência do manejo adotado na recria, sobre o consumo e desempenho dos animais na fase de confinamento. Os animais permaneceram no confinamento por 74 dias, quando foram abatidos com peso médio de 582,48 ± 29 kg. Foi adotado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, com 10 repetições (animais) por tratamento. Na fase de recria, não foram constatadas diferenças nas características da forragem estudadas. O consumo de forragem e de proteína bruta não apresentou diferença nos animais do tratamento 6 g kg-1 do PC, com relação aos tratamentos de menor nível de suplementação. O consumo de matéria seca total, fibra em detergente neutro e de nutrientes digestíveis totais não apresentou diferença, considerando os animais dos diferentes tratamentos. Os resultados referentes aos parâmetros metabólicos, pH e N-NH3 não diferiram entre os tratamentos estudados. A eficiência microbiana não apresentou diferença entre os tratamentos e o balanço de nitrogênio foi maior nos animais dos tratamentos que receberam maior nível de suplementação. O maior nível de suplementação de 6 g kg-1 do PC proporcionou maior taxa de lotação e maior ganho médio diário (GMD), bem como o aditivo VM proporcionou maior desempenho animal. Na fase de terminação em confinamento, os tratamentos com aditivo VM + MN, proporcionaram menor consumo de matéria seca. A suplementação na fase de recria de 3 g kg-1 PC contendo o aditivo OF, apresentou menor rendimento de carcaça após a fase de confinamento. O GMD e a conversão alimentar dos animais não apresentoram diferença dentre os tratamentos na fase de confinamento. / The present project aimed to evaluate the effect of virginiamycin substitution by functional oils, based on castor bean and cashew nut, in the rearing phase (Exp. 1) of Nelore bulls kept in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu in transition period of rainy/dry season from June to September 2015, terminating phase (Exp. 2) in confinement from October to December of the same year, which in this stage, virginiamycin treatment included sodium monensin. 40 Nelore bulls were used, with body weight average of 403,8 ± 24 kg. During transition period were studied two levels of supplementation versus two additives, which were: protein / energetic supplement with virginiamycin (175 or 70 mg/kg of supplement) or functional oils (2260 or 810 mg/kg of supplement), supplied in 3 or 6 g.kg-1 of body weight amount, respectively. Eight areas with Marandu grass (two per treatment) were used in continuous stocking system during 104 days. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (doses × additives) with repeated measures of time (three periods). At rearing phase were performed evaluations of mass, structure and quality of the forage and animal performance. During the final confinement phase, the animals were allocated to individual stalls receiving the same additives from the previous phase (virginiamycin or functional oils at the doses of 29.2 and 700 mg/kg of dry matter supplement, respectively), maintaining the history of the supplementation used in rearing phase, except the inclusion of sodium monensin (31.7 mg/kg of dry matter supplement) in the virginiamycin treatment at confinement phase. It was evaluated the influence of the management adopted in the rearing, on the consumption and performance of the animals at confinement phase. The animals remained in the confinement for 74 days, when they were slaughtered with average weight about 582.48 ± 29 kg. A completely randomized design was adopted, with four treatments, with 10 replicates (animals) per treatment. In the rearing phase, no differences were observed in the forage characteristics studied. Forage and raw protein consumption did not differ on animals of 6 g.kg-1 of body weight treatment, related with treatments of lower level supplementation. The total dry matter consumption, fiber in neutral detergent and total digestible nutrients did not differ, considering the animals of different treatments. The results regarding the metabolic parameters, pH and N-NH3 did not differ among the treatments studied. The microbial efficiency did not show any difference between the treatments, and the nitrogen balance was higher in the animals whose received highest levels of supplementation. Higher supplementation levels of 6 g.kg-1 of body weight provided higher stocking rate and higher average daily gain, as well as virginiamycin additive provided higher animal performance. On terminating phase in confinement, the treatments with virginiamycin + sodium monensin, provided lower consumption of dry matter. The supplementation on rearing phase of 3 g.kg-1 of body weight, containing functional oils additive, presented lower carcass yield after the confinement phase. Average daily gain and feed conversion of animals showed no difference among the treatments on confinement phase.