Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to mercury (1.69, 6.79, and 13. 57 µg/l HgCl2; 10 d exposure) and afterwards tested using various metrics of foraging ability while feeding in a vegetated habitat. Among the foraging metrics were foraging efficiency, capture speed, and the ability to learn and retain information regarding habitat characteristics. Comparisons with control fish and fish from the two highest exposure groups revealed consistent performance deficits in foraging efficiency and capture speed. However, no treatment effects on learning were detected. In determining the underlying proximate cause of the foraging deficits, it is believed that the greater pause time exhibited by treatment fish while foraging was the main cause of treatment differences. In the future, behavioral studies will continue to allow toxicity testing of environmentally relevant variables such as those used by behavioral ecologists. Such tests, when combined with tests of field collected specimens, could prove powerful in linking laboratory toxicity to toxicity in wild populations. / Master of Science

The migratory behavior of North Atlantic leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) has been documented in the Wider Caribbean, but the migratory movements of leatherbacks nesting in South Florida are relatively understudied. Our knowledge of their migrations is currently limited to ten nesting females tracked from the east coast of Florida that either moved north to the Northern Atlantic or east to the coast of Western Africa. These results bring to light the need for further investigation and larger sample sizes to identify and determine the relative importance of the different foraging areas for the leatherbacks nesting in South Florida. Here, I analyzed stable carbon (δ13C) and stable nitrogen (δ15N) values in whole blood and skin of leatherbacks nesting in South Florida between 2014 and 2017 to estimate the putative foraging origins of these nesters prior to coming to South Florida to nest. This study provides some of the first stable isotope inferences and insights into the variable pre-nesting foraging habitat locations of Florida’s leatherback population. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

BOMFIM, Isac Gabriel Abrahão. Uso de abelhas sem ferrão (Meliponinae:Apidae) em casa de vegetação para polinização e produção de frutos com e sem semente de minimelancia [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &Nakai]. 2013. 140 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-08T17:25:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_igabomfim.pdf: 1449717 bytes, checksum: 5c363ee9760d3cfcfebb1aed8f8f70f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-25T19:54:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_igabomfim.pdf: 1449717 bytes, checksum: 5c363ee9760d3cfcfebb1aed8f8f70f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T19:54:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_igabomfim.pdf: 1449717 bytes, checksum: 5c363ee9760d3cfcfebb1aed8f8f70f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the viability of using the stingless bees, Melipona subnitida and Scaptotrigona sp. nov. for pollination and fruit production of seeded and seedless mini watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) under greenhouse conditions. To this end, the floral biology and pollination requirements of seeded and seedless mini watermelon varieties were investigated, as well as the adaptive and foraging behavior of both meliponines. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse situated in the city of Fortaleza-CE. The results revealed that the varieties studied were monoecious plants with diclinous flowers, and that the stigma of its pistillate flowers remained receptive throughout the anthesis, which was from 05:25 h to 14:20 h. The seeded varieties set fruits by geitonogamous and xenogamous pollination, within the same variety and between different diploid genotypes. In contrast, the seedless genotypes set fruits only by cross-pollination with pollen from seeded varieties. M. subnitida did not show any interest in the crop, under the experimental conditions. On the other hand, Scaptotrigona sp. nov. adapted well to the confinement and collected floral resources since the second day after its introduction. Scaptotrigona sp. nov. showed an essential behavior for the pollination of mini watermelon, as they visited, for direct collection of nectar, staminate and pistillate flowers of both diploid and triploid genotypes. The quantity and the quality of fruits resulting from the pollination of this bee did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from the hand pollination. It was concluded that M. subnitida did not adapt to the mini watermelon cultivation in protected environment with cooling system, and the introduction of Scaptotrigona sp. nov. colonies, for pollination purposes, is viable in the commercial exploitation of seeded and seedless mini watermelon under greenhouse conditions. / O objetivo desta tese foi investigar a viabilidade da utilização dos meliponíneos, jandaíra (Melipona subnitida) e Scaptotrigona sp. nov. na polinização e produção de frutos de minimelancia (Citrullus lanatus) com e sem semente, sob cultivo protegido. Para tanto, foram investigados a biologia floral, os requerimentos de polinização das variedades de minimelancia, bem como o comportamento de adaptação e forrageamento, e a eficiência de polinização desses meliponíneos sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em uma casa de vegetação localizada no município de Fortaleza-CE. Os resultados revelaram que as variedades estudadas eram plantas monóicas com flores díclinas, e que o estigma de suas flores pistiladas permaneceu receptivo durante toda antese, a qual foi de 05:25 h às 14:20 h. As variedades com semente produziram frutos por meio da geitonogamia e da xenogamia, dentro da mesma variedade e entre diferentes genótipos diplóides. Diferentemente, os genótipos sem semente apenas formaram frutos por meio da polinização cruzada com pólen proveniente de variedades com semente. A abelha jandaíra não demonstrou nenhum interesse pela cultura diante das condições experimentais. Por outro lado, a abelha Scaptotrigona sp. nov. se adaptou bem ao confinamento e coletou recursos florais desde o segundo dia após sua introdução. Scaptotrigona sp. nov. mostrou comportamento essencial para a polinização da minimelancia, pois visitou, para coleta direta de néctar, flores estaminadas e pistiladas tanto dos genótipos diplóides quanto dos genótipos triplóides. A quantidade e qualidade dos frutos resultantes da polinização por essa abelha não diferiram significativamente da obtida pela polinização manual (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que a espécie de abelha M. subnitida não se adaptou ao cultivo de minimelancia em ambiente protegido com sistema de arrefecimento, e que a introdução de colônias Scaptotrigona sp. nov., para fins de polinização, é viável na exploração comercial da minimelancia com e sem semente em ambiente protegido.

Flowering plants require conspecific pollen to reproduce but they often also receive heterospecific pollen, suggesting that pollinators carry mixed pollen loads. However, little is known about drivers of abundance, diversity or composition of pollen carried by pollinators. Are insect-carried pollen loads shaped by pollinator traits, or do they reflect available floral resources? We quantified pollen on 251 individual bees and 95 flies in a florally diverse community. We scored taxonomic order, sex, body size, hairiness and ecological specialization of pollinators, and recorded composition of available flowers. We used phylogenetically controlled model selection to compare relative influences of pollinator traits and floral resources on abundance, diversity and composition of insect-carried pollen. We tested congruence between composition of pollen loads and available flowers. Pollinator size, specialization and type (female bee, male bee, or fly) described pollen abundance, diversity and composition better than floral diversity. Pollen loads varied widely among insects (10–80,000,000 grains, 1–16 species). Pollen loads of male bees were smaller, but vastly more diverse than those of female bees, and equivalent in size but modestly more diverse than those of flies. Pollen load size and diversity were positively correlated with body size but negatively correlated with insect ecological specialization. These traits also drove variation in taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of insect-carried pollen loads, but composition was only weakly congruent with available floral resources. Qualities of pollinators best predict abundance and diversity of carried pollen indicating that functional composition of pollinator communities may be important to structuring heterospecific pollen transfer among plants.

Throughout the world, birds represent the primary type of wildlife that people experience on a daily basis. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that alterations to the acoustic environment can negatively affect birds as well as humans in a variety of ways, and altered acoustics from noise pollution has the potential to influence human interactions with wild birds. In this thesis, I investigated how anthropogenic noise impacts daily behavior as well as community structure of wild birds. In the first component of this thesis, I assessed the distance at which a bird initiates flight or escape behavior (i.e., flight initiation distance or FID) in varying acoustic conditions. I surveyed 12 songbird species from three foraging guilds, ground foragers, canopy gleaners, and hawking flycatchers, and I predicted FIDs to decrease, remain the same, and increase with noise exposure, respectively. Contrary to expectations, the canopy gleaning and flycatching guilds exhibited mixed responses, with some species exhibiting unchanged FIDs with noise while others exhibited increased FIDs with noise. However, FIDs of all ground foraging species and one canopy gleaner decreased with noise levels. In the second component, I examined the feeding of wild birds, an increasingly popular recreational activity throughout North America that promotes increased sense of wellbeing by connecting people with wildlife and nature. I tested how experimental noise influences abundance, species richness, community structure and foraging behavior of songbirds at maintained bird feeders. By measuring activity levels of all species that utilized the feeders exposed to intervals of quiet and noisy conditions, I found noise to be a significant predictor of community turnover. Specifically, noise exposure resulted in increased feeder activity for two species, and decreased activity for one species. I also confirmed previous research conducted in the laboratory indicating white-crowned sparrows decrease their foraging rate under noise conditions, presumably as a trade off with visual vigilance. Considering the interactions of humans and wild birds, the results from my two thesis components indicate that the acoustic environment can play a role in how species of different foraging guilds respond to birdwatchers and what species visit bird feeders.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / David C. Margolies / James R. Nechols / Foraging traits such as prey consumption rate and the efficiency with which predators convert their prey into offspring are important determinants of local predator-prey dynamics. However, in environments with patchy prey distribution, predator dispersal and aggregation in response to prey-induced volatile cues becomes more critical. My dissertation addressed predator-prey population dynamics in response to variation in four foraging traits in the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae): consumption rate, conversion efficiency, dispersal, and olfactory response related to prey. The dispersal response and olfactory sensitivity in predatory mites is modified by prey-related cues. For example, the dispersal response increased with decreasing prey density in a patch and increasing prey-related volatiles from outside the prey patch. The olfactory response of predatory mites also increased with increasing numbers of prey per plant or with the length of time a plant was infested by prey. These results formed the basis for development of bioassays used to examine genetic variation in dispersal and olfactory response of predatory mites. Through artificial selection I documented additive genetic variation in all four traits. After relaxation of selection, high-level phenotypes were stable compared to their low counterparts. There were significant genetic correlations between some of the foraging traits. However, there were no correlations between foraging traits and life-history traits. The existence of genetic variation and covariation among the foraging traits suggests that predatory mites must be able to adopt different foraging strategies in the evolution of prey-finding in a tritrophic system. High consumption, high conversion efficiency and high dispersal response phenotypes interacted differently with prey in a spatially complex landscape. All foraging traits were comparable in terms of predator-prey densities and plant damage; but they were lower than the unselected control. Spatial association and correlation analysis showed that all foraging traits were positively associated with prey; but the strongest association was observed for the high conversion efficiency and dispersal lines. The variability in foraging behaviors of the predatory mite affects its ability to locate patchily distributed prey, thereby influencing foraging efficiency and population dynamics. This research provides new information about the critical link between predator foraging and population dynamics relevant to biological control.

O cleptoparasitismo é uma interação entre animais que consiste no furto ou roubo de itens alimentares já coletados ou processados. Este tipo de interação ocorre em diversos táxons animais. Entre aranhas, a subfamília Argyrodinae (Theridiidae) é um dos grupos com mais espécies cleptoparasitas. Neste estudo, apresentamos um apanhado de ações que o cleptoparasita Argyrodes elevatus foi capaz de realizar nas teias de aranhas hospedeiras. As principais espécies de hospedeiras observadas foram Latrodectus curacaviensis, Latrodectus geometricus e Achaearanea tepidariorum (Theridiidae); destas, apenas A. tepidariorum é uma hospedeira natural de A. elevatus. A maioria das observações se deu em laboratório, mas também relatamos dados de campo. Registramos que A. elevatus pode, na teia de sua hospedeira, furtar presas sem ser percebido ou roubá-las coercivamente. Ele pode ainda furtar ootecas; capturar presas por si próprio e até mesmo predar a aranha hospedeira. Em seguida, apresentamos as sequências de categorias comportamentais que A. elevatus executa durante o furto de presas em teias da hospedeira L. curacaviensis. A partir destas sequencias, o programa EthoSeq nos mostra os conjuntos de categorias com mais probabilidade de conexão entre si (rotinas comportamentais) e nos permite a elaboração de um fluxograma do comportamento de furto de presas. Posteriormente, comparamos as categorias e as rotinas comportamentais que ocorrem no furto de presas com as categorias e rotinas que ocorrem no forrageamento de aranhas não cleptoparasitas. Com isto, demonstramos que A. elevatus tem maior plasticidade comportamental e capacidade cognitiva mais alta que espécies não cleptoparasitas da mesma família. Esta maior plasticidade comportamental está associada à execução, em contexto de aquisição de alimento, de comportamentos que são típicos de outros contextos, como agonismo ou exploração de novos ambientes. A. elevatus, portanto, é adaptado a lidar simultaneamente com diferentes contextos na teia de uma hospedeira. Pudemos, desta maneira, acrescentar elementos às propostas atuais que procuram explicar a evolução do cleptoparasitismo em Argyrodinae, em especial no que se refere à plasticidade comportamental. Por fim, propomos um modelo que mostra que a causa imediata do aumento da capacidade cognitiva de A. elevatus pode ser um aumento na interação entre diferentes módulos cognitivos nesta espécie. / Kleptoparasitism is an animal interaction consisting in stealth of collected or processed food items. It occurs on many animal taxa. Among spiders, the subfamily Argyrodinae (Araneae) is one of the groups with more kleptoparasite species. In this study, we present a set of different actions that the kleptoparasite Argyrodes elevatus can do in host spiders webs. Observed host species were mainly Latrodectus curacaviensis, Latrodectus geometricus and Achaearanea tepidariorum (Theridiidae), but only A. tepidariorum is a natural host of A. elevatus. Most observations were made in laboratory, but we also included field data. We registered that A. elevatus, in a host web, can steal a prey item without being perceived by the host spider, or rob it coercively. We also observed A. elevatus stealing eggsac, capturing preys by himself, and killing the host spider. We present sequences of behavioural units that A. elevatus performs during the stealth of preys in L. curacaviensis webs. From these sequences, the software EthoSeq shows the sets of behavioural units with higher probability of connection. These sets are called behavioural routines. After that, we could build an ethogram and compare the units and routines of A. elevatus prey stealth behaviour with the units and routines of non-kleptoparasite spiders prey capture behaviour. With this comparison we show that A. elevatus has a higher behavioural plasticity and cognitive ability than non-kleptoparasite theridiid spiders. The higher behavioural plasticity is related to the occurrence; during foraging bouts, of behaviours typical of other contexts, such as agonism or site selection. Therefore, A. elevatus is adapted to behave in many different contexts simultaneously in a host web. Our results improve the current hypothesis concerning evolution of kleptoparasitism in Argyrodinae through the discovery of further plasticity in the taxa. Furthermore, we propose a model for the increase in the cognitive ability of A elevatus. In this model, cognitive increase is obtained through the interaction between distinct cognitive modules in this species.

O comportamento de forrageamento dos tiranídeos (Aves, Tyrannidae) é caracterizado por um modo estereotipado de \"procura e captura\", com sutis variações interespecíficas relacionadas com fatores morfológicos e ecológicos. Estas aves são predominantemente insetívoras e podem alternar entre modos distintos de forrageamento de acordo com variações climáticas que alterem a disponibilidade de presas. Neste estudo, procuramos quantificar o comportamento de forrageamento de Alectrurus tricolor, Gubernetes yetapa, Xolmis cinereus e Xolmis velatus, durante as estações seca e chuvosa dos anos de 2012 e 2013, na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina. Nosso objetivo foi verificar quão plásticos são os modos de forrageamento destas espécies diante de mudanças nas condições ambientais em diferentes escalas temporais. Buscamos verificar se: i) Estas espécies alteram sazonalmente as proporções entre os modos de ataques, o tempo de procura por presas e a distância entre um poleiro sem sucesso para um novo poleiro? Considerando que a disponibilidade de artrópodes pode variar consideravelmente em pequenas escalas temporais e espaciais, testamos se: ii) Existem correlações entre medidas diárias de fatores meteorológicos, como temperatura, insolação, pluviosidade, umidade relativa do ar e vento, e os comportamentos de forrageamento? iii) Existem correlações entre os diferentes tipos de habitats utilizados pelas aves e os comportamentos de forrageamento? iv) Diferenças entre os sexos e a idade do indivíduo influenciam no forrageamento de Alectrurus tricolor? Nossos resultados indicaram que as aves alteram seus padrões de comportamento entre as estações seca e chuvosa de modo a melhor aproveitar as especificidades de cada estação. Ataques aéreos foram predominantemente utilizados por Alectrurus tricolor e Gubernetes yetapa ao longo das duas estações, mas apenas durante a estação chuvosa para Xolmis velatus. Ataques direcionados ao solo foram predominantemente utilizado por Xolmis cinereus durante as duas estações e por Xomis velatus durante a estação seca. Ataques aéreos foram correlacionados principalmente com altas temperaturas, mas também com baixa cobertura de nuvens, tipo de habitat, fase do dia, ventos leves, maior umidade relativa do ar e presença de chuva, com variações de acordo com a espécie estudada. O tempo de procura por presas variou principalmente com a estrutura do habitat, e os maiores valores foram encontrados quando as aves forrageavam em áreas abertas. Fatores que reduzem a disponibilidade de presas aéreas, como baixas temperaturas, baixa insolação e vento moderado, foram correlacionados com as maiores distâncias percorridas entre poleiros. Porém, quando consideramos uma maior escala temporal, encontramos maiores valores de distâncias percorridas durante a estação chuvosa para Alectrurus tricolor e Xolmis velatus, quando as condições ambientais são mais favoráveis, o que pode estar relacionado com os requerimentos da fase reprodutiva. Assim, podemos observar que a interação entre fatores meteorológicos e estrutura do habitat influenciam os padrões de comportamento destas aves / The foraging behavior of tyrant flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) is characterized by a stereotyped way of \"search-and-capture\" with subtle interspecific variations related to morphological and ecological factors. These birds are mainly insectivorous and can switch between different foraging modes according to weather variations that alter the availability of prey. In this study, we seek to quantify the foraging behavior of Alectrurus tricolor, Gubernetes yetapa, Xolmis cinereus and Xolmis velatus in the dry and wet seasons of the years 2012 and 2013, at the Ecological Station of Itirapina. The objectives of this study were to determine how plastics the foraging modes of these species are against environmental changing of conditions at different time scales. It seeks to determine whether: i) These species use foraging maneuvers, search time and the distances moved from one unsuccessful perch to a new perch (give-up flight) in different proportions between the two seasons? Arthropod availability may vary considerably in small spatial and temporal scales, then we tested whether ii) There is correlation between daily weather measurements, such as temperature, cloud cover, rainfall, relative humidity and wind, and the foraging behavior? iii) There are correlations between the different habitats used by birds and foraging behavior? iv) The foraging behavior of Alectrurus tricolor is influenced by sex and age of the individual? Our results indicated the birds change their behavior between the dry and wet seasons in order to benefit from specific features of each season. Aerial hawking was predominantly used by Alectrurus tricolor and Gubernetes yetapa during both seasons, but by Xolmis velatus only during the wet season. Perch-to-ground was the predominant hunting strategy for Xolmis cinereus during both seasons and for Xomis velatus during the dry season. Aerial hawking was mainly correlated with high temperatures, but also with lower cloud cover, habitat type, time of day, low wind speed, higher relative humidity and the rain, with variations according to the studied species. Search time varied mainly with habitat structure, and the highest values when the birds were foraging in open areas. Factors reducing the availability of aerial prey, such as low temperature, low insolation and moderate wind, were correlated with longer distances traveled between perches. However, when we consider a larger time scale, we fond Alectrurus tricolor and Xolmis velatus covered greater distances the wet season (when environmental conditions are more favorable) what may be related to breeding requirements. Thus, the interaction between weather and habitat structure influences the behavioral patterns of those birds

Após anos do estudo moderno da ecologia e comportamento dos primatas, a juventude, definida como o período entre o desmame e a maturidade sexual, permanece sendo uma das fases menos compreendidas do ciclo de vida destes animais. Existem quatro teorias gerais para explicar os padrões de forrageamento e escolha da dieta de primatas juvenis. A primeira afirma que os juvenis adotam uma estratégia de aversão ao risco, evitando a competição por alimento, a segunda, que os padrões alimentares dos imaturos serão determinados pelas oportunidades de observação de outros indivíduos do grupo, a terceira afirma que as diferenças nos padrões alimentares entre imaturos e adultos se dão em virtude da falta de força e habilidade desses indivíduos para explorar recursos de difícil acesso e a quarta afirma que jovens e adultos exploram diferentes itens com base na demanda nutricional associada aos custos de crescimento cerebral e do corpo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar diferenças sexo/etárias nos padrões comportamentais e alimentares de um grupo de Cebus nigritus selvagem em uma área de Mata Atlântica no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, com enfoque nos imaturos, em especial nos juvenis, à luz das quatro teorias. Os resultados mostraram que as fêmeas e os infantes preferem frutos que são ricos em carboidratos, os machos preferem as folhas, que são um recurso abundante, enquanto os jovens preferem os invertebrados que são importantes fontes de proteínas e gordura. O comportamento alimentar dos jovens no PECB foi mais bem explicado pela teoria da demanda nutricional para crescimento do cérebro e corpo, mas alguns resultados também apóiam as teorias de aversão ao risco e oportunidade de aprendizagem. / After years of modern study of ecology and behavior of primates, juvenility, defined as the period between weaning and sexual maturity, remains one of the least understood stages of the life cycle of these animals. There are four general theories to explain the foraging patterns and diet choice in young primates. The first states that juveniles adopt a strategy of risk aversion, avoiding competition for food. The second states that the feeding patterns of immature will be determined by different opportunities for observational learning of other individuals in the group. The third states that the differences in feeding patterns between immature and adults is due to the lack of strength and ability of immature individuals to exploit difficult to access resources. The fourth states that young explore various items based on the nutrient demand associated with the costs of brain growth and body. This study aimed to investigate age/sex differences in feeding and foraging patterns of a group of Cebus nigritus wild in an area of Atlantic Forest in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, focusing on immatures, especially in juveniles, in the light of four theories. The results showed that females and infants prefer fruits that are rich in carbohydrates, males prefer the leaves, which are an abundant resource, while young prefer the invertebrates, that are important sources of protein and fat. The feeding behavior of young PECB was best explained by the theory of nutrient requirements for growth of the brain and body, but some results also support theories of risk aversion and learning opportunity.