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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
311

Condições paleoredox na plataforma central do Peru inferidas através de foraminíferos bentônicos para os últimos 1000 anos

Almeida, Carine Machado de 22 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-03-22T15:19:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARINE MACHADO DE ALMEIDA pos pre banca final 2(2).pdf: 5568479 bytes, checksum: 1a895c472c5982479e7968a63a1f834a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T15:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARINE MACHADO DE ALMEIDA pos pre banca final 2(2).pdf: 5568479 bytes, checksum: 1a895c472c5982479e7968a63a1f834a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / A margem central peruana, no Pacífico leste é caracterizada por possuir sedimentos laminados, formados sob condições oceanográficas específicas, tais como intensa ressurgência, disoxia e alta taxa de sedimentação. Nesta região, a presença da Zona Mínima do Oxigênio (ZMO), inibe a bioturbação favorecendo a preservação de registros sedimentares de alta resolução e proporcionando enorme potencial para estudos paleoceanográficos e paleoclimáticos em escalas centenarias a interanuais, principalmente para períodos curtos de variabilidade climática. Estas variabilidades vêm sendo amplamente estudadas, principalmente por corresponder a importantes eventos climáticos recentes, tais como Anomalia Climática Medieval (ACM- 900 a 1350 A.D.) e Pequena Idade do Gelo (PIG- 1500 a 1800 A.D), o qual foi associados a mudanças nas atividades solar e vulcânica. Neste trabalho, a paleoecologia a geoquímica inorgânica e isotópica de foraminíferos bentônicos foram utilizados como proxies para avaliar fases de variabilidades na ventilação (oxigenação) e condições redox na interface sedimento/água da ZMO Peruana durante os últimos 1000 anos. Foram analisados sedimentos laminados de um box core e um gravity-core coletados na Plataforma Central Peruana (Pisco- ~ 14°S, 300m de profundidade). Os resultados paleoecológicos mostraram alterações na assembléia de foraminíferos sugerindo que para o período da ACM, a ZMO peruana apresentou maiores condições de postoxia (anoxia sem presença de sulfetos-H2S) e um deslocamento vertical para profundidades mais rasas, evidenciados principalmente pela presença das espécies Globobulimina auriculata e Cancris inflatus. Posteriormente, durante o período da PIG, os resultados mostraram uma maior oxigenação das águas de fundo, evidenciadas pela dissolução do carbonato e alta ocorrência de bioerosão. Finalmente, após a PIG, para o Período Moderno (PM ~1820 até o recente), o aumento da abundância de espécies indicadoras de anoxia e sulfetos, tais como Nonionella stela e Virgulinella fragilis, sugerem intensificação e expansão da ZMO para o recente. As análises geoquímicas nas testas de foraminíferos foram realizadas nas testas de Bolivina seminuda, somente para os períodos da PIG e PM. Os resultados das análises de laser ablation e isótopos de δ13C demonstraram ocorrência de calcificação secundária por carbonato inorgânico nas testas dos foraminíferos as quais evidenciaram mudanças biogeoquímicas nas águas intersticiais do fundo oceânico, principalmente após a PIG caracterizando também um aumento da anoxia de fundo. Os resultados de δ18O realizado para espécie B. seminuda não foram satisfatórios para o período de PIG devido a dissolução do carbonato e, para o período moderno, evidenciou uma diminuição da temperatura principalmente para os últimos 50 anos. As mudanças ocorridas na intensidade da ZMO peruana durante ACM e PIG foram relacionadas com as variabilidades zonais das temperaturas de superfície oceânicas (TSMs) do Pacífico Equatorial, além do gradiente de variabilidade norte sul da ZCIT (como?). Para o Período Moderno, além dos fatores de gradiente zonais das TSMs, sugere-se que as mudanças climáticas e fatores locais estejam influenciando e intensificando a ZMO na região estudada tornando-a extremamente anóxica e mais produtiva para o período pós pig / The central Peruvian margin, in the eastern Pacific, is characterized by intense upwelling and presence of an intense Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), which favor a high sedimentation rates and deposition of laminated sediments without bioturbation respectively. These characteristics allow preservation of high-resolution sedimentary marine records with great potential to paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic reconstructions from the centennial to interannual time scale. These variabilities have been widely studied, mainly due to important recent paleoclimatic events such as Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, AD 900-1350) and the Little Ice Age (LIA-1500-1800 AD), which were associated with changes in solar and volcanic activities. In this work, the study of paleoecology and geochemistry of benthic foraminifera were used as proxy to access phases of greater or less oxygenation and redox conditions at the sediment/water interface in the Peruvian ZMO during the last 1000 years. Laminated sediments of a box core (B-14) and gravity-core (G10) retrieved in the Central Peruvian Shelf (Pisco-14°S, 300m depth) were sub-sampled and analyzed. The paleoecological reconstructions showed changes in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage suggesting, during the MCA, higher postoxic conditions (anoxia without the presence of sulfides, H2S) and a vertical offset to shallower depths evidenced mainly by the presence of Globobulimina auriculata and Cancris inflatsu species. A decrease in OMZ intensity was identified during the LIA which based on carbonate dissolution and high bioerosion occurrence. Finally, after the LIA, to the Modern Period (MP ~1820 to the recent), the increase of abundances of anoxia and sulfides proxy species such as Nonionella stella and Virgulinella fragilis, which were correlated with the intensification and expansion of OMZ toward the recent. The geochemical analyses at foraminiferal tests were done on Bolivina seminuda tests only for the LIA and MP. The results of the laser ablation and δ13C isotope analysis showed inorganic carbonate secondary calcification on the foraminiferal tests, which was correlated to biogeochemical changes in the interstitial waters of the ocean floor, especially after the LIA featuring also a rise in bottom anoxia. The results of δ18O performed on Bolivina seminuda for the LIA period were not satisfactory due to carbonate dissolution; for the Modern Period, on the other hand, there was a decrease of the temperature especially for the last 50 years. The variability on the intensity of Peruvian OMZ during the MCA and LIA were correlated to zonal variability of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial Pacific, besides the north-south gradient variability of the ITCZ. To the Modern Period, besides the oceanic gradient factors of SST, it is suggested that climate change and local factors could be intensifying the OMZ in the study region making it extremely anoxic toward recent.
312

Paleoceanografia do sistema de ressurgência de Cabo Frio (RJ) nos últimos 12.000 anos inferida por geoquímica e assembleias de foraminíferos planctônicos

Lessa, Douglas Villela de Oliveira 19 September 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-09-19T17:07:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese UFF-UPMC Douglas Lessa.pdf: 6010651 bytes, checksum: 86b3d1d49b00abc23751b8883b42dfe0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T17:07:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese UFF-UPMC Douglas Lessa.pdf: 6010651 bytes, checksum: 86b3d1d49b00abc23751b8883b42dfe0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências - Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / A presente tese teve o objetivo de reconstruir a paleoceanografia do Sistema de Ressurgência de Cabo Frio (SRCF) nos últimos 12.000 anos através da utilização de proxies ecológicos (comparação entre as assembleias do SRCF com as assembleias das áreas adjacentes com diferentes feições oceanográficas) e geoquímicos de foraminíferos planctônicos, além de obter maior conhecimento sobre a distribuição das espécies sob diferentes configurações oceanográficas, e avaliar e aplicar a recente metodologia de ablação a laser + ICP-MS para análises elementares em carbonatos de foraminíferos. Para isso, 34 topos de box-cores englobando o SRCF e as áreas adjacentes nas bacias de Santos e Campos e dois testemunhos a gravidade foram usados. O agrupamento das assembleias na Margem Continental do Rio de Janeiro (MCRJ) indicou a ocorrência de quatro principais biofáciess espacialmente bem-separadas: biofácies A - talude da bacia de Campos (contribuição de espécies tropicais e subtropicais caracterizando a frente da Corrente do Brasil, CB), biofácies B - bacia de Santos (maiores contribuições de espécies relacionadas à produtividade, caracterizando sinal de mistura de massas de água costeiras produtivas e oceânicas oligotróficas), biofácies C – setor norte do SRCF (contribuições de G. ruber e Globigerina bulloides, caracterizando ambiente de ressurgência com frequentes atenuações por águas quentes) e a biofácies D – setor sul do SRCF (contribuição de espécies indicadoras de águas frias e produtivas, caracterizando uma configuração influenciada pela ressurgência Ekman). Além disso, a distribuição espacial de Globoturborotalita rubescens revelou preferencia desta espécie por águas de plataforma continental e Globigerinella calida sendo associada a pós-ressurgência. Os testemunhos CF10-01B (mais distante da costa) e CF10-09A (mais próximo da costa) cobrem os últimos 11,5 e 7,1 ka cal, respectivamente sendo o primeiro mais influenciado pela Corrente do Brasil, expressando um sinal mais fraco da ressurgência que o segundo. No testemunho CF10-01B, o 18O de G. ruber foi mais variável que o 18O de G. bulloides apresentando dois períodos de diminuição após 9,0 ka cal AP e após 4,0 ka cal AP, enquanto o 18O de G. bulloides diminui após 9,0 ka cal AP e permanece constante até o topo. No testemunho CF10-09A, o 18O das duas espécies variaram de forma antagônica com uma mudança entre 5,0 e 4,5 ka cal AP onde o 18O de G. ruber diminui de -0,4 para -1,0 ‰ e o 18O de G. bulloides aumenta de -0,8 para 0,0 ‰. Os resultados da razão Mg/Ca obtidos pelo método de ablação a laser indicaram uma heterogeneidade intra-câmara que resultou em uma incerteza de 1,49°C para reconstruções com G. ruber e 0,6°C para G. bulloides, assim como amplitudes individuais de 3,0 a 4,0 mmol/mol para G. ruber e de 3,0 a 5,0 mmol/mol para G. bulloides e diferenças significativas entre a última câmara (f) e as anteriores (f-1 e f-2) para as duas espécies. Tais efeitos foram associados ao efeito vital de simbiontes, a grande amplitude de temperatura existente sazonalmente no SRCF e a migração das espécies para águas mais profundas durante a reprodução. As razões Mg/Ca obtidas pelo método clássico foram geralmente mais altas que as razões obtidas pelo método de ablação a laser (LA-ICP-MS) mas se aproximaram e apresentaram variação temporal semelhante aos valores médios obtidos nas câmaras f-1 e f-2. Dessa forma podemos usar a razão Mg/Ca média das câmaras f-1 e f-2 para reconstruções de paleotemperatura de superfície, habilitando também a utilização da diferença entre as razões Mg/Ca das câmaras anteriores e final de G. ruber para reconstruir a estratificação da água. Entretanto, a diferente variabilidade entre a razão Mg/Ca da câmara f de G. ruber e a razão média de G. bulloides indicou possíveis sucessões sazonais, o que nos fez associar as temperaturas reconstruída por G. bulloides como temperaturas da camada de máximo de clorofila, podendo ser associada a intensidade da ressurgência. O período de variação do nível do mar (11,5 – 6,0 ka cal AP) foi marcado pela presença de águas frias, produtivas e homogêneas associadas possivelmente à ressurgência costeira cuja contribuição diminuiu à medida que a transgressão seguia e a frente da CB se aproximava, alcançando um primeiro máximo entre 7,0 e 6,0 ka cal AP no ponto 1 e entre 6,0 e 5,5 ka cal AP no ponto 9, marcado por águas quentes na superfície e frias na subsuperfície. Entre 5,5 e 3,5 ka cal AP, a ressurgência gradualmente se intensifica com maiores efeitos próximo a costa e mais restrita a subsuperfície na porção distal. A influência costeira apresenta um aumento em 5,0 ka cal AP na porção proximal e 4,0 ka cal AP na região distal. Entre 3,5 e 2,5 ka cal AP um forte sinal de águas quentes pouco estratificadas foi observado com maior influência de águas oligotróficas no ponto 9 e mistura de águas costeiras e oceânicas no ponto 1. Após 2,5 ka cal AP, o SRCF adquire suas configurações atuais marcadas por eventos intensos de ressurgência na porção proximal da plataforma e mais restritos a subsuperfície na porção distal. Isso pode ser associado ao fortalecimento da ZCAS ligado a intensificação da monsão Sulamericana no Holoceno Superior devido ao aumento da insolação de verão. / This thesis aimed to rebuild the palaeoceanography of Cabo Frio Upwelling System (CFUS) in the last 12,000 years through the use of ecological (comparison between the CFUS assemblages and adjacent areas assemblages with different oceanographic features) and geochemical proxies of planktonic foraminifera, and obtain more knowledge about the distribution of species under different oceanographic settings, and evaluating and implementing the recent LA-ICP-MS methodology for elemental analysis in foraminifera carbonates. For this, 34 box-cores tops encompassing the CFUS and adjacent areas in the Santos and Campos basins and two gravity cores were used. The group analysis of the assemblages in the Rio de Janeiro Continental Margin (RJCM) indicated the presence of four major biofacies spatially well separated: biofacies A - Campos Basin continental slope (contribution of tropical and subtropical species characterizing the Brazil Current front, BC), biofacies B - Santos basin (largest contributions of productivity related species, characterizing a signal of mixing of coastal productive and oceanic oligotrophic waters), biofacies C - northern sector of CFUS (G. ruber and contributions of Globigerina bulloides, featuring environment with frequent attenuated upwelling by warm water intrusions) and biofacies D - southern sector of CFUS (contribution of cold and productive waters species, featuring the Ekman upwelling setting). In addition, the spatial distribution of Globoturborotalita rubescens revealed preference of this species for continental shelf waters and Globigerinella calida being associated with post-upwelling conditions. The cores CF10-01B (offshore) and CF10-09A (inshore) covered the last 11.5 and 7.1 ka cal, respectively being the first most influenced by the Brazil Current and expressing a weaker upwelling signal than the second. In the core CF10-01B, the G. ruber 18O was more variable than the G. bulloides 18O with two decreases after 9.0 ka cal AP and after 4.0 ka cal BP, while the 18O of G. bulloides decreased only after 9.0 ka cal AP and remains constant up to the top. In the core CF10-09A, the 18O of the two species varied opposite with a change between 5.0 and 4.5 cal ka AP where the 18O G. ruber decreases from -0.4 to -1.0 ‰ and 18O of G. bulloides increases from -0.8 to 0.0 ‰. Mg/Ca ratio results by laser ablation method indicated heterogeneity intra-chamber which resulted in uncertainties for reconstructions up to 1.49°C for G. ruber and up to 0.6°C for G. bulloides as well as individual amplitudes from 3.0 to 4.0 mmol/mol to G. ruber and 3.0 to 5.0 mmol/mol to G. bulloides and significant differences between the last chamber (f) and previous (f-1 and f-2) for both species. These effects were associated with the symbiont vital effect, the wide seasonal temperature range in the SRCF and species migration to deeper waters during reproduction. The Mg/Ca ratio generated by the traditional method were generally higher than the ratios Mg/Ca reconstructed through LA-ICP-MS, although, when compared to the average of f-1 and f-2 chambers only, the values show similar mean and variability indicating both methods agree in reconstruction for surface paleotemperatures. It also allows the use of difference between the ratios of final and previous chamber of G. ruber for paleostratification reconstructions. However, the distinct variability between G. ruber f chamber Mg/Ca ratios and average G. bulloides Mg/Ca ratio indicated possible seasonal succession, which made us associate the temperatures reconstructed by G. bulloides to chlorophyll layer temperatures which may be associated with upwelling intensity. The sea level rise (from 11.5 to 6.0 ka cal BP) was marked by the presence of cold productive and homogeneous waters, possibly associated with coastal upwelling whose contribution gradually decreased during the course of the transgression, followed by the penetration of BC front on the shelf, reaching a first maximum between 7.0 and 6.0 ka cal BP offshore and between 6.0 and 5.5 ka cal BP inshore, marked by warm surface waters and cold subsurface waters. Between 5.5 and 3.5 ka cal BP, the upwelling gradually intensifies mainly inshore and restricted to subsurface offshore. An increased coastal influence is also detected with peaks at 5.0 ka cal BP inshore and 4.0 cal ka BP offshore. Between 3.5 and 2.5 ka cal BP a strong signal of warm water was observed with greater influence of oligotrophic waters inshore and mixture of coastal and oceanic waters offshore. After 2.5 ka cal BP, the SRCF acquires its current settings marked by intense upwelling events, better expressed inshore and restricted to subsurface offshore. This change may correspond to an intensification of the SACZ linked to the strengthening of the South American Monsoon during the late Holocene due to the increase in summer insolation.
313

Pour une meilleure caractérisation du registre fossile pélagique : diversité morphologique, biogéographie et écologie des espèces cryptiques de foraminifères planctoniques / For a better characterization of the fossil pelagic record : molecular, biogeographical and ecological diversity of planctonic foraminifers cryptic species

Morard, Raphaël 09 November 2010 (has links)
L’utilisation des coquilles carbonatées de foraminifères planctoniques comme marqueurs paléocéanographiques repose sur l’hypothèse fondamentale que chaque espèce morphologique correspond à une espèce biologique caractéristique d’un habitat spécifique. Cette relation empirique a été récemment remise en cause par des analyses moléculaires qui ont révélé la présence systématique de plusieurs espèces génétiques (espèces cryptiques) au sein des morpho-espèces actuelles. Il a été suggéré que ces espèces cryptiques ou génotypes, présentaient (1) des préférences biogéographiques et écologiques restreintes par rapport à leur morpho-espèce respective et (2) des différences morphologiques. Dans ce travail, nous avons caractérisé la diversité génétique, morphologique et écologique de 4 morpho-espèces clefs de la paléocéanographie, i.e. Orbulina universa, Truncorotalia truncatulinoides, Globoconella inflata et Globigerina bulloides. Cette étude repose sur le développement d’un protocole d’extraction ADN non destructif pour la coquille calcaire, permettant l’analyse conjointe de la variabilité génétique et morphologique d’un même individu. Les variations de forme ou de porosité de chacun des génotypes des morphoespèces ont été quantifiées. Il apparaît que le fort degré de plasticité morphologique largement documenté chez les foraminifères planctonique et jusqu’alors interprété comme écophénotypique, est au moins en partie la conséquence du regroupement de plusieurs génotypes présentant des morphologies et préférences écologique particulières. Sur la base de ces observations, des modèles de reconnaissance morphologique permettant d’identifier les génotypes à partir de la morphologie de la coquille, utilisables à l’échelle populationnelle, ont été développés. Afin de quantifier l’impact de l’intégration de la diversité cryptique dans les reconstitutions paléocéanographiques basées sur les assemblages de foraminifères planctoniques, les fonctions de transfert couramment utilisées ont été re-calibrées en intégrant les distributions restreintes des génotypes d’O. universa, T. truncatulinoides, G. inflata et G. bulloides. Ces re-calibrations conduisent à un degré de précision jusqu’alors jamais atteint dans les reconstructions paléocéanographiques basées sur les assemblages de foraminifères planctoniques. / The usefulness of calcareous shells of planktonic foraminifera as a paleoceanographic proxy relies on the key hypothesis that each morphospecies corresponds to a biological species with a specific habitat. This empirical relationship has been challenged since molecular analyses have revealed a significant level of cryptic genetic diversity among modern morphospecies of planktonic foraminifera. Previous workers have suggested that the cryptic species or genotypes (1) display narrower biogeographic and ecological ranges than their related morphospecies, and (2) exhibit shell morphological differences. In this work, we have characterized the genetic, morphological and ecological diversity among four planktonic foraminiferal morphospecies of significance in paleoceanography, i.e. Orbulina universa, Truncorotalia truncatulinoides, Globoconella inflata and Globigerina bulloides. Our study relies on the development of a new single-cell DNA extraction protocol that retains the shell, allowing direct morpho-genetic comparisons. Shape or porosity variations within each genotype have been quantified. It appears that the high degree of morphological plasticity widely documented in planktonic foraminifera and classically seen as ecophenotypy, is at least partly the spurious consequence of lumping several genotypes that display morphological and environmental preferences. Based on these observations, we developed several population-scale models, which allow recognition of the cryptic species based on their shell morphology. Finally, in order to quantify the impact of integrating cryptic diversity in assemblage-based aleoceanographic reconstructions, we have re-calibrated transfer functions based on the ecological ranges of the genotypes of O. universa, T. truncatulinoides, G. inflata and G. bulloides in the southern oceans. Such recalibrations led to a great, previously never reached improvement in the accuracy of the assemblage-based paleoceanographic reconstructions.
314

Extant benthic Foraminifera from two bays along the SW coast of South Africa, with a comment about their use as indicators of pollution

Toefy, Rashieda January 2010 (has links)
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The results of the multivariate analyses suggest that most of the variation in the composition of the samples was of an intra-sample nature, illustrating large scale patchiness in foraminiferal distribution. There were, however, definite differences between communities around Robben Island and in St Helena Bay, and least variation was found between the control and pipeline sites, and between the stations of each site. When the trace metal concentrations and the percentage nitrogen increased, the richness, diversity and abundance of foraminifera tended to decrease. Sediment grain size positively affected abundance but negatively affected diversity and richness. In both areas mean grain size did not, however, appear to play a very large role in influencing diversity. Cadmium, copper, chromium, the percentage nitrogen and the mean grain size were identified as the most important variables influencing the community structure by the BIOENV BEST routine in PRIMER. The trace metals and percentage nitrogen only had negative effects on the diversity and abundance as well as on the abundance of the dominant genera, whereas the mean grain size had variable effects. / South Africa
315

Rôle de l’Océan Austral dans les variations climatiques rapides de la dernière transition Glaciaire-Holocène : approche géochimique et micropaléontologique / Role of the Southern Ocean in the millennial scale climatic events of the last Glacial-Holocene transition : geochemical and micropaleontological approach

Haddam, Naoufel Abdeldjalyl 12 December 2016 (has links)
Les derniers 22 kans sont marqués par des évènements climatiques rapides, non synchrones entre l‘hémisphère Sud et le Nord. Un mécanisme de bascule des températures polaires, amplifié par la capacité de l‘océan profond à stocker et à restituer une partie du CO₂ atmosphérique en fonction de l‘intensité de la circulation océanique et des upwellings le long de la divergence Australe, a été proposé pour expliquer ces évènements. L‘objectif principal de cette thèse a été de définir quel est le rôle de l‘Océan Austral durant ces variations climatiques rapides à l‘aide de 3 carottes sédimentaires marines, prélevées le long de la marge chilienne, sous l‘influence des fronts océaniques et des vents d‘Ouest. La reconstitution des températures océaniques de surface (SST) ont permis de retracer l‘évolution du gradient latitudinal de SST au cours des derniers 22 kans mettant en évidence des migrations vers le sud du front Subtropical, notamment durant la déglaciation,marqués par des changements faunistiques en foraminifères planctoniques et benthiques suggérant unapport accru de nutriments en surface, et accompagnés par un enrichissement en [O₂] dans l‘eau de fond. Ces évènements sont peut-être liés à un renforcement des upwellings au niveau de la divergence australe induisant un renforcement de la ventilation des eaux intermédiaires antarctiques. Ces variations hydrologiques se produisent durant la hausse de CO₂ atmosphérique enregistrée dans les carottes de glace antarctiques pendant la déglaciation, indiquant un lien intime entre les upwellings, l‘intensité de la ventilation des eaux intermédiaires et le transfert de CO₂ depuis l‘océan profond vers l‘atmosphère. / The last 22 kyr are marked by abrupt climatic events, non-synchronous between the southern and northern hemispheres. A see-saw mechanism of the polar temperatures, amplified by the deep oceanability to store and release a portion of atmospheric CO₂, depending on the intensity of the thermohaline circulation and the large upwellings along the southern divergence, has been proposed to explain these observations. The main aim of this thesis was to assess the role of the southern ocean during these millennial events, by studying 3 marine cores, retrieved along the Chilean margin, under the influence of oceanic fronts and the westerly winds. The reconstruction of the sea surface temperatures (SST) allowed tracing the evolution of the SST latitudinal gradient during the last 22 kyr, highlighting southward migrations of the Subtropical Front, especially during the deglaciation, marked by benthic and planktonic foraminifera faunal changes which can be interpreted as surface nutrients inputs increase, accompanied by an enrichment of the bottom water [O₂] in the bottom water. These events could be related to stronger upwellings at the southern divergence leading to an increase of the Antarctic intermediate waters ventilation. These changes occur during atmospheric CO₂ increases recorded in Antarctic ice cores, marking the deglaciation, and suggesting an intimate link between upwellings, the intensity of the intermediate waters ventilation, and deep ocean-atmosphere CO₂ transfers.
316

Millennial-scale variations of the intermediate water circulation in the Indian Ocean since the last glacial period inferred from assemblages and geochemistry of benthic foraminifera. / Variations à l’échelle millénaire de la circulation intermédiaire dans l’océan Indien depuis la dernière période glaciaire reconstruites d’après les assemblages et la géochimie des foraminifères benthiques.

Ma, Ruifang 10 July 2019 (has links)
L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de reconstituer l'évolution de la circulation intermédiaire depuis la dernière période glaciaire à partir de carottes de sédiments marins prélevées dans le golfe du Bengale GB, la Mer d’Arabie MA et l’océan Indien équatorial oriental OIEO. La stratégie scientifique mise en œuvre inclut l’étude des assemblages et de la géochimie des foraminifères benthiques, afin de reconstruire les changements de source et de ventilation des masses d’eau. Les résultats obtenus dans le GB ont permis de restituer les changements hydrologiques à profondeur intermédiaire à haute résolution temporelle au cours des derniers 40 ka. Les enregistrements témoignent de changements dans la source des masses d’eau, entre l’Océan austral avec les eaux antarctiques intermédiaires AAIW et les eaux Nord Atlantique NADW, à l’échelle glaciaire-interglaciaire mais aussi lors des événements millénaires. Ce travail a aussi permis de fournir les premiers enregistrements à haute résolution temporelle des rapports élémentaires des foraminifères benthiques (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, U/Ca et Li/Ca) dans le GB et en MA. Ces résultats permettent notamment de mieux contraindre la pénétration des AAIW vers le nord depuis la dernière période glaciaire. La reconstruction de la concentration en ion carbonate permet également de discuter des relations entre les variations de la circulation intermédiaire et les changements profonds du cycle du Carbone à l’échelle globale, notamment via les échanges se produisant dans l’Océan Austral. Nous avons également fourni dans ce travail les premiers enregistrements de Cd/Ca et de Ba/Ca continus et à haute résolution dans le nord de l’océan Indien, pour reconstituer les modifications passées de la teneur en éléments nutritifs. Les enregistrements géochimiques dans l’OIEO témoignent de profonds changements des propriétés des masses d'eau intermédiaires, associées aux changements de circulation. / The main objective of this study was to reconstruct the evolution of the intermediate water circulation since the last glacial period by the investigation of marine cores collected from the Bay of Bengal (BoB), Arabian Sea (AS) and Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO). The scientific strategy involves benthic foraminiferal assemblages and geochemical proxies to better constrain past changes in the source and ventilation of water masses. Records from the BoB allowed reconstructing hydrological changes at intermediate depth over the last 40 cal kyr. The records highlight changes in the source of water masses, with a balance between the contribution of southern Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) versus North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) at glacial-interglacial timescale as well as during millennial events. This work also provided the first high-resolution benthic foraminifera elemental ratio records (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, U/Ca and Li/Ca) from the BoB and the AS. These records especially help to better constrain the northward penetration of AAIW over the last glacial period. The reconstruction of the carbonate ion concentration allowed to discuss the relationships between the intermediate water circulation and deep changes in the global Carbon cycle, with a special interest for the Southern Ocean. This work also provides the first continuous and high-resolution benthic Cd/Ca and Ba/Ca records in the northern Indian Ocean, could reconstruct past changes in the nutrient content. Geochemical records from the EEIO exhibit strong changes in the chemical properties of the intermediate water masses, related to global circulation changes in the area.
317

Late Campanian-Maastrichtian Planktic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy, Taxonomy, and Isotope Paleoecology of Odp Leg 198 Sites 1209 and 1210, Shatsky Rise

Clark, Kendra R 01 January 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Well-preserved and diverse assemblages of late Campanian-Maastrichtian age (76.5-65.5 Ma) planktic foraminifera from Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1209 and 1210 on Shatsky Rise provide an excellent source of data to better understand the environmental and biotic changes of the end-Cretaceous Period in the tropical Pacific. A thorough taxonomic and biostratigraphic study of planktic foraminifera has revealed significant differences in species ranges when compared to detailed studies from the western North Atlantic and eastern South Atlantic. These observations are attributed to site locations with different ocean current and productivity conditions. During the globally recognized “mid-Maastrichtian Event”, inoceramid clams, rare at Shatsky Rise, dramatically increased (~69.3 Ma) before suddenly going extinct (69.1 Ma). This Inoceramid Acme Event (IAE), occurs during high sedimentation rates (~21.8-m/myr) and is indicated in planktic foraminifera by a 0.50‰ positive shift in δ18O values (~2 °C cooling), a 0.24‰ negative shift in δ13C values of and high species richness. A simultaneous decrease in both the δ18O and δ13C gradients between surface and thermocline dwelling planktic foraminifera indicate the IAE was possibly initiated by an increase in surface productivity due to the upwelling of cooler, nutrient-rich waters. A dissolution event was identified at ~66.1 Ma lasting to the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary (65.5 Ma) and is characterized by chalky, highly fragmented planktic foraminifera, increased dissolution of larger Globotruncanids, increased small (< 63 μm) planktic foraminifera, large and increasingly abundant benthic foraminifera, a sharp decrease in species richness and increased sedimentation rates (~19.9-m/myr). This event follows a transitional interval at ~66.7 Ma where preservation is highly variable. The dissolution event, reported in previous studies at Shatsky Rise (Caron, 1975; Premoli Silva et al., 2005), is not reported in the North and South Atlantic but may help to explain the high diachroneity in species occurrences between ocean basins. These events may indicate that the calcite carbonate compensation depth (CCD) shoaled to shallower depths than previously reported (Theirstein, 1979) due to changing deep or intermediate water mass sources. Alternatively, the timing the dissolution is approximately coincident with the main pulse of Deccan Trap volcanism on the Indian subcontinent suggesting a possible link through ocean acidification.
318

Reconstruction of Holocene Paleoclimate Based on Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblages from Soledad Basin

Mehrota, Nivedita 18 July 2011 (has links)
No description available.
319

Core-top calibration of paleotemperature geochemical proxies: a case study in the Southeast Brazilian continental margin / Calibração de proxies geoquímicos de paleotemperatura: estudo de caso na margem continental sudeste do Brasil

Rodrigues, Felipe 27 May 2019 (has links)
Reconstructing past sea surface temperature conditions is valuable to observe and evaluate the climate of the past. In the SW Atlantic, so far, few studies have exanimated the applicability of paleotemperature equations, which may reflect in fewer reliable SST estimates. This study aimed to evaluate two marine proxies for SST reconstructions: the alkenones unsaturation index (UK\'37) and the ratio Mg/Ca in different planktonic foraminifera species and size fractions (G. ruber pink; G. ruber white senso stricto and senso lato; between 250 - 300 µm and 300 - 355 &#956;m; G. truncatulinoides (d) crusted and non-crusted forms, between 380 - 620 &#956;m; and G. inflata 300 - 425 &#956;m). The samples were collected in the shelf break of South Brazilian Bight (SBB, 22 °S to 27 °S). The proxies were converted into SSTs and then compared to modern SSTs from the World Ocean Atlas and satellite images. The first chapter describes the UK\'37 signals and the applicability of three different paleotemperature equations, and the second chapter describes the Mg/Ca a proxy for past SSTs and water mass conditions after applying the most used paleotemperature equations for the ratio Mg/Ca. The UK\'37 seems to record mostly autumn conditions at 0m, and the most recent Bayspline equation results into more similar temperature averages when compared to modern annual SSTs (p-value of 0.81, n = 47, &#916;SST of -0.03°C &#177; 0.27), while the most used linear equations result into SSTs similar to autumn conditions. In subtropical regions with low-temperature variations (&#8764;4°C), the function UK\'37 versus SSTs works in an exponential relation, and they are related to seasonal temperatures. For the Mg/Ca in planktonic foraminifera species, the Mg/Ca-inferred temperatures agree well with modern ocean temperatures. Our data suggest that in different size fractions the tested species respond differently to the most used species-specific and general species paleotemperature equations. All the upper water column species agree well with temperatures at 0-meter depth. The G. ruber (p) responds well to the SS equation, where the smallest and the largest size results into annual and autumn estimates, respectively (p-value of 0.81 and 0.71, n = 23); the smallest size of G. ruber (w) s.s. provides summer estimates applying the GE equation (p-value of 0.21, n = 7), while the largest size provides annual estimates (p-value of 0.86, n = 13). The G. ruber (w) s.l. has significant averages when compared the largest size with autumn and summer conditions (p-value of 0.21 for both, n = 16); the deep-dwelling species G. inflata and the G. truncatulinoides (d) crusted form reflect the uplift of the SACW, calcifying at 10 and 20 m depth (p-value of 0.89, n = 10 and p-value of 0.06, n = 14, respectively), while the G. truncatulinoides (d) non-crusted form records annual temperature in deep water layers conditions (p-value of 0.06, n = 16). This is the first study to report Mg/Ca ratios in surface-dwelling and deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera tests obtained in core-top samples at the SBB. This validation will inform the reconstruction of past environmental conditions of SW Atlantic, especially in the SBB. / As reconstruções das condições da temperatura superficial do mar são importantes para avaliar o clima do passado da Terra. No Atlântico SE, no entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram a aplicabilidade das equações de conversão dos indicadores geoquímicos para temperatura, o que pode resultar em estimativas de paleotemperatura de menor acurácia. Este estudo avaliou dois indicadores marinhos de paleotemperatura: o índice de insaturação de alquenonas (UK\'37), e a razão Mg/Ca em testas de foraminíferos planctônicos de diferentes espécies e frações de tamanho (G. ruber pink; G. ruber white senso stricto e senso lato; entre 250 - 300 &#956;m e 300 - 355 &#956;m; G. truncatulinoides (d) encrustadas e não-encrustadas, entre 380 - 620 &#956;m; e G. inflata 300 - 425 &#956;m). As amostras são provenientes da plataforma externa e quebra da plataforma do Embaiamento de São Paulo (22°S a 27°S). Os indicadores foram transformados em TSM e então comparados com as temperaturas obtidas por meio do World Ocean Atlas e de imagens de satélite. O primeiro capítulo apresenta os dados de UK\'37 e a aplicabilidade de três equações de paleotemperatura. O segundo capítulo apresenta dados da razão Mg/Ca como indicador de TSM e condições de massa d\'água após a aplicação das equações de conversão. O UK\'37 apresenta influência do outono em 0 m de profundidade em seus registros, e a mais recente equação Bayspline resulta em médias de TSM mais similares com as condições atuais, principalmente quando comparado com a média anual de TSM (p-valor de 0.81, n = 47, &#916;SST de -0.03°C &#177; 0.27), já as equações lineares mais conhecidas resultam em TSM mais parecidas com condições de outono. No geral, em regiões com pouca variação de TSM (&#8764;1.5 °C), o UK\'37 responde em uma relação exponencial com a temperatura. A razão Mg/Ca em testas de foraminíferos planctônicos, quando convertidas em TSM, resultam em médias similares com as condições atuais de temperatura. Os nossos dados sugerem que as equações específicas para cada espécie (SS) e as equações gerais (GE) resultam em diferentes médias de TSM para cada espécie/fração de tamanho. Todas as espécies de superfície respondem bem com as temperaturas em 0 metros de profundidade. A G. ruber (p) responde bem à equação SS, onde a menor e a maior fração de tamanho resulta em médias similares às TSM anuais e de outono, respectivamente (p-valor de 0.81 e 0.71, n = 23); a menor fração de tamanho da espécie G. ruber (w) s.s. resulta em médias similares às TSM de verão com a equação GE (p-valor de 0.21, n = 7), enquanto a maior fração de tamanho resulta em TSM anual (p-valor de 0.86, n = 13). A maior fração de tamanho da espécie G. ruber (w) s.l. resulta em médias significativas quando comparadas com TSM de outono e de verão (p-valor de 0.21 para ambas, n = 16). Os registros geoquímicos das espécies de subsuperfície, como a G. inflata e a G. truncatulinoides (d) encrustada registram a subida da ACAS para a superfície na área de estudo, calcificando em 10 e 20 metros de profundidade, respectivamente (p-valor de 0.89, n = 10 e de 0.06, n = 14, respectivamente), enquanto a G. truncatulinoides (d) não-encrustada aparenta registrar as condições anuais de temperatura em profundidades mais próximas da ACAS, com médias um pouco mais elevadas que as duas espécies de subsuperfície (p-valor de 0.06, n = 16). Este é o primeiro estudo que relata as razões Mg/Ca em diferentes espécies de foraminíferos planctônicos no ESP. Esta validação auxiliará a aprimorar futuras estimações de TSM com este indicador.
320

Variabilidade milenar da Corrente do Brasil e do clima da América do Sul durante o último período glacial / Millennial variability of the Brazil Current and South American climate during the last glacial period

Campos, Marília de Carvalho 01 July 2016 (has links)
A Corrente do Brasil (CB) representa o ramo sul da bifurcação da Corrente Sul Equatorial que interage com a margem continental sudeste do Brasil. A temperatura da superfície do mar na região da CB exerce um importante papel no controle da intensidade e posição da Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul, um dos principais componentes do Sistema de Monção da América do Sul (SMAS). Tal sistema atmosférico é responsável pela precipitação de verão em grande parte do continente sul-americano, sendo, portanto, uma feição natural de grande importância para o contexto político-econômico nacional e internacional. Além disto, a CB é marcantemente influenciada pela Atlantic Meridional Overturnig Circulation (AMOC), cujas oscilações pretéritas foram responsáveis por mudanças abruptas no clima global. Atualmente, os poucos registros paleoceanográficos disponíveis no sudoeste do Atlântico Sul não permitem uma reconstituição detalhada das mudanças ocorridas na CB durante o último período glacial. Esta Dissertação de Mestrado visou reconstituir a variabilidade da CB ao redor de 32°S durante os eventos Heinrich Stadial (HS) 3 e 2, bem como seus impactos no clima da porção sudeste da América do Sul. Para tanto, foi investigado um testemunho sedimentar marinho coletado na margem continental sul do Brasil sob a influência da CB. Para este testemunho foram produzidos modelo de idades baseado em datações 14C, análises de isótopos estáveis de carbono e oxigênio, bem como análises de Mg/Ca, ambas em testas de foraminíferos planctônicos e análises de fluorescência de raios-X em amostras de sedimento total. Os resultados mostram que durante os eventos HS (notadamente durante o HS2) ocorreu marcante aumento na taxa de sedimentação bem como nas razões ln(Ti/Ca) e ln(Fe/Ca), e diminuição na composição dos isótopos estáveis de carbono bem como na temperatura e salinidade da superfície do mar. Tais alterações foram relacionadas à desintensificação da AMOC, à intensificação da ressurgência do Oceano Austral e ao fortalecimento do SMAS. A ocorrência de uma estrutura em w nos registros dos HSs apresentados aqui, bem como em registros do Atlântico Norte e da América do Sul, sugere que esta estrutura é uma característica do HS2, e possivelmente também do HS3 / The Brazil Current (BC) represents the southern branch of the bifurcation of the South Equatorial Current that interacts with the southeastern Brazilian continental margin. Sea surface temperature at BC region plays an important role in controlling the intensity and position of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, which represents one of the main componets of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS). This atmospheric system is responsible for summer precipitation in a large sector of South America, and, therefore, it is a natural feature of great importance for the national and international political-economic context. Moreover, the BC is markedly influenced by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) whose past oscillations generated marked global abrupt climatic changes. Presently, the few paleoceanographic records available from the western South Atlantic do not allow a detailed reconstruction of the changes that happened in the BC during the last glacial cycle. This MSc. dissertation aimed at reconstructing the variability of the BC around 32°S during the events Heinrich Stadial (HS) 3 and 2, as well as its impacts on the climate of southeastern South America. Therefore, we investigated one marine sediment core collected in the southern Brazilian continental margin, under the influence of the BC. For this core we produced an age model based on 14C ages, downcore records of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes and Mg/Ca, both in tests of planktonic foraminifera, and X-ray fluorescence in bulk sediment samples. During HSs (notably during HS2), the records show marked increases in sedimentation rate as well as in ln(Ti/Ca) and ln(Fe/Ca), and decrease in the stable carbon isotopic composition as well as sea surface temperature and salinity. Such changes were releted to the weakening of the AMOC, the intensification of the Southern Ocean upwelling, and the strengthening of the SAMS. The occurrence a w-structure in our HS records as well as in North Atlantic and South American records, suggest that such structure is a pervasive feature of HS2, and possibly also HS3

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