俄羅斯於1992年獨立後開始向市場經濟轉型，為了擺脫經濟危機並發展國家經濟，俄羅斯全力開發市場、健全制度，並積極吸引外國直接投資，以彌補其國內資金之不足等問題。外國直接投資不僅為俄羅斯注入國際資金，也帶入新的技術、管理，使俄羅斯整體環境與國際接軌。本文將探討外國直接投資進入俄羅斯的狀況，以及影響外國直接投資進入俄羅斯之因素及其進入俄羅斯所面臨之問題，包括俄羅斯政府的態度與其所制定的政策法規，並分析外國直接投資與俄羅斯經濟之互動。本文使用Dunning的折衷理論，分析外國直接投資俄羅斯所擁有的所有權優勢、區位優勢與內部化優勢；其次加入分析俄羅斯經濟轉型與法規變動過程，得以了解外國直接投資俄羅斯所面臨的問題。研究發現，獨立後的俄羅斯極力吸引外國直接投資，期盼可以為俄羅斯帶入大量資金與技術。然經濟轉型的挫敗導致俄國投資環境惡化，外資望之卻步。所幸俄羅斯不斷對政策與法律作修改，期許能為外國直接投資提供良好的投資環境。經過十五年的努力，俄羅斯的外國直接投資出現亮眼的發展，這將為俄羅斯經濟帶來更多的希望。

Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

We contribute to the foreign direct investment (FDI) literature by providing first empirical evidence on the relative importance of location fac- tors for service and manufacturing FDI. This is of particular interest as the global stock of inward FDI in the service sector has become predominant in the last ten years. Based on a sectoral panel of eight new European member states in the period of 1998 to 2004 we perform a dynamic panel analysis al- lowing for individual adjustment periods across sectors. Results support our assumption that investment into the service sector, which is characterized by low installation costs, adjusts much faster to its desired level than manufactur- ing FDI. Furthermore, since services are mostly non-tradable, FDI into this sector is largely based on market-seeking motives while manufacturing FDI is also driven by international price competitiveness measured via real unit labor costs. (author´s abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Magistro darbu siekiama apibūdinti tiesioginių užsienio investicijų įtaka regionų plėtrai bei ekonominei situacijai Lietuvoje. Mokslinės literatūros, atliktų tyrimų, teisės aktų analizė parodė, kad yra daug priežasčių skatinančių siekti kaip įmanoma didesnio tiesioginių užsienio investicijų pritraukimo, tačiau turi būti atsižvelgiama ir į tai, kad tiesioginės užsienio investicijos ne tik skatina ekonomikos augimą, bet gali jį ir stabdyti. Atlikta tiesioginių užsienio investicijų pasiskirstymo regionuose pagal ekonominės veiklos rūšis analizė parodė, kad užsienio investicijų į Lietuvos regionus kiekvienais metais pritraukiama vis daugiau, tačiau jų pasiskirstymas regionuose yra labai netolygus. / This master‘s final paper is up to character the influence of foreign investment for regions growth and economic situation in Lithuania. The analysis or nonfiction literature, researches’ and acts of law showed, that here are many reasons which stimulates the in draft of foreign direct investments. But country must consider that foreign direct investment not only influence the growth of economy, but can also block it. The analysis of foreign direct investment distribution by the sort of economic activity in the regions unfolded, that amount of investment growth every year, but their distribution in regions is uneven.

Ekonomikos magistro baigiamojo darbo tema yra aktuali, kadangi užsienio kapitalo vaidmuo šalių ekonomikos plėtrai tampa vis didesnis. Užsienio investicijos - sparčiausias technologijos perdavimo būdas. Besivystančios šalys būtų sugaišusios daug dešimtmečių, kad pasiektų tą technologijos tobulumo lygį, kurį išsivysčiusios šalys buvo pasiekusios jau amžiaus viduryje, jei ne užsienio investicijos. Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas - ištirti Lietuvos galimybes ir perspektyvas pritraukiant tiesiogines užsienio investicijas, bei pateikti pasiūlymus joms pagerinti. Darbe nagrinėjami tiesioginių užsienio investicijų teoriniai aspektai, aptariama tiesioginių užsienio investicijų samprata, formos, strategijos, teisinis reglamentavimas. Analizuojamas teoriškai pagrįstas tiesioginių užsienio investicijų poveikis vietinės ekonomikos plėtrai, tiriami veiksniai turintys įtakos tiesioginėms užsienio investicijoms, bei priežastys palankiam investiciniam klimatui sukurti. Remiantis įvairiais statistikos šaltiniais: Lietuvos statistikos departamento, Ekonominio bendradarbiavimo ir plėtros organizacijos, Jungtinių Tautų prekybos ir plėtros konferencijos, Pasaulio Ekonomikos Forumo, Pasaulio banko, bei Lietuvos bankų ataskaitomis, įvairiais metodais analizuojama tiesioginių užsienio investicijų dinamika Lietuvoje ir lyginama su pasirinktomis Europos Sąjungos šalimis. Tyrimas įvertina Lietuvos galimybes ir perspektyvas pritraukiant investicijas, išskiria bendrus veiksnius, kurie lemia užsienio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Final Economic Master's thesis is relevant, because the role of foreign capital for economic development is becoming greater. Inflow of foreign capital can provide the fastest way for developing countries to acquire industrial technology for economic development. Developing countries would be lost many decades to reach that level of excellence in technology, which developed countries had already reached in middle age, if not foreign investment. The Master's objective - is to explore the possibilities and prospects for attracting foreign direct investment in Lithuania, and to make proposals to improve them. Master's paper deals with foreign direct investment in theoretical aspects, discusses the concept of foreign direct investment, forms, strategies, legal framework. Analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment to local economic development, examines the factors affecting foreign direct investment, and the reasons for the favorable investment climate to create. Based on various statistical sources: the Lithuanian Statistics Department, Economic Cooperation and Development Organization, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the World Economic Forum, the World Bank and Lithuanian banks statistics, the dynamics of foreign direct investment in Lithuania was examined and compared with selected European Union countries. Conditions of promotion of foreign investments are discussed, features attractive for investors and causing doubts and concerns when undertaking... [to full text]

<p>Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2013. Introduction together with 3 papers.</p>

The leisure industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in Britain (Grade, 1998), and in the year 2000 accounted for approximately 10% of Britain's gross domestic product (LeisureWeek, 2000a). Health clubs have been one of the fastest developing business sectors within the leisure industry (Mintel, 1999), and there is predicted to be plenty of scope for future growth (Mintel, 2001). The health club sector has evolved greatly since its inception, with developments including consolidation, diversification, bi-polarisation and market segmentation. One of the most recent trends in the sector has been intenationalisation, with fifteen British companies now having a presence overseas. This research seeks to analyse the process by which the British health club sector has developed from being purely domestic based to having significant overseas investment. A number of stages within that process are identified including the motives to internationalise, the choice of country, the mode of entry utilised and the management and co-ordination of overseas activities. One of the key objectives of this research is to determine if a holistic view of internationalisation is appropriate, or even plausible for the health club sector. The research suggests that the influence of environmental and company-factors results in a company's initial decision to internationalise, with certain 'determinants' regulating which companies actually invest overseas. A number of ownershipspecific factors are identified that establish which companies might be able to compete effectively overseas. The process of internationalisation. is then analysed and a number of factors established which influence the companies' choice of country to invest in, the mode of entry and the manner in which the overseas investments are managed.

The availability of firm level data in international trade started a very quickly developing theoretical literature that focused on the micro evidence and understanding its implications for aggregate productivity and welfare. The new models were dealing with individual firm characteristics determining entry and exit from foreign markets and the different ways in which firms chose to enter. Two of the main features of this literature are that firms have heterogeneous productivities and need to pay a fixed costs in order to enter both their home and foreign markets. As a result, some do not find it optimal to export and it is those with higher productivity that do. This thesis is comprised of three theoretical papers (chapters) in which the models are with firms with heterogeneous productivities and there is steady state economic growth. The purpose in all three papers has been to generate results that are already established empirical facts but that have not been incorporated in the theoretical trade and growth literature. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011

Australia and the UK are both prominent economies in the international arena and share a strong trade and investment relationship. Interestingly, the UK while being a significant destination for Australian exports is an even more significant destination for Australian direct investment, a case anomalous to international trends. Analysis of this case elicits the question as to what factors differentiate between the firms that export and those that FDI. It is imperative to understand the differentiating factors between exports and direct investment as market entry decisions are decisive to the success of firms in international markets. A number of theories of international market entry have developed over the last quarter century, the ownership, location, and internationalisation model (OLI) is used in this study. The importance of the variables developed in this model are identified, and assessed as to their relevance to entry of Australian firms into the UK market through FDI or Exports. Qualitative information is used to support initial quantitative profiling. Results of the investigation indicate that while some variables were at times decisive, they were not predictive at all in other situations. The full interaction of the variables in the model was therefore concluded to be essential to fully differentiate between exports and FDI in all cases.

China's phenomenal economic growth has coincided with a substantial increase in FDI inflows and hence led researchers, including the author, to believe that increased inflows of FDI into China has had important implications for the country's trade and economic development over the past decades. The objective of this thesis is to identify and investigate several key issues associated with inward FDI in the Chinese economy. These include the determinants of FDI inflows at the sectoral level, spillover effects of FDI on labour productivity and innovation, the causal linkage between FDI and China's bilateral trade with selected OECD countries, and the performance of foreign funded enterprises (FFEs) compared to the performance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China. This thesis adds to the existing research on the role that FDI has played in recent growth of the Chinese economy by applying new as well as established techniques to China's regional and sectoral data. In particular, it integrates descriptive and empirical analysis to extend existing studies in several ways. First, analyses in the empirical chapters of this thesis are undertaken using data at the regional and sectoral level. Second, this thesis uses panel data from official sources for all empirical examinations. Last, whereas most existing studies have ignored the importance of unit-root issues when using panel data, and therefore possibly producing unreliable results, this thesis employs unit-root tests for all panel data analyses. The key findings in this thesis can be summarized in four points. First, at the sectoral level, for China as a whole, foreign investors are influenced by labour productivity, wage costs and innovation activities but not by the level of state ownership. For Guangdong province, foreign investors are concerned with labour productivity and wages as well as state ownership at sectoral level. However, the level of innovation does not play an important role in influencing inflows of FDI into Guangdong province at sectoral level. Second, the thesis found that FDI generates spillover effects on labour productivity in China although no spillover effects on the level of innovation were detected. At the regional level, it was concluded that the coastal and western regions experience a greater amount of spillover effects from FDI than do the municipal cities. Furthermore, the western region is the only region that experiences greater spillover effects from FDI on innovation than the municipal cities. Also, the spillover effects of FDI appear to be no different prior to or post-1997 when the Asian financial crises occurred. Third, a co-integrating relationship exists between FDI and total trade, FDI and exports, and FDI and imports in China. The thesis further concluded that bidirectional causality between FDI and trade variables exists in China in the long-run. However, short-run causality runs only from FDI to trade. Fourth, the thesis further shows that FFEs in China are more efficient than SOEs. Over time it is observed that SOEs and FFEs in the municipal cities and the coastal regions experienced greater productivity gains than those in the central and western regions during the sample period. It is also concluded that both SOEs and FFEs in the municipal cities have experienced more productivity growth than those in other regions with SOEs in the central region and FFEs in the western region experiencing the least productivity growth.