Magistro darbu siekiama apibūdinti tiesioginių užsienio investicijų įtaka regionų plėtrai bei ekonominei situacijai Lietuvoje. Mokslinės literatūros, atliktų tyrimų, teisės aktų analizė parodė, kad yra daug priežasčių skatinančių siekti kaip įmanoma didesnio tiesioginių užsienio investicijų pritraukimo, tačiau turi būti atsižvelgiama ir į tai, kad tiesioginės užsienio investicijos ne tik skatina ekonomikos augimą, bet gali jį ir stabdyti. Atlikta tiesioginių užsienio investicijų pasiskirstymo regionuose pagal ekonominės veiklos rūšis analizė parodė, kad užsienio investicijų į Lietuvos regionus kiekvienais metais pritraukiama vis daugiau, tačiau jų pasiskirstymas regionuose yra labai netolygus. / This master‘s final paper is up to character the influence of foreign investment for regions growth and economic situation in Lithuania. The analysis or nonfiction literature, researches’ and acts of law showed, that here are many reasons which stimulates the in draft of foreign direct investments. But country must consider that foreign direct investment not only influence the growth of economy, but can also block it. The analysis of foreign direct investment distribution by the sort of economic activity in the regions unfolded, that amount of investment growth every year, but their distribution in regions is uneven.

Australia and the UK are both prominent economies in the international arena and share a strong trade and investment relationship. Interestingly, the UK while being a significant destination for Australian exports is an even more significant destination for Australian direct investment, a case anomalous to international trends. Analysis of this case elicits the question as to what factors differentiate between the firms that export and those that FDI. It is imperative to understand the differentiating factors between exports and direct investment as market entry decisions are decisive to the success of firms in international markets. A number of theories of international market entry have developed over the last quarter century, the ownership, location, and internationalisation model (OLI) is used in this study. The importance of the variables developed in this model are identified, and assessed as to their relevance to entry of Australian firms into the UK market through FDI or Exports. Qualitative information is used to support initial quantitative profiling. Results of the investigation indicate that while some variables were at times decisive, they were not predictive at all in other situations. The full interaction of the variables in the model was therefore concluded to be essential to fully differentiate between exports and FDI in all cases.

The main objective of the study is to show how the use of tax incentives as means of attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is threatening the realisation of socio-economic rights in Africa. Particular attention is given on how the granting of generous tax incentives can affect the proper and adequate provision of public services and infrastructures by highly reducing government revenue. The research does not intend to analyse the impact of loss of revenue through tax incentives on each and every socio-economic right. Rather the focus is on its general impact on obligations of African states to respect, protect and fulfill socio-economic rights as derived from the major international, regional and national human rights instruments / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr Pramod Bissessur, Faculty of Law and Management, University of Mauritius / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This study investigates the major factors that have restricted the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) into the oil sector in Libya. The study focuses on the period from 2000 to 2009. This period is significant since, during this time Libya witnessed dramatic foreign and economic policy changes. The research objectives are: (1) To identify the determinants of foreign direct investment into Libya’s oil industry for the period 2000-2009; (2) To reveal the obstacles and barriers which hinder FDI in Libya’s oil industry; (3) To determine the extent that the Libyan Government FDI policy influenced FDI in Libya’s oil industry. The rationale for this thesis was driven by filling an empirical void of FDI studies on the oil industry in Libya and by the intention of providing practical insights for current and future Libyan governments. This study comprises of an analysis of the 30 multinational (MNCs) oil companies that are operating in the Libyan oil industry through questionnaire and interview data from executives employed by those MNCs, as well as data from ten Libyan senior government officials involved in the Libyan oil industry and/or FDI policies. The research has provided support for several of the determinants of FDI flows traditionally found in the literature. The survey and time series analysis further reveals that access to Libya’s proven oil and gas reserves was the singular most important determinate for influencing the MNCs to undertake FDI. Furthermore, the findings identified that Libyan government foreign policy had some impact on the MNCs decision to undertake FDI. The research findings with regards to the role played by environmental risk as a determinate of FDI, demonstrate that there is no significant relationship between overall levels of environmental risk and a country‘s performance in attracting FDI. Also, this research has identified a number of factors that are causing obstacles and challenges to the attractiveness of Libya as a location for foreign investment. It has revealed that MNCs are significantly dissatisfied by the stability of the public institutions and the lack of effective regulations in Libya.

This dissertation focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the oil sector of Africa, more specifically in Nigeria and Angola. A large problem faced by most African countries is their low domestic investment. This is due to the low savings rates in these countries. FDI serves as a supplement to domestic investment and therefore allows for increased production and growth in the region that can ultimately lead to better development. Further, FDI brings forth positive spill over effects that can further increase levels of development in African countries. Therefore, it is beneficial for African countries to achieve higher levels of FDI inflows. The African oil sector has, in recent years, received much deserved attention as Africa supplied approximately 11 percent of worldwide oil supply and the African untapped oil reserves constitute approximately 10 percent of the total worldwide proven oil reserves in 2010. There are currently 19 African countries known to have significant oil reserves and further surveying may increase this number. This dissertation focuses on Nigeria and Angola as these countries are the continent’s largest producers of oil and their oil sectors are the sectors with the strongest FDI inflows. Through economic and policy reforms and increased share in global oil supply, it is believed that these countries can be the drivers of economic growth and development in the region. Greater FDI is needed to fully exploit the available oil resources. Although many studies have been done on the factors that attract FDI, very few studies have focussed on oil sector specific FDI. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to determine and compare the factors that attract oil sector FDI in Nigeria and Angola. This dissertation undertakes both a literature review and an empirical analysis. The literature review provides an overview of FDI theory, the motives for investment, the types and benefits thereof; an overview of the African and, more specifically, the Nigerian and Angolan oil industry and the influence that FDI inflows have had on this sector. The current FDI inflow trends and oil sector FDI in Nigeria and Angola are reviewed. The dissertation examines and compares the current state of the Nigerian and Angolan oil industries. The empirical analysis consists of a country comparison through four least square regression models (domestic models for Nigeria and Angola and global models for both countries) using data between 1990 and 2011 obtained from the World Data Bank and the 2012 BP statistical review. The data used will describe the traditional determinants of FDI inflows as set out in literature review and other determinants derived from past studies of FDI inflows in transitional economies and oil sector dependent countries. In Nigeria and Angola, the problems of lack of accurate and sufficient data over a longer time period persist, as they do in most African countries. The main findings are that significant domestic influences of FDI inflows in Angola include: lower public power to entice private gain; better policies that are effectively enforced to improve civil and public services; and the proven oil reserves. This entails that government policy, transparency and their oil reserves are held in high regard by the foreign investors in Angola. In Nigeria, however, domestic influences of FDI inflows include: better citizen ability to select a government; freedom of expression; freedom of association and a free media; better ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development; and oil production. This indicates that democracy, government policy and oil production are highly regarded by foreign investors who invest in Nigeria. Therefore, it can be argued that, even though results for factors influencing FDI inflows differ, there are similarities as government policy and the oil sector in general influence both countries even though the issues in both countries are not necessarily the same. However, on a global level, investment in the two countries is driven by completely different factors. According to the models, Angolan FDI inflows are driven by global oil production (supply) in the previous year whereas FDI inflows in Nigeria are correlated to the oil price in the previous year. Both of these models, however, leave much to be desired as they have low R2 values which indicate that they explain very little of what influences FDI inflows in the countries. / MCom (International Trade), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This dissertation focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the oil sector of Africa, more specifically in Nigeria and Angola. A large problem faced by most African countries is their low domestic investment. This is due to the low savings rates in these countries. FDI serves as a supplement to domestic investment and therefore allows for increased production and growth in the region that can ultimately lead to better development. Further, FDI brings forth positive spill over effects that can further increase levels of development in African countries. Therefore, it is beneficial for African countries to achieve higher levels of FDI inflows. The African oil sector has, in recent years, received much deserved attention as Africa supplied approximately 11 percent of worldwide oil supply and the African untapped oil reserves constitute approximately 10 percent of the total worldwide proven oil reserves in 2010. There are currently 19 African countries known to have significant oil reserves and further surveying may increase this number. This dissertation focuses on Nigeria and Angola as these countries are the continent’s largest producers of oil and their oil sectors are the sectors with the strongest FDI inflows. Through economic and policy reforms and increased share in global oil supply, it is believed that these countries can be the drivers of economic growth and development in the region. Greater FDI is needed to fully exploit the available oil resources. Although many studies have been done on the factors that attract FDI, very few studies have focussed on oil sector specific FDI. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to determine and compare the factors that attract oil sector FDI in Nigeria and Angola. This dissertation undertakes both a literature review and an empirical analysis. The literature review provides an overview of FDI theory, the motives for investment, the types and benefits thereof; an overview of the African and, more specifically, the Nigerian and Angolan oil industry and the influence that FDI inflows have had on this sector. The current FDI inflow trends and oil sector FDI in Nigeria and Angola are reviewed. The dissertation examines and compares the current state of the Nigerian and Angolan oil industries. The empirical analysis consists of a country comparison through four least square regression models (domestic models for Nigeria and Angola and global models for both countries) using data between 1990 and 2011 obtained from the World Data Bank and the 2012 BP statistical review. The data used will describe the traditional determinants of FDI inflows as set out in literature review and other determinants derived from past studies of FDI inflows in transitional economies and oil sector dependent countries. In Nigeria and Angola, the problems of lack of accurate and sufficient data over a longer time period persist, as they do in most African countries. The main findings are that significant domestic influences of FDI inflows in Angola include: lower public power to entice private gain; better policies that are effectively enforced to improve civil and public services; and the proven oil reserves. This entails that government policy, transparency and their oil reserves are held in high regard by the foreign investors in Angola. In Nigeria, however, domestic influences of FDI inflows include: better citizen ability to select a government; freedom of expression; freedom of association and a free media; better ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development; and oil production. This indicates that democracy, government policy and oil production are highly regarded by foreign investors who invest in Nigeria. Therefore, it can be argued that, even though results for factors influencing FDI inflows differ, there are similarities as government policy and the oil sector in general influence both countries even though the issues in both countries are not necessarily the same. However, on a global level, investment in the two countries is driven by completely different factors. According to the models, Angolan FDI inflows are driven by global oil production (supply) in the previous year whereas FDI inflows in Nigeria are correlated to the oil price in the previous year. Both of these models, however, leave much to be desired as they have low R2 values which indicate that they explain very little of what influences FDI inflows in the countries. / MCom (International Trade), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This research investigates political risk in the context of service offshoring and the corresponding impact on risk management decisions. The first stage of the study uses the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT), to explore key post-contract political risks experiences within offshore outsourcing activities. Twelve key political risks affecting offshore outsourcing decisions are identified, and the moderating effect of offshoring activity types (BPO, ITO or KPO) on political risk exposure and impact perceptions is highlighted. The research also explores the conditioning effect of industry specific exposure to political risk and enhances the explanatory ability of the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) constructs, offering a re-operationalization of the political risk component of external uncertainty. The second stage of the research introduces a series of hypotheses between offshoring flows and political risk profiles, and applies multiple regression to analyse political risk affecting offshore activities in low cost countries across contract-based offshoring engagements and FDI. The findings highlight that political risk is a genuine business concern for offshore contract-based outsourcing modalities, and identify concerns with Intellectual Property protection, Quality of Bureaucracy and Corruption as key considerations affecting location decisions in low-cost countries. The research further suggests a positive relationship between strong country level institutional and regulatory systems and high knowledge content in offshoring engagements. From a practical perspective, the research highlights the need for managerial tools to determine diversified firm and industry specific political risk impact on global service outsourcing engagements. The key practical contribution is the development of differentiated political risk typologies that can capture the nuances of external risks in offshoring, allowing for more accurate risk assessment of offshoring decisions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre da Silva de Oliveira.pdf: 609305 bytes, checksum: adac8ff1178c28a17dec6849f8a4063d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-17 / ABSTRACTThe research analyzes the Brazilian infrastructure, emphasizing the foreign savings impacts, represented by foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic public and private investments, and regulatory and institutional environment of the 2000s. The research focuses an evaluation of the hypothesis that the Brazilian infrastructure development, characterized by natural monopoly, and the state such as an inducer and regulator of long-term economic growth. The rationale is that public investment mainly from Economic Plan such as Plano de Metas and II PND, increased private national and foreign investments until the 1970s. In contrast, the infrastructure bottleneck due to state intervention lack and economic restructuring of 1980-1990s provided an opportunity for the new cycle of infrastructure investments since 2000s, boosted by the macroeconomic fundamentals consolidation with Plano Real and Brazilian Economic Growth Acceleration (PAC). However, there is an unfavorable environment for domestic and foreign private investment in infrastructure because of Brazilian regulatory uncertainties and low level of public investments. Chapter 1 presents a Keynesian and neoclassical theory review on the investment and savings for a closed economy, but also the growth with foreign savings issue as a development strategy for an open economy, such as in Brazil, followed by FDI review. Besides presents the institutions and regulation impacts on investments and, finally, presents the economic planning and the state role as an economic growth long term promoter. Chapter 2 presents the Infrastructure investments cycles, especially for 1930-1970s, industrialization and Infrastructure investments increasing; 1980-1990s State crisis, macroeconomic imbalances, low infrastructure s investments level and privatization redefining the foreign investment role and; 2000s with the review concerning State as the main economic growth inducer and regulator, the new infrastructure s investments cycle due public funding, focusing the BNDES role. Chapter 3 presents the relationship between the Brazilian and foreign capital infrastructure, with emphasizing on FDI inflows/instocks for Brazil and an international comparison with the other BRIC countries / RESUMOO trabalho analisa a infraestrutura brasileira, com destaque para os impactos da poupança externa, representada pelo investimento direto estrangeiro (IDE), a evolução dos investimentos domésticos, públicos e privados, e o ambiente regulatório e institucional dos anos 2000. A hipótese é que o desenvolvimento da infraestrutura brasileira, por sua característica de monopólio natural, requer um Estado indutor e regulador do crescimento econômico de longo prazo. A justificativa é que os investimentos públicos, principalmente, do Plano de Metas e o II PND, ampliaram os investimentos privados nacionais e estrangeiros em infraestrutura até os anos 1970. Em contraposição, a carência de infraestrutura, em virtude da ausência estatal e da reestruturação produtiva dos anos 1980 e 1990 representou uma oportunidade para o início de um novo ciclo de investimentos em infraestrutura iniciado nos anos 2000, impulsionados pela consolidação dos fundamentos macroeconômicos do Plano Real e pela implementação do Plano de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC). Contudo, ainda há um ambiente desfavorável aos investimentos privados, nacionais e estrangeiros em infraestrutura em virtude, principalmente, das incertezas regulatórias e do baixo investimento público no país. Isto posto, no capítulo 1 é apresentada uma revisão da teoria keynesiana e neoclássica acerca do investimento e poupança para uma economia fechada, como também a questão do crescimento com poupança externa como estratégia de desenvolvimento para uma economia ao exterior, como é a brasileira. Na sequência são apresentadas algumas notas teóricas acerca dos investimentos diretos estrangeiros (IDE), um resgate dos impactos das instituições e regulação sobre os investimentos e, por fim, apresenta-se o papel do planejamento econômico e do Estado indutor do crescimento econômico de longo prazo. No capítulo 2 são apresentados os ciclos de investimentos em infraestrutura, com destaque para os anos 1930-1970, que marca o início industrialização e ampliação dos investimentos em infraestrutura; 1980-1990 com a crise do Estado, desequilíbrios macroeconômicos, escassez de investimentos públicos em infraestrutura e as privatizações, que redefiniram o papel dos investimentos estrangeiros no país; e os anos 2000, com a retomada do Estado como principal indutor e regulador do crescimento, e o novo ciclo de investimentos em infraestrutura, viabilizado pelo financiamento público, com destaque para o papel do BNDES. Já no capítulo 3 são apresentadas as relações entre a infraestrutura brasileira e o capital externo, com ênfase para um estudo sobre a evolução do IDE para o Brasil e uma comparação internacional com os outros países do BRIC

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-27T12:28:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucimara dos Santos D_ávila.pdf: 887905 bytes, checksum: 99d2f256a2675268c4293efad678f69c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T12:28:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucimara dos Santos D_ávila.pdf: 887905 bytes, checksum: 99d2f256a2675268c4293efad678f69c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-16 / The purpose of this research is to develop a theoretical material, dealing with the new directions of the international tax policy, in the post-World War II period and after the establishment of the OECD, specifically about the control of tax competition. Aiming to create common interests between countries and thus avoid new conflicts, the OECD stimulated the free international capital flows, including foreign direct investment – FDI. The OECD, however, in order to avoid abusive practices of international tax competition for FDI funding, has instituted since 1998, policies and recommendations suggesting a policy of greater transparency and exchange of tax information between countries. In this scenario, although Brazil is not an OECD member, but a relevant foreign investment recipient, is gradually adapting its tax legislation, seeking to adapt to the best tax practices recommended by the OECD, however there are still many challenges to be faced, as we shall see in this study. This thesis, the final product of this research, intends to be an essentially informative material, but that brings to its readers an objective view of the need for greater fiscal transparency and the adoption of best tax practices recommended by the OECD, towards a fairer tax competition among countries. It is also analyzed the tax legal changes that have occurred in Brazil as part of this global phenomenon, reflecting the specific nature of our reality. The concepts used in the research were subsidized by surveys on secondary sources, including literature, based on books, journals, dissertations or theses presented at universities, sites about these concepts, in addition to the researcher learning in the Doctorate courses / O objetivo desta pesquisa é elaborar um material teórico versando sobre os novos rumos da política tributária internacional, no período pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial e após a constituição da OCDE, especificamente quanto ao controle da competição tributária. Visando criar interesses comuns entre os países e, assim, evitar novos conflitos, houve o estímulo, pela OCDE, para o livre fluxo internacional de capitais, incluindo os investimentos estrangeiros diretos – IED. A OCDE, no entanto, com o objetivo de evitar práticas abusivas de competição tributária internacional para captação de IED, vem instituindo, desde 1998, recomendações sugerindo uma política de maior transparência e troca de informações tributárias entre os países. O Brasil, neste cenário, ainda que não membro da OCDE, mas receptor de relevantes investimentos estrangeiros, vem adequando paulatinamente sua legislação tributária, procurando adaptar-se às melhores práticas tributárias recomendadas pela OCDE, porém ainda com muitos desafios a serem enfrentados, como veremos neste estudo. Tal tese, produto final desta pesquisa, pretende constituir-se em um material essencialmente informativo, mas que traga a seus leitores uma visão objetiva acerca da necessidade de maior transparência fiscal e da adoção das melhores práticas tributárias recomendadas pela OCDE, em busca de uma competição tributária mais justa entre os países. Procura-se, também, posicionar as mudanças legislativas tributárias que têm ocorrido no Brasil como parte desse fenômeno global, refletindo as especificidades inerentes à nossa realidade. Os conceitos utilizados na pesquisa foram subsidiados por levantamentos em fontes secundárias, incluindo o levantamento bibliográfico baseado em livros, revistas especializadas, dissertações ou teses apresentadas em universidades, sites sobre esses conceitos, além do aprendizado da pesquisadora nas disciplinas do Doutorado

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