This thesis begins with the globalization that promoting female transnational migration worldwide. Then, using the social exclusion theory, through the qualitative in-depth interview method, it discusses the social exclusion experience of Indonesian, Vietnamese and Mainland Chinese spouses. It also discusses the effects of Taiwan¡¦s Care and Counseling policies for foreign spouses. Finally, policy suggestions are proposed according to related research discoveries. It finds: First, on the social exclusion, Indonesian, Vietnamese and Mainland Chinese spouses are experienced social exclusion, the dimensions are including of economic, political, social relation, cultural, spatial, and welfare. Moreover, the Vietnamese spouses tend to have greater experience of social exclusion on the dimensions of economic, political, social relation and cultural; Indonesian spouses tend to have greater experience on the economic and political dimensions; Mainland Chinese spouses tend to have greater experience on the political and welfare dimensions. However, no matter they are Indonesian, Vietnamese or Mainland Chinese spouses; they¡¦ll experience political exclusion if they don¡¦t gain their citizenships. Second, on the family adaption type, foreign spouses from Indonesia and Mainland China tend largely to belong to the ¡§adaptive type¡¨ group. By contrast, Vietnamese spouses tend to be the ¡§castle type.¡¨ As a whole, by and large most foreign spouses put great effort into adapting to their new family environment. In addition, their husband¡¦s families provide the support required for their daily lives, and accept them, allowing them to adapt to the new family environment. As such, the number of foreign spouses experiencing difficulties is minimal. Third, Vietnamese, Indonesian and Mainland Chinese spouses whose family adaption type is ¡§difficulty prone type¡¨ have higher tendencies to fall into the situation of social exclusion. By contrast, the ¡§adaptive type¡¨ group have lower tendencies to have social exclusion. Therefore, the family adaptive situation of foreign spouses has close relationship to social exclusion experiences. Among those, the acceptances of the husbands¡¦ families and individual mobility also have high influences. Fourth, the Taiwan¡¦s Care and Counseling policies for foreign spouses: 1. there are still lots of interviewees who haven¡¦t used government services. As for the ones who have used, no matter on Indonesian, Vietnamese or Mainland Chinese spouses, they mostly use the ¡§national health insurance.¡¨ And then, Indonesian and Vietnamese spouses use ¡§life adaption counseling¡¨ and ¡§supplementary and continuing education.¡¨ Mainland Chinese spouses take ¡§economic assistance,¡¨ ¡§vocational training and job referral.¡¨ 2. Most foreign spouses state that after using government services, they find them useful and with positive effects. However, family adaptive situation will influence the effects on using government services. 3. Though government services can only provide limited effects on people with low social exclusion, its services are the main supports for people with high social exclusion.

Foreign Spouses¡¦ Families on Parents¡¦ Rearing Attitude, Children¡¦s Life Adjustments and Creative Experiences Abstract This study investigated the relationship among parents¡¦ rearing attitude, their children¡¦s ¡§life adjustment¡¨ and ¡§creative experiences¡¨ in foreign spouses¡¦ families by analyzing data from questionnaire. A total of 820 participants from Kaohsiung municipal elementary school 5th and 6th grade students (337 students from foreign spouses¡¦ families and 483 from native families) were studied. Data collected by ¡§fathers¡¦ child-rearing scales¡¨, ¡§mothers¡¦ child-rearing scales¡¨, ¡§lifetime creative experiences scales¡¨ and ¡§children life adjustment scales¡¨ were analyzed with Pearson correlation analysis and one-way MANOVA methods. The results indicated: (1) A significant difference in children adjustments and creative experiences results from different parents¡¦ rearing attitudes. Major findings included: (i) The ¡§open-minded authoritative¡¨ parents rearing attitude results in best performance in children¡¦s ¡§life adjustment¡¨ whiles the ¡§neglecting indifferent¡¨ rearing attitude results in worst ¡§life adjustment¡¨. (ii) The ¡§open-minded authoritative¡¨ and ¡§permissive indulgent¡¨ parents rearing attitude results in better performance in children¡¦s ¡§creative experiences¡¨ than the ¡§neglecting indifferent¡¨ and ¡§authoritarian¡¨ rearing attitude ones. (2)Child-rearing attitudes of foreign spouses¡¦ families and native families are different. Native families tend to have ¡§open-minded authoritative¡¨ parenting attitudes while the foreign spouses¡¦ families are most likely to have ¡§neglecting indifferent¡¨ parenting attitudes. (3) The following are major factors considered contribute to parents¡¦ rearing attitude of foreign spouses¡¦ families at different degree: (i) Sex: The gender difference of children show significantly related with of parents¡¦ child-rearing attitude and their children¡¦s adjustment and creative experiences. (ii) Mothers¡¦ nationalities: The mothers¡¦ nationalities were significantly related with the fathers¡¦ child-rearing attitude. Mothers¡¦ nationalities are not significantly related with children¡¦s creative experiences. (iii) Grades: The grades of children are not significantly related with of parents¡¦ child-rearing attitude and their children¡¦s adjustment and creative experiences. (iv) Living status: Whether the children live together with their parents or not are not significantly related with the attitude styles of parents¡¦ child-rearing, and creative experiences. (4) Parents¡¦ rearing attitude and children¡¦s ¡§life adjustment¡¨ and ¡§creative experiences¡¨ are correlated. (5) There are significant differences in ¡§mothers¡¦ child-rearing attitudes¡¨ between foreign spouses¡¦ and native family. (6) There are no differences in life adjustment and creative experiences between the foreign spouses¡¦ families and native families.

The purpose of this study was to explore foreign spouse children¡¦s mandarin capability, learning attitudes and social interactions, and analyzed the significant differences and predictors of their mandarin capability, learning attitudes and social interactions We conducted a purposive sampling selection to recruit 335 foreign spouse children who are 3rd to 6th graders in Kaohsiung city. All participants completed three scales of ¡§Mandarin Capability Scale¡¨, ¡§Learning Attitude Scale¡¨ and ¡§Interpersonal Relationships Scale¡¨ that developed by the investigator. In addition, 6 children with the highest total scores and the other 6 children with the lowest total scores on the three scales were interviewed for triangulation and consolidation of quantitative results. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used to assess the similarities and differences among groups. The initial findings were as follows: 1. Children came from families of higher education parents presented significantly higher Mandarin capability than these children came from families of lower education parents. 2. Children came from democratic parenting practice presented significantly higher mandarin capability scores than those children with permissive parenting practices. 3. Younger children¡¦s learning attitudes scores were significantly higher than the elder children. 4. Children came from families of higher education parents presented significantly higher learning attitudes scores than those children came from families of lower education parents. 5.Girls¡¦ interpersonal relationships scores were significantly higher than those of the boys. 6. Children came from families of higher education parents presented significantly higher interpersonal relationships scores than those children came from families of lower education parents. 7. Children came from democratic parenting practice presented significantly higher scores on the dimension of ¡§interaction with family members¡¨ than those children with authoritarian parenting practice. 8. There were significantly positive correlations among children¡¦s Mandarin capability, learning attitude and interpersonal relationships. 9. The significant predictors of children¡¦s learning attitude scores were ¡§listening comprehension¡¨, ¡§grammar rhetorical ability¡¨, ¡§language use ability¡¨ and ¡§language expression ability¡¨ . 10. The significant predictors of children¡¦s interpersonal relationships scores were ¡§listening comprehension¡¨, ¡§language use ability¡¨ and ¡§language expression ability¡¨ . Recommendation from research results were suggested to further study of foreign spouses children¡¦s Mandarin capability, learning attitudes and social interactions.

More and more foreign spouses have been immigrating to Taiwan. The ¡§New Taiwan Children¡¨ are consequently expected to become the elites of Taiwan¡¦s next generation. The political education and learning in families, as well as the political attitude of the husband¡¦s family, will all influence the political attitude and national identity of foreign spouses and their children. Most of the dissertations regarding foreign spouses now, however, are focused on the life adaption and Chinese character recognition services for foreign spouses. Little effort has been made to explore their political attitudes. In this research, therefore, we focus our research on the participants of the Chinese-character Recognition Classes in 24 elementary and junior high schools in Kaohsiung City and probe their political attitude after attending the courses. In this paper, we will discuss the factors influencing the political attitudes of foreign spouses, particularly, their personal backgrounds (including nationality, language and education), family backgrounds of their husbands (e.g., the political party supported by their spouse and their perspectives on unification or independence), and social inclusion factors (for example, political-related discussions with neighbors and friends, community activities, participation in Chinese-character recognition classes or life adaptation-courses organized by the government, etc.) The ultimate purpose of the study is to determine whether innate factors (i.e., personal backgrounds) or environmental factors (i.e., the social factors) are more influential on their political attitudes. If environmental factors turn out to be more influential, we may expedite the social inclusion process through collaborative efforts between the government and private agencies. We will also incorporate in the ¡§conclusion¡¨ our recommendations for further facilitating social inclusion. It was found in the research process that, in terms of political inclusion, a significant level (P<.001) has been reached in four aspects including ¡§Evaluation of Government Performance¡¨, ¡§National Identity¡¨, ¡§Political Participation¡¨ and ¡§Political Efficacy¡¨. The correlation coefficients between social inclusion and political inclusion are, respectively, .370, .362, .187 and .270. It is therefore recommended that increasing the political participation of foreign spouses may be achieved by encouraging their social inclusion. The research results also show that, for foreign spouses with different language proficiency, there is a significant variance in the extent of social inclusion. On the average, more foreign spouses communicate with the families of their husbands in English, Mandarin or Fukienese, as compared with those communicating in the language of Thailand, Philippines or Indonesia. We suggest that the authorities should provide more subsidies/incentives to encourage foreign spouses to participate in language-training courses. The survey also shows that foreign spouses rarely attend the community activities or discuss with their friends, mainly because of language barriers. Improvement of language ability will be a motivating factor for their social inclusion. Foreign spouses seldom participate in community activities or in political discussions. The main reasons for this include busy with childcare or household chores, language problems or inadequate Chinese proficiency, which causes insufficient social inclusion. It is recommended that the government should provide subsidies/incentives to encourage their participation in community activities, including attending the life coach classes and Chinese-character Recognition Classes, etc. The research shows that foreign spouses with better Chinese proficiency are better prepared to participate in political activities. For example, they will find it easier to read election-related information. Among the foreign spouses surveyed this time, few have the habit of reading political commentary in newspapers or TV programs; this is due to their incompetency in Chinese language. One of the ways to improve their abilities in political participation, therefore, is to encourage them to participate in the Chinese-character Recognition Classes. In our visit to the Immigrant Center of Learning in the city, we learned from an instructor at the YMCA that free Chinese courses are now offered by the YMCA to the foreign spouses. It is our hope that through close cooperation between the government and the private institutions we can expedite the social and political inclusion of foreign spouses, enabling them to enjoy a happy life in Taiwan with all of us.

本研究旨在探討外籍配偶子女的自我概念、生活適應與學業成就之相關研究。主要目的有七：（一）了解並分析目前外籍配偶子女就讀國中自我概念與生活適應情形。（二）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之自我概念差異情形。（三）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之生活適應差異情形。（四）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之學業成就差異情形。（五）瞭解國中外籍配偶子女的自我概念、生活適應與學業成就之相互關係。（六）分析國中外籍配偶子女背景變項、自我概念與生活適應對學業成就的預測情形。（七）分析並歸納研究結果，提出具體建議，作為政府機關規劃相關政策和學術研究的參考。 本研究採用問卷調查法，係以就讀桃園縣公立國中外籍配偶子女為研究對象，採立意抽樣共取樣 536人，有效問卷508份，回收率95.67%。測量工具包括「個人基本資料調查表」、「學業成就」、「自我概念量表」、「生活適應量表」等四部分。依據所得資料，主要運用描述統計、單因子變異數分析、多變項變異數分析、逐步多元迴歸分析等統計方法驗證假設。 本研究的主要結果分述如下： 一、整體而言國中外籍配偶子女自我概念程度是在中等以上，最高的是學校 自我，最低的是生理自我。背景變項（性別、年級、父親教育程度、經 濟狀況、父母管教方式、學校地區）在自我概念上有顯著差異。 二、整體而言生活適應程度是在中等以下，人際適應最佳，學校適應較差。 背景變項（性別、經濟狀況、父母管教方式、學校地區〉在生活適應上 有顯著差異。 三、國中外籍配偶子女學業成就最高的是國文，最低的是數學。背景變項 （性別、年級、父親教育程度、母親教育程度、居住狀況、經濟狀況、 父母管教方式）在學業成就上有顯著差異。 四、國中外籍配偶子女對自我概念瞭解程度，自我概念越高生活適應越好。 在生活適應層面中個人適應、學校適應、家庭適應及人際適應具有顯著 差異。 五、國中外籍配偶子女在自我概念層面中的家庭自我、學校自我及道德自 我，與國文、英文及數學學業成就具有顯著差異，顯示自我概念層面其 中家庭自我、學校自我、道德自我得分越高，表示學業成就越好。 六、國中外籍配偶子女整體生活適應及各層面的個人適應、家庭適應、學校 適應、人際適應越好，國文、英文及數學學業成就越高。在生活適應層 面中個人適應、家庭適應、學校適應及人際適應，與國文、英文及數學 學業成就具有顯著差異。 七、國中外籍配偶子女當人際適應越好時，數學領域的表現會越好。當人際 適應越好時，國文領域的表現會越好。對家庭自我瞭解程度越高、人際 適應越好時，數學領域的表現會越好。 八、在預測國中外籍配偶子女國文領域學業成就層面，以學校適應最具預測 力，可解釋或預測8.7%。在預測英文領域學業成就層面，管教方式最具 預測力，可解釋或預測9%。在預測數學領域學業成就層面，以管教方式 最具預測力，可解釋或預測4.8%。 最後，根據研究結果，提出具體建議，以供家長、教育工作者及未來研究參考之用。 / The purpose of this research aims to investigate the correlations among self-concept, life adjustment and academic achievement of foreign spouses’ children. There are seven main objectives: (1) to find out and analyze self-concept and life adjustment of foreign spouses’ children in junior high school nowadays; (2) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their self-concept with different background variables; (3) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their life adjustment with different background variables; (4) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their academic achievement with different background variables; (5) to realize the correlations among their self-concept, life adjustment and academic achievement; (6) to employ self-concept and life adjustment as variables to predict their academic achievement; (7) to draw a conclusion of the research and propose concrete suggestions as references for the related policies of governmental organizations and academic studies. This research used the questionnaire survey method and chose foreign spouses’ children who study in Taoyuan junior high school as objectives. The research selected 536 students as purposive samples in which 508 questionnaires were returned, yielding a 95.67% response rate. The measurement applied in this study includes “Personal Information Survey”, “Academic Achievement”, “Self-Concept Scale” and “Life Adjustment Scale”. According to the collected data, the hypothesis of the research is verified by the statistical methods including descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, multi-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The findings of this research are illustrated as follow: 1.On the whole, the degree of self-concept that foreign spouses’ children have is above the average. They have the highest degree of school-self, the lowest degree of physical-self. The background variables (including sex, grade, their father’s education level, economic status, parenting style, and school region) act significant differences on their self-concept. 2.In general, the life adjustment of the foreign spouses’ children lies under the average level. Their interpersonal adjustment works the best within this variable whereas the school adjustment performs the worst. The background variables (including sex, economic status, parenting style and school region) act significant differences on their life adjustment. 3.The academic achievement of junior high school students born of foreign spouses shows the best performance in the subject, Chinese. On the contrary, they present the worst in mathematics. The background variables (including sex, grade, their father’s education level, their mother’s education level, economic status, and parenting style of parenting style) act significant differences on academic achievement. 4.As for the degree of the self-concept the foreign spouse’ children in junior high school have, the higher degree of their self-concept leads to the better performance of their life adjustment. At the level of life, personal, school, family and interpersonal adjustment show significant differences. 5.The self-concept within which consists of family, school and moral self shows significant differences from the academic achievement of Chinese, English and mathematics. The higher scores of family, school and moral self they have at the level of self-concept will cause better academic achievement. 6.The better their life adjustment and its components (the personal, family, school and interpersonal adjustment) act, the higher academic achievements they possess in Chinese, English and mathematics. There are significant differences between the level of life adjustment (personal, family, school, interpersonal adjustment) and academic achievements of Chinese, English, and mathematics. 7.The better interpersonal adjustment the foreign spouses’ children have, the better they show their academic achievement in mathematics and Chinese. It has also been revealed that they present better interpersonal adjustment and better achievement in mathematics if they understand their family self better. 8.While predicting Chinese academic achievement of foreign spouse’ children, the research shows the best predictable variable is school adjustment which can explain and forecast the degree of accuracy at the rate of 8.7%. Besides, at the level of predicting English academic achievement, the best predictable variable is parenting which can describe and foretell the degree of accuracy at the rate of 9%. As to the prediction for mathematics academic achievement, the best predictable variable is also parenting which can predict accurately at the rate of 4.8%. Finally, according to the results of the research, I propose specific suggestions for the parents, educators and future researchers are proposed subject as a reference resource.

本研究旨在探討國中新移民子女父母親管教態度、人際關係及學業成就之相關情形，就研究結果加以統整，並據以歸納結論，最後提出建議，以供有關教育相關人員瞭解及改善現況或未來研究之參考。 本研究主要結論如下： 一、新移民子女的父親管教態度、母親管教態度在要求上，對於七年級子女有顯著差異。 二、新移民子女父母親教育程度程度為研究所與大學或大專，在父母親管教態度的反應上有顯著差異。 三、新移民子女家中經濟狀況良好及富裕，其父母管教態度在反應及要求上有顯著差異。 四、新移民子女的人際關係與同儕的互動、兄弟姐妹的互動，在性別部份有顯著差異。 五、新 移民子女的人際關係與父母的部份，在七年級部份有顯著差異。 六、新移民子女家中經濟狀況良好及富裕，其人際關係與父母部份有顯著差異。 七、新移民子女其學業成就在不同性別方面，國文及英文學習有顯著差異。 八、新移民子女其學業成就因家中子女人數不同，在八年級的英文學業成就有顯著差異。 九、新移民子女父親教育程度不同，在七年級的國文、英文、數學學業成就具顯著差異。 十、新移民子女家中經濟狀況不同在學業成就上具顯著差異。 十一、新移民子女父母管教態度對人際關係具有正向的預測作用。 十二、新移民子女父母管教態度在國文、英文、數學的學習具正向的有預測作用。 十三、新移民子女的人際關係在學業成就部份具正向的預測作用。 十四、新移民子女父母管教態度、人際關係對學業成就具正向的預測作用。 最後，本研究根據研究結果，提出各項建議，以為家長親職教育、學校教學與輔導、學校行政管理及未來研究提出建議。 關鍵字：新移民子女、父母管教態度、人際關係、學業成就 / The purpose of this research aims to study the correlations among parents discipline attitude, interpersonal relationships and academic achievement of foreign spouses’ children. This study adops the methods of literature review and questionnaire, aided with literature explore to collect information. I hope to provide references for the educational administration authorities. The conclusions obtained from this study are summarized as follows: 一、Foreign spouses’ children’s parents discipline on attitude require, have significant difference to the children of grade seventh. 二、Foreign spouses’ children’s parents' education degree is research institute and the university or junior college, there is significant difference of in parents discipline the response of the attitude. 三、Foreign spouses’ children have good rich economic situation, parents its discipline attitude in react and have difference of significant on requiring. 四、Interpersonal related to and the siblings of the same generation of foreign spouses children, there is difference of significant in the sex part. 五、Foreign spouses’ children interpersonal part related to and parents, there is difference of significant in the parts of grade seventh. 六、The economic situation is good and rich in the foreign spouses’ children's family, there is difference of significant between its interpersonal relationships and parents' part. 七、Study difference of significant in Chinese and English in different sex in eighth, their study achievements of foreign spouses’ children. 八、Their study achievement, children of foreign spouses’, children number different in house, have difference of significant in the English study achievement of grade eighth. 九、Foreign spouses’ children father's education degree is different, have difference of significant in Chinese, English, mathematics study achievement of grade seventh. 十、The economic situation has difference of significant differently on the study achievement in the foreign spouses’ children. 十一、Foreign spouses’ children parents discipline attitude have to interpersonal relationships to prediction function. 十二、Foreign spouses’ children parents discipline attitude have at Chinese, English, studies of mathematics to function of predicting. 十三、Foreign spouses’ children at study been new for interpersonal relationships of immigrant children achievement part have to prediction function. 十四、Foreign spouses’ children’s parents discipline attitude, interpersonal relationships have to study achievement to prediction function. Finally, this research proposes every suggestion according to the result of study, think parents home education, school education and guidance, school administration and research and propose the suggestion in the future. Key word: Foreign spouses’ children, parents discipline attitude, interpersonal relationships, academic achievement

台湾の「外籍」の配偶者との国際結婚の現状と実態を把握するため、さまざまな研究課題を設定し、多くの「外籍」の配偶者へのインタビューを行う質的調査、および多くの台湾人を調査対象者にする量的調査を実施し、より客観的な現状と実態を明らかにした。さらに、現在の台湾社会で大きな注目を浴びている、「外籍」の母親の母語や文化の継承や母語学習などのさまざまな問題を明らかにした。 / 博士(教育文化学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Education and Culture / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University