Intentional forgetting is a phenomenon that has been studied by memory researchers since 1968 (Bjork, LaBerge, & Legrand, 1968), however a formal model to explain directed forgetting has not yet been developed. In this paper, I will review the literature on directed forgetting and discuss the results six experiments used assess directed forgetting in highly controlled manner. The striking findings are a.) that directed forgetting phenomena are observed for both free recall and recognition memory when the list method is utilized, b.) that almost the entire effect in free recall is the result of the ability to initially recall the item from the first serial position, and c.) that the costs and benefits are separately affected by an increase in the retention interval. After extensive model analyses, no simple rehearsal or context based model was identified that can handle the full data set. Here I describe a Retrieving Effectively from Memory model (REM; Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) that does account for the full range of findings by blurring the traditional distinctions between these classical approached to directed forgetting phenomena.

The present study set out to evaluate the relationship between list-method directed forgetting and one’s individual differences. Previous research has found personality and emotion as having an influence in how well participants were able to intentionally forget stimuli. Participants were split into a remember group and a forget group of 22 each and tasked to memorize a list of 10 words. They were then given a free recall test and the results for individual differences such as Need for Cognition, Mini-IPIP personality test, and Beck’s Depression Inventory were analyzed. Our first hypothesis presumes that participants in the forget group will have impaired recall of words. The second hypothesis predicts that individual differences have an effect with how many words participants recall. Results in this study indicated that while individual measures proved not significant between both groups, overall recall for the first list was lower than recall for the second list. There were also indications of an interaction between amount recalled from lists and whether they were in the remember group or in the forget group. Analyses showed that remember group had a recall mean similar in lists 1 and list 2, while the forget group had a higher recall mean in list 2 and a lower recall mean in the list 1, indicating that directed forgetting had taken place in the forget group.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Medeiros Almeida.pdf: 2463783 bytes, checksum: 5d6b7db173fda71062ddeffeef40246e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This presentation explains the process that made people in general forget about the Caldeirão, a peasant community, created in 1926 at Cariri, south of Ceara, and the facts that destroyed it, through the relationships between memory and history. For that, O Povo, O Estado and O Nordeste, newspapers from Ceara, will be analyzed, from 1935 to 1981. These newspapers had the same opinion about pollitics, economy and social issues, so, they had a very similar speech about the war in Caldeirao, that helped it to be forgotten. This research also brings back the memory of Caldeirao, after the ostracism, through some initiatives. The documentary O Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto, from the movie maker Rosemberg Cariry, and the string poetry about the community and its leader, José Lourenço, will be analyzed / O presente trabalho tem por compreender o processo que levou ao esquecimento da existência do Caldeirão, comunidade camponesa, fundada em 1926 na região do Cariri, ao sul do Ceará, e os fatos que envolveram sua destruição, a partir da relação entre memória e história. Para isso, serão analisadas as matérias dos jornais cearenses O Povo, O Estado e O Nordeste, entre 1935 a 1981. Por comungarem dos mesmos interesses políticos, econômicos e sociais, os três veículos construíram um discurso semelhante em relação ao combate do Caldeirão, que contribuiu para o seu esquecimento. Esta pesquisa também aborda o reencontro do Caldeirão, a partir da perspectiva de que, após o processo de esquecimento, surgiram iniciativas que trouxeram a comunidade de volta à memória. Para isso, será analisado o documentário O Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto, do cineasta cearense Rosemberg Cariry, e cordéis sobre a comunidade e o seu líder, José Lourenço

"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit (LL.M.)" / Les bouleversements engendrés par les nouveaux moyens de communication des données publiques de même que les multiples possibilités offertes par le réseau Internet, telles que le stockage des informations, la mémoire sans faille et l'utilisation des moteurs de recherche, présentent des enjeux majeurs liés à la protection de la vie privée. La diffusion des données publiques en support numérique suscite un changement d'échelle dans le temps et dans l'espace et elle modifie le concept classique de publicité qui existait dans l'univers papier. Nous étudierons les moyens de respecter le droit à la vie privée et les conditions d'accès et d'utilisation des données personnelles, parfois à caractère sensible, contenues dans les documents publics diffusés sur Internet. Le cas particulier des données accessibles dans les banques de données judiciaires exige des solutions particulières : il s'agit de trouver l'équilibre nécessaire entre le principe de transparence judiciaire et le droit à la vie privée. / The upheavals generated by the new means of disseminating public data, together with the multiple possibilities offered by the Internet, such as information storage, comprehensive memory tools and the use of search engines, give rise to major issues related to privacy protection. The dissemination of public data in digital format causes a shift in our scales of time and space, and changes the traditional concept ofpublic nature previously associated with the "paper" universe. We will study the means of protecting privacy, and the conditions for accessing and using the personal information, sometimes of a "sensitive" nature, which is contained in the public documents posted on the Internet. The characteristics of the information available through judicial data banks require special protection solutions, so that the necessary balance can be found between the principle of judicial transparency and the right to privacy.

Les bouleversements engendrés par les nouveaux moyens de communication des données publiques de même que les multiples possibilités offertes par le réseau Internet, telles que le stockage des informations, la mémoire sans faille et l'utilisation des moteurs de recherche, présentent des enjeux majeurs liés à la protection de la vie privée. La diffusion des données publiques en support numérique suscite un changement d'échelle dans le temps et dans l'espace et elle modifie le concept classique de publicité qui existait dans l'univers papier. Nous étudierons les moyens de respecter le droit à la vie privée et les conditions d'accès et d'utilisation des données personnelles, parfois à caractère sensible, contenues dans les documents publics diffusés sur Internet. Le cas particulier des données accessibles dans les banques de données judiciaires exige des solutions particulières : il s'agit de trouver l'équilibre nécessaire entre le principe de transparence judiciaire et le droit à la vie privée. / The upheavals generated by the new means of disseminating public data, together with the multiple possibilities offered by the Internet, such as information storage, comprehensive memory tools and the use of search engines, give rise to major issues related to privacy protection. The dissemination of public data in digital format causes a shift in our scales of time and space, and changes the traditional concept ofpublic nature previously associated with the "paper" universe. We will study the means of protecting privacy, and the conditions for accessing and using the personal information, sometimes of a "sensitive" nature, which is contained in the public documents posted on the Internet. The characteristics of the information available through judicial data banks require special protection solutions, so that the necessary balance can be found between the principle of judicial transparency and the right to privacy. / "Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit (LL.M.)"

Embedded In These Walls uses photographic imagery, archival ephemera, and written text to examine a specific history of generational trauma through the lens of a singular family of a southern tradition to point to a larger systemic breakdown of accountability and truthfulness regarding abuse

The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.