O distrito ferrífero de Curral Novo é hospedado pelo Complexo Granjeiro Sul, situado na Zona Transversal, na porção sudoeste da Província Borborema, no estado do Piauí. Nesse distrito, formações ferríferas bandadas apresentam teor médio de 27,5% de Fe em recursos de mais de um bilhão de toneladas. Dados de campo, petrográficos, isotópicos, geoquímicos e geocronológicos possibilitaram a caracterização de uma associação de gnaisses e migmatitos com afinidade TTG e uma sequência metavulcanossedimentar com evidências de atividade exalativa de fundo oceânico com idade paleoarqueana. A suíte TTG do Complexo Granjeiro Sul apresenta grande variação química. Inclui tipicamente rochas magnesianas de composição cálcica a álcali-cálcica com baixo conteúdo de minerais máficos. Essas rochas possuem baixa concentração em elementos LILE e HFSE, significativo fracionamento de ETRL (La/YbN = 9,78-139,12) e anomalias levemente negativas de Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0,62-0,97), características de magmas gerados a partir de uma fonte de baixa pressão. Idades U-Pb em zircão obtidas em gnaisses TTG indicam cristalização do magma em 3349 ±15 Ma (MSWD = 0,62). A sequência metavulcanossedimentar do Complexo Granjeiro Sul é constituída por rochas metamáficas, metaultramáficas e formações ferríferas bandadas e interpretada como de idade próxima à da geração das rochas TTG do complexo. As rochas derivadas de protólitos ultramáficos e máficos apresentam composição komatiítica a basáltica e possuem gênese associada à fase de subducção entre duas placas oceânicas, apresentando afinidade química análoga a de rochas de arcos de ilhas modernos. As formações ferríferas bandadas apresentam fácies sedimentares óxido e silicato, com forte empobrecimento em HFSE e ETR e anomalias negativas de Ce (Ce/CeN = 0,04-0,37). Todo este conjunto de rochas arqueanas foi intrudido por corpos sienograníticos de idade de 2,651.8 ±8.9 Ma (MSWD = 1,5), pós- colisionais do tipo A2. Os sienitos são quimicamente classificadas como rochas metaluminosas a peraluminosas, cálcio-alcalinas de alto-K e ferrosas. Possuem leve enriquecimento de ETRL em relação aos ETRP e apresentam altos conteúdos de LILE e HFSE. Processos de alteração hidrotermal presentes nas encaixantes do minério de ferro e nas próprias formações ferríferas bandadas incluem silicificação, albitização, potassificação, carbonatização, sulfetação e reconcentração do ferro. Assinaturas de isótopos de enxofre (\'delta\'\'POT 34\'S = -3,11 a 2,03) em sulfetos hidrotermais sugerem fontes magmáticas para o enxofre associado ao sistema hidrotermal. As rochas do Complexo Granjeiro registraram ainda forte retrabalhamento crustal no Paleoproterozoico a partir do Riaciano (ca. 2,2 Ga), que resultou em metamorfismo das rochas metavulcanossedimentares, com picos que perduram até o Estateriano (ca. 1,7 Ga). / The Southern Granjeiro Complex hosts the Curral Novo do Piauí iron district, located in the Transversal Zone of the Borborema Province. In this district, banded iron formations have an average grade of 27.5% of Fe in resources of more than one billion tons. Field, petrographic, isotopic, geochemical, and geochronological data allowed the characterization of an association of gneisses and migmatites with TTG affinity and a Paleoarchean greenstone belt sequence with evidence of ocean floor exhalative activity. The TTG suite of the Southern Granjeiro Complex includes magnesian rocks of calcic to alkali-calcic affinity and low content of mafic minerals. These rocks have a low concentration of LILE and HFSE elements, significant fractionation of ETRL (La/YbN = 9.78-139.12) and slightly negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.62-0.97). These characteristics are similar to that of TTG magmas generated from low-pressure sources. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages obtained in TTG gneisses indicate magma crystallization at 3.349 ±15 Ma (MSWD = 0.62). The Southern Granjeiro metavolcanosedimentary sequence comprises metamafic and metaultramafic volcanic rocks and banded iron formation. These rocks derived from basaltic and komatiitic protoliths with chemical affinity to those formed in modern island arcs. The banded iron formation has oxide (magnetite-quartz) and silicate (grunerite-quartz) facies, with strong impoverishment in HFSE and ETR and negative Ce anomaly (Ce/CeN = 0.04-0.37). Post-collisional A2-type syenogranites (2.651.8 ±8.9 Ma; MSWD = 1.5) crosscut the Southern Granjeiro Complex. The syenogranites are ferroan, metaluminous to peraluminous and have a high-K calc-alkaline affinity. They have a slight enrichment of ETRL concerning ETRP and high contents of LILE and HFSE. Hydrothermal alteration processes in the banded iron formations and associated volcanic rocks include silicification, albitization, potassic alteration, carbonation, sulfide formation and iron reconcentration. Sulfur isotopes signatures (\'delta\'\'POT.34\'S = -3.11 to 2.03) of hydrothermal sulfides suggest magmatic sulfur sources associated with the hydrothermal system. The rocks of the Southern Granjeiro Complex still recorded strong crustal reworking and metamorphism in the Riacian (ca. 2.2 Ga) until the Staterian (ca. 1.7 Ga).

<p>The purpose of this examination paper is to get an understanding as an upcoming teacher about how friends make an important impact on children’s identity development in school, their choice of friends circle and what kind of groups there can occur among them. With a deeper comprehension of these circumstances should an educationalist be more considerate and adapt his or hers education to prevent negative group formations and to be an outsider. To achieve my results I used a qualitative research method where I through observation handpicked eight students from upper level of compulsory school with different friend circles from two classes for further interviews. Beside this I observed students in their school environment for three days. My conclusion by this research is that, the society, the school and the home are three very important factors that make big impact on children’s identity development. Even friendship has an important role on their development. Children choose their friends though common interest which can lead to group formations where negative group formations can occur.</p>

L'objet de cette étude, les Préalpes médianes, comprend les deux lobes montagneux situés de part et d'autre de la vallée du Rhône, au nord des Alpes. Les roches sédimentaires qui les composent sont pour la plupart des calcaires associés à des marnes et des argiles. Elles proviennent de la marge nord d'un océan disparu appelé Téthys et se sont déposées sur un microcontinent - le "Briançonnais" - depuis la période du Trias, il y a 245 millions d'années, jusqu'à l'ère tertiaire, il y a quelque 40 millions d'années. Ces terrains ont été pris, au début du Tertiaire, dans la collision entre la plaque apulo-adriatique et la plaque européenne. De cette collision entre continents est sortie la chaîne des Alpes. Cette étude a permis de préciser la répartition dans le temps et dans l'espace des unités lithostratigraphiques du Jurassique inférieur. L'approche multidisciplinaire (sédimentologie, stratigraphie et géologie structurale) donne la possibilité de faire la distinction entre déformations paléotectoniques lors du dépôt des sédiments et structures dues à la collision alpine. Elle a permis d' établir les faits suivants: [i] La zone de lacunes des Préalpes médianes plastiques, si elle existe effectivement dans l'espace, est déplacée dans le temps. Elle est le résultat d'une érosion au Callovo-Oxfordien. [ii] Les lignes isopiques sont parallèles les unes aux autres d'une extrêmité à l'autre de la nappe. [iii] Le domaine de sédimentation des Préalpes médianes est une mer épicontinentale dont la physiographie du fond est plane. [iv] La "brèche dolomitique" (auct.) du Sinémurien n'est pas une brèche, mais le résultat de la dolomitisation et de l'altération d'entroques; de même les Quartzites décrites sont des entroques silicifiées . [v] De nouvelles coupes géologiques sont proposées. Elle tiennent compte des longueurs déterminées sur un nouveau profil palinspastique. [vi] L'analyse de l'histoire de la subsidence montre un lien direct entre l'enregistrement sédimentaire dans le bassin des Préalpes médianes et des phénomènes tectoniques dans son soubassement. Ces phénomènes sont les conséquences d'événements thermiques dans la lithosphère qui préludent à l'ouverture de la Téthys alpine . Dès lors, l'aire de sédimentation des Préalpes médianes devient le bassin frangeant de cet océan. L'étude géodynamique intègre les données préalpines, en les comparant à d'autres séries briançonnaises, dans les modèles les plus récents de la tectonique des plaques.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d'enrichir la notion de professionnalisation. S'articulant autour des notions de régulation de l'entrée dans un corps professionnel et de fabrique de professionnels, elle propose une conception originale du processus de professionnalisation des formations universitaires. Elle tente principalement de construire une typologie des formations à partir de l'analyse synchronique et diachronique de leurs contenus et de leurs méthodes d'apprentissage. Ce travail mobilise un ensemble hétéroclite de travaux de sciences sociales allant de l'histoire des universités et de la sociologie des professions à la philosophie aristotélicienne. À partir de la question de recherche " Quels types de professionnels les formations universitaires sont-elles en mesure de fabriquer ? ", il part du postulat que la nature des savoirs transmis fixe les modalités de cette fabrication. Il montre que ces savoirs participent de trois types de discipline (discipline pratique, discipline scientifique et discipline poïétique) auxquels sont rattachés quatre types de formation : la formation professionnelle généraliste, la formation professionnelle spécialiste, la formation professionnelle scientifique et la formation professionnelle poïétique.

Coulomb forces acting between close flying charged spacecraft provide near zero propellant relative motion control, albeit with added nonlinear coupling and limited controllability. This novel concept has numerous potential applications, but also many technical challenges. In this dissertation, two- and three-craft Coulomb formations near GEO are investigated, using a rotating Hill frame dynamical model, that includes Debye shielding and differential gravity. Aspects of dynamical systems theory and optimization are applied, for insights regarding stability, and how inherent nonlinear complexities may be beneficially exploited to maintain and maneuver these electrostatic formations. Periodic relative orbits of two spacecraft, enabled by open-loop charge functions, are derived for the first time. These represent a desired extension to more substantially studied, constant charge, static Coulomb formations. An integral of motion is derived for the Hill frame model, and then applied in eliminating otherwise plausible periodic solutions. Stability of orbit families are evaluated using Floquet theory, and asymptotic stability is shown unattainable analytically. Weak stability boundary dynamics arise upon adding Coulomb forces to the relative motion problem, and therefore invariant manifolds are considered, in part, to more efficiently realize formation shape changes. A methodology to formulate and solve two-craft static Coulomb formation reconfigurations, as parameter optimization problems with minimum inertial thrust, is demonstrated. Manifolds are sought to achieve discontinuous transfers, which are then differentially corrected using charge variations and impulsive thrusting. Two nonlinear programming algorithms, gradient and stochastic, are employed as solvers and their performances are compared. Necessary and sufficient existence criteria are derived for three-craft collinear Coulomb formations, and a stability analysis is performed for the resulting discrete equilibrium cases. Each specified configuration is enabled by non-unique charge values, and so a method to compute minimum power solutions is outlined. Certain equilibrium cases are proven maintainable using only charge control, and feedback stabilized simulations demonstrate this. Practical scenarios for extending the optimal reconfiguration method are also discussed. Lastly, particular Hill frame model trajectories are integrated in an inertial frame with primary perturbations and interpolated Debye length variations. This validates qualitative stability properties, reveals particular periodic solutions to exhibit nonlinear boundedness, and illustrates higher-fidelity solution accuracies. / text

Reliable assessment of static and dynamic petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs is critical for estimating hydrocarbon reserves, identifying good production zones, and planning hydro-fracturing jobs. Conventional well-log interpretation methods are adequate to estimate static petrophysical properties (i.e., porosity and water saturation) in formations consisting of thick beds. However, they are not as reliable when estimating dynamic petrophysical properties such as absolute permeability, movable hydrocarbon saturation, and saturation-dependent capillary pressure and relative permeability. Additionally, conventional well-log interpretation methods do not take into account shoulder-bed effects, radial distribution of fluid saturations due to mud-filtrate invasion, and differences in the volume of investigation of the various measurements involved in the calculations. This dissertation introduces new quantitative methods for petrophysical and compositional evaluation of water- and hydrocarbon-bearing formations based on the combined numerical simulation and nonlinear joint inversion of conventional well logs. Specific interpretation problems considered are those associated with (a) complex mineral compositions, (b) mud-filtrate invasion, and (c) shoulder-bed effects. Conventional well logs considered in the study include density, photoelectric factor (PEF), neutron porosity, gamma-ray (GR), and electrical resistivity. Depending on the application, estimations yield static petrophysical properties, dynamic petrophysical properties, and volumetric/weight concentrations of mineral constituents. Assessment of total organic carbon (TOC) is also possible in the case of hydrocarbon-bearing shale. Interpretation methods introduced in this dissertation start with the detection of bed boundaries and population of multi-layer petrophysical properties with conventional petrophysical interpretation results or core/X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data. Differences between well logs and their numerical simulations are minimized to estimate final layer-by-layer formation properties. In doing so, the interpretation explicitly takes into account (a) differences in the volume of investigation of the various well logs involved, (b) the process of mud-filtrate invasion, and (c) the assumed rock-physics model. Synthetic examples verify the accuracy and reliability of the introduced interpretation methods and quantify the uncertainty of estimated properties due to noisy data and incorrect bed boundaries. Several field examples describe the successful application of the methods on (a) the assessment of residual hydrocarbon saturation in a tight-gas sand formation invaded with water-base mud (WBM) and a hydrocarbon-bearing siliciclastic formation invaded with oil-base mud (OBM), (b) estimation of dynamic petrophysical properties of water-bearing sands invaded with OBM, (c) estimation of porosity and volumetric concentrations of mineral and fluid constituents in carbonate formations, and (d) estimation of TOC, total porosity, total water saturation, and volumetric concentrations of mineral constituents in the Haynesville shale-gas formation. Comparison of results against those obtained with conventional petrophysical interpretation methods, commercial multi-mineral solvers, and core/XRD data confirm the advantages and flexibility of the new interpretation techniques introduced in this dissertation for the quantification of petrophysical and compositional properties in a variety of rock formations. / text

Η παρούσα εργασία εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του Διατμηματικού Προγράμματος Μεταπτυχιακών σπουδών στις περιβαλλοντικές Επιστήμες. Οι θαλάσσιες γεωφυσικές έρευνες εκτελέστηκαν από το Εργαστήριο Θαλάσσιας Γεωλογίας και Φυσικής Ωκεανογραφίας (Ε.ΘΑ.ΓΕ.Φ.Ω) του Τμήματος Γεωλογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Οι έρευνες του Οκτωβρίου του 2011 αποτελούν συνέχεια αυτών του Οκτωβρίου του 2010 με σκοπό να καλυφθεί το σύνολο της θαλάσσιας περιοχής για την οποία υπάρχει αδειοδότηση. Αντικείμενο της έρευνας είναι η γεωφυσική διασκόπηση του πυθμένα με τη χρήση ηχοβολιστή πλευρικής σάρωσης (side scan sonar) στις περιοχές της Νεάπολης και της Ελαφονήσου με σκοπό: α) την αποτύπωση της μορφολογίας του πυθμένα και β) τον εντοπισμό βιολογικών πόρων (λιβάδια Posidonia oceanica και ασβεστιτικά ροδοφύκη). Τα λιβάδια της Posidonia oceanica και τα ασβεστιτικά ροδοφύκη αποτελούν ενδημικά είδη της Μεσογείου των οποίων ο ρυθμός αύξησής τους θεωρείται εξαιρετικά αργός ενώ παράλληλα ο ρυθμός καταστροφής τους είναι τεράστιος και κρίνεται απαραίτητη η χαρτογράφηση τους ώστε να παρθούν καλύτερα μέτρα προστασίας.Η εμφάνιση των δύο βιολογικών σχηματισμών συμπίπτει με την βιβλιογραφία καθώς για την περιοχή μελέτης της Νεάπολης η Posidonia oceanica εμφανίζεται σε βάθη 0-35 m και στην Ελαφόνησο 0-25 m.Οι σχηματισμοί των ασβεστιτικών ροδοφυκών-ροδόλιθων εμφανίζονται σε βάθη 50-100 m για την Νεάπολη και 20-100 m για την Ελαφόνησο. / This present study was conducted for the Interdepartmental program of postgraduate studies in environmental sciences, Department of Geology. Marine geophysical survey took place in October 2011 by the Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography. The current research follows the survey of October 2010 in order to cover the entire sea area for which license was given. The purpose of this thesis is to have a full bottom analysis for the areas Neapoli and Elafonisos , using side scan sonar, and mapping Posidonia oceanica and Coralligene formations which are two very important species for the marine environment.

No description available.

L'Archéen, de 4 à 2,5 Ga, est la période qui a connu les plus grands bouleversements géologiques et biologiques de l'histoire de la Terre : formation des continents, transition d'une tectonique à composante verticale vers une tectonique des plaques horizontale, apparition de la vie, ... Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier les conditions environnementales de la Terre à l'Archéen, par l'analyse des compositions isotopiques de métaux de transition (Fe, Zn) de roches provenant principalement de la province d'Isua au Groenland (3,8 Ga). Après avoir adapté le protocole de séparation du Fe, Cu, Zn à des échantillons riches en Fe, nous avons acquis les données par spectrométrie de masse à source plasma et à multicollection MC-ICPMS. Nous nous sommes d'abord intéressés au processus de serpentinisation de la croûte océanique, réaction produisant à la fois des nutriments pour la vie (CH 4 , H 2 ) et des minéraux catalyseurs (mackinawite) de la formation abiotique d'acides aminés, molécules du vivant. L'affleurement d'Isua comporte une unité ophiolitique présentant les serpentinites les plus anciennes (3.81-3.70 Ga) : leur analyse permet d'appréhender la réaction de serpentinisation à l'Archéen. Les résultats obtenus pour la composition isotopique du zinc dans ces roches et dans des serpentinites modernes ont permis d'établir une correspondance entre le processus de serpentinisation à Isua et la mise en place de volcans de boues de serpentinites à l'aplomb de la fosse des Mariannes. Nous avons ainsi pu identifier Isua comme une zone d'arrière-arc de subduction océanique, lieu d'une serpentinisation produisant des fluides de température variable (100-300°C) et de pH alcalin (9-12). Nous montrons que cette configuration atypique réunissant serpentinisation, fluides alcalins et édifices volcaniques est favorable à l'émergence du vivant. Nous avons ensuite analysé de nombreux échantillons de formations de fer rubané (BIFs), sédiments propres à l'Archéen et au début du Protérozoïque. L'évolution de la composition isotopique du zinc de ces échantillons au cours du temps a permis d'établir une chronologie de l'émersion des continents.Nos résultats sont en faveur d'une émersion débutant il y a 2,9 Ga. Enfin, nos données nous informent sur la colonisation des continents émergés par la vie à 2,6 Ga et sur la pédogenèse de sols archéens comportant un horizon organique.

The Neoproterozoic was a time of major change in Earth’s surficial history, including a major rise in atmospheric oxygen, the first appearance of complex metazoan life, and a series of worldwide glaciations. A particular interesting element of these so called “snowball Earth” glacial deposits is the presence of iron formation, a distinctive Precambrian rock type that is largely absent from the post-Paleoproterozoic record. Despite being relatively poorly studied with respect to their geochemistry and sedimentology, Neoproterozoic iron formations are used to support many models for the record of oxygen concentrations of the Earth. The classical example of Neoproterozoic iron formation is the Rapitan iron formation of northwestern Canada. This hematite-jasper iron formation is associated with glaciogenic turbidites and diamictites. Despite being the archetype, the Rapitan iron formation has not been studied in the context of recent ideas about the Neoproterozoic. In this thesis, the stratigraphy, geochemistry, and basin architecture of the Rapitan iron formation are reassessed. Using the REE+Y and the redox-sensitive elements Mo and U, it is shown that the Rapitan iron formation was deposited in a partially restricted basin from biogenically reduced iron under variable redox conditions. Elemental Re and Mo isotopes further show that although oxic and ferruginous conditions predominated during deposition of the iron formation, a transition towards a sulfidic water column locally terminated deposition. Finally, regional stratigraphy and geochemistry show that the iron formation was preferentially deposited in deep, newly formed basins that were protected from significant siliciclastic sedimentation. These basins were delimited by inferred crustal-scale faults trending roughly perpendicular to the axis of the rift basin, and allowed significant changes in thickness and sedimentological character over short distances along strike. These factors help build an overall geotectonic regime under which Neoproterozoic iron formations were deposited: young, deep rift basins that had undergone marine incursion, and were intermittently sealed by an ice shelf, allowing for the generation of an anoxic, iron-rich water column. The absence of the Eu anomaly and the heavy Mo isotopic signature indicate that the open ocean was fully oxygenated at the time of Rapitan iron formation deposition, as opposed to ferruginous as previously suggested.