It is the extreme essential that the functions of the modernizing pharmacy stores integrate into the entire community and medical care system. Due to the environment alternation and the constant epoch evolution, however, pharmacy stores have not only been impacted by the national health insurance and the medicine profession categorization, but also affected by the logistic development and the business modernization. Under the circumstances, pharmacy stores have to confront transformation, and pursue the much better solutions in assuring the persistent business management in future. This research focuses on pharmacy stores around the middle of Taiwan, and proceeds with the questionnaire investigations without signature, aiming at four hundreds of their consumers in Taichung, Nantao, Chang Hua and adjacent districts. The contents of questionnaire include four sections: 1) The comparison of both modernizing and traditional pharmacies; 2) Personal daily custom of healthy life style; 3) Perceiving of import infant Milk powder serving by pharmacy stores; 4) Individual base information. Based on the analysis of the questionnaire investigation findings, the purport is to realize whether or not the purchasing custom of ordinary consumers would be changed in the existence of import infant milk powder serving by the modern pharmacy chain stores. This research discovered that: Since infant milk powder is the sole principal food of baby, parents are very much concerned about it. The manufacturers have the respective features for milk powder of their own brands, and babies have quite different physiques. The certain brand of infant milk powder might be suitable for some babies, but against another ones on the other hands. For such instances, more than 80% of consumers are in favor of milk powder serving by pharmacy stores, according to the findings of the research, and agree that they would go there for consults if they need to make a decision about milk powder. Besides, the more often milk powder they purchased from pharmacy stores, the more frequency that they interacted with medicine chemists.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Breastfeeding plays a pivotal role in the baby's growth and development. Following the benefits of breastfeeding to both the mother and the child, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that infants be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of their lives before introduction to other foods. Despite this recommendation and the government’s effort to promote breastfeeding, South Africa remains one of the countries characterized by low (exclusive) breastfeeding levels worldwide. Low levels of breastfeeding are most evident in urban areas than in rural areas. This thesis examined the factors underpinning why there are variations in breastfeeding rates between rural and urban areas in South Africa.

Bakgrund: Idag är det vanligt att mödrar inte ammar, dock värderas detta fortfarande lågt i samhället. Forskningen som finns angående dessa mödrars erfarenheter av anknytning till sina barn, är begränsad. En distriktssköterska ska kunna ge olika sorters stöd i moderskapet, exempelvis genom praktisk kunskap och på ett sätt som identifierar mödrars upplevelser kring att inte amma.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva hur mödrar som ger sina barn modersmjölksersättning, upplever känslorna och relationen till sina barn.  Metod: Tio intervjuer med mödrar genomfördes. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats och en deduktiv ansats användes i studien. Den induktiva delen bestod av öppna frågor och i den deduktiva delen användes MIRF-skalan.  Resultat: Åtta underkategorier och tre huvudkategorier framträdde. Kategorierna resulterade i ett tema: " Upplevelser av att skapa en föräldraroll och hur relationen till barnen varierade och utvecklades känslomässigt över tid." Konklusion: Mödrarna uttryckte starka, mestadels positiva känslor gentemot sina barn. De mödrar som försökt att amma men fått avsluta amningen, var särskilt sårbara och i behov av stöd. Känslor av att vara en otillräcklig moder på grund av att inte kunna amma, kunde påverka moderns psykiska hälsa negativt och orsaka fördröjda moderskänslor. / Background: It is common for mothers not to breastfeed today, still it is of low value by society. The research available about these mothers´ experiences of connection to their children, is limited. A district nurse should be able to support motherhood in different manners, for example by practical knowledge and in a way, that identifies mothers’ experiences about not breastfeeding.  Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe how mothers who give formula milk to their infants, experience feelings and the relationship to their infants.  Method: Ten interviews with mothers were conducted. Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach and a deductive approach was used. The inductive part consisted of open questions and the MIRF-scale was used in the deductive part.  Results: Eight subcategories and three main categories emerged. The categories resulted in a theme: “Experiences of creating a parenting roll and how the relationship with the children varied and developed emotionally over time.”  Conclusion: The mothers expressed strong, mostly positive feelings towards their children. Mothers who tried to breastfeed and could not continue, were particularly vulnerable and in need of support. Feeling inadequate as a mother because of not being able to breastfeed, could affect the mother´s mental health negatively and cause delayed maternal feelings.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / W.H.O infant feeding options are presented as a package in the prevention of HIV transmission from mother to child. These infant feeding options are namely exclusive breastfeeding, replacement feeding and other options such as wet nursing by a tested HIV negative woman and heat treated breast milk. However, in Zambia, like many other poor countries, the cultural attitude towards breastfeeding is that the breastfeeding period generally goes up to two years. This traditional way of feeding is so much rooted in local culture that any cessation of breastfeeding or any introduction of alternative feeding would be a source of concern at community and family levels. In addition, it is a well known fact that stigma and discrimination are still high in the country. It is with this background that we decided to carry out a study in Mongu district which aimed at assessing HIV positive mothers’ knowledge of WHO infant feeding options and looking at the challenges they face vis-à-vis these recommended feeding options. DATA COLLECTION METHODS A total of 10 experienced nurses, who have been working in the HIV/AIDS programme for more than 15 years, were trained in data collection. During home visit, semistructured questionnaires were used during face- to- face interviews of each HIV positive mother who voluntarily took part in the study. SAMPLING AND SAMPLE SIZE Systematic sampling technique was used to constitute our study sample. With this technique, a complete list of 5317 HIV positive mothers was constituted by listing all HIV positive mothers whose names were in the registers of PMTCT at the selected health institutions, and who had infants whose ages ranged from 6 months to 2 years. 1636 HIV positive mothers had babies whose ages were ranging between 6 months and 2 years. Out of the 1636 we selected randomly the first participant from the complete list, and then we went on selecting every 8th HIV positive mother up to the time we constituted a sample of 200 participants. Thereafter, the selected HIV positive mothers were visited individually in their respective households for interview by trained interviewers. During home visit, 5 selected participants declined to take part in our study while 195 HIV mothers voluntarily accepted to be interviewed. RESULTS Analysis of data collected from 195 HIV positive mothers revealed that 144 study participants or 73.8 %( 95% C I 67.6-80%) of all participants knew their status through the PMTCT programme where the “opt out” approach was used to routinely screen pregnant women for HIV during ante natal visit or when admitted to labour wards. It was also established that the assessment of knowledge among study participants of exclusive breastfeeding period was good. 96.9 %( 95% CI 95.66-98.14%) of participants stated that 6 months was the recommended duration for exclusive breastfeeding when the mother is HIV positive while only 3.07 %( 95% CI 0.65-5.49%) said that exclusive breastfeeding should go beyond 6 months. It was discovered that the majority of HIV positive mothers or 166 participants representing 85.1%(95% CI 80.1-90.1%) who participated in our study considered mixed- feeding as not appropriate for infant born from HIV positive mothers while 29 participants or 14.8%(95% CI 9.8-19.8%) said that mixed feeding was recommendable. It was also found that 95 participants representing 48.7 %( 95% CI 41.6- 55.7%) opted for exclusive breastfeeding, 61 participants or 31.2% (95% CI 24.7-37.7%) participants opted for formula milk while 39 or 20 %( 95% CI 14.4- 25.6%) of participants were mixed-feeding. It was discovered that 118 participants had breastfed. Among them, 53.4 %( 95% CI 46.4-60.4%) participants said that they had breastfeed for up to 6 months while 46.6 %( 95% CI 43-50.2%) said they had breastfeed for more than 6 months. Among those who had breastfed for more than 6 months, 58.1 %( 95% CI 54.6-61.6%) said that they had done so because of financial constraints; 21.8 %( 95% CI 16-27.6%) for fear of discrimination and stigmatization; and 20 %( 95% CI 14.4-25.6%) for fear of discrimination and stigmatization and financial constraints. We also discovered during our research that for the majority of study participants or 81.5%, the decision to opt for one of the infant feeding options was a product of discussion between the HIV positive mothers and other persons such as the husband, friends, relatives and health care provider. CONCLUSION In our study we discovered that though the knowledge of PMTCT and WHO infant feeding options among study participants was good, fear of stigmatization, discrimination and abandonment was high among interviewees. This fear explains why the implementation of WHO infant feeding options is still a serious challenge amongst HIV positive mothers in Mongu, as many HIV positive mothers do not want to be seen in the community as people carrying the virus. It is also for the same reason that our study participants had to choose people to whom to talk to about their HIV positive status and with who to discuss their chosen infant feeding options. Further, due to the high level of poverty among Mongu residents, financial constraint was another major challenge in the implementation of WHO recommended infants feeding options.