In Canada, women’s soccer has continuously grown and developed, however women continue to be under represented in non-playing roles – particularly as referees (Canadian Heritage, 2013; Canadian Soccer Association, 2013a; Ontario Soccer Association, 2012). Of the 20,507 soccer referees in Canada, only 24% are women (Canadian Soccer Association, 2013a). Moreover, 54% of Canadian soccer referees are registered in Ontario (Ontario Soccer Association, 2012), of which only 9.5% are women (Ontario Soccer Association, 2013). This study explores the experiences of women who continue to referee despite their under-representation within the refereeing domain, in an effort to identify the benefits and challenges of being a woman soccer referee in Ontario. I employed a feminist lens to guide the development and design of the research agenda, alongside Michel Foucault’s concept of the subject. The results of this exploration uncovered that the woman soccer referee subject comes to recognize and understand herself and her role as a referee through the discourse of ability and the discourse of the outsider. These discourses emerged from the ways in which the subject constructed becoming a referee, being a referee (benefits and challenges), continuing to referee, and being a woman soccer referee. Resultantly, the woman soccer referee is primarily motivated to continue to referee by her competence to perform according to the ideals and practices of “the referee” that she learns through both education and experience. However, as woman she is an outsider within the soccer community and comes to internalize her subordination and normalize sexism within the refereeing domain and soccer community at large in order to be accepted and respected within her position as “the referee”. Using the results of analysis I also make recommendations for increasing the number of women that choose to continue, as well as boost the notoriety of women soccer referees within the refereeing domain.

Background: An increasing proportion of Canadian women are experiencing a Caesarean section (CS) and a subsequent repeat CS. While CS can be necessary and lifesaving for mothers and their infants in some situations, it is also associated with greater morbidity risks to women and infants than vaginal birth. Clinical practice guidelines recommend the involvement of pregnant women in making decisions about mode of birth and shared decision making improves the informed consent process. This research examines the factors that influence mode of birth after a previous CS. Methods: Two cross sectional descriptive studies and a prospective pre-post cohort study with control were conducted to investigate the high use of repeat CS at the levels of health care providers, maternity care clients, and the organizational structure of a birthing unit. 1. Interviews and surveys with obstetricians, family physicians, midwives, and nurses were conducted to investigate the attitudes, values, and perceptions that guide their care practices for clients with a previous CS. The specific research question was: What are the factors that influence the practices of maternity care providers (obstetricians, family physicians, midwives, and nurses) regarding mode of birth after a previous CS? Data was analyzed using iterative deductive and inductive coding. 2. Interviews and surveys were conducted during pregnancy and after giving birth with healthy women who have had a previous CS to explore their decision making processes regarding mode of birth after a previous CS. The specific research question was: How do women eligible for a VBAC make decisions about their upcoming mode of birth? A thematic framework approach was used for data analysis. 3. Data from the Better Outcomes Registry and Network (“BORN”) Ontario was analyzed to examine the effectiveness of a hospital based strategy on overall proportions of CS and within Robson groups 1, 2a, and 5. The Caesarean section reduction (CARE) strategy includes interventions that target health care providers, pregnant women, and hospital policies. Results: 1. Maternity care providers would recommend a vaginal birth after CS (VBAC) for healthy pregnant women with a previous CS. They had different perceptions of the safety of birth to the health of women and infants and different approaches to engage in decision making during consultation. Providers believed women make their decision about mode of birth outside of the clinical consultation and often prior to their subsequent pregnancy. 2. The main themes that influenced the decisions of maternity care clients about mode of birth were mothers’ experiential reasoning regarding mode of birth and recovery, experiential knowledge from significant others, scheduling of CS regardless of the mode of birth decision, rating and prioritizing risks, fear of risks, and decisional conflict. When women discussed the factors that impacted their decisions about mode of birth six to eight weeks after they had given birth, the main themes were the recovery experience and fear related to the mode of birth. A lack of time during consultation was identified as a major barrier inhibiting shared decision making, specifically among clients of obstetricians. Other barriers included reliance on routine obstetric practices that are not evidence based. 3. Proportions of CS decreased at the intervention hospital by 3.9% (p=0.0006), from 30.3% (n=964) in 2009/10 to 26.4% (n=803) in 2012/13. During the same time frame, proportions of CS in the control group were stable with 28.1% (n=23,694) in 2009/10 and 28.2% (n=23,683) in 2012/13. Within the Robson classification system, the proportions of repeat CS among all low risk women with a previous CS decreased at the intervention hospital by 5.6% (p=0.0044) from 84.3% to 78.7%. In the control group, also fewer women had a repeat CS over the study period, but the decrease was smaller with 3.9% (p<0.0001) from 84.5% to 80.6%. Conclusion: A true shared decision making process addresses the power imbalance between providers and women through an incorporation of the clinical expertise of providers and the experiential expertise of pregnant women before reaching a decision about mode of birth. The use of routine obstetric practices that are not evidence based inhibited women to make decisions about their mode of birth. The introduction of the CARE strategy to a hospital birthing unit was associated with improvements in proportions of CS and VBAC among low risk women.

Cette thèse porte sur les figures contemporaines de la « patiente » au sein du système de santé mentale ontarien. Le contexte de désinstitutionnalisation des services de santé mentale ainsi que les transformations au niveau de la normativité sociale servent de trame de fond à cette thèse. Ces changements se reflètent dans nos attentes envers les patientes, qui ne doivent plus qu’obéir de manière passive aux professionnelles de la santé, mais doivent plutôt faire preuve d’autonomie, d’initiative et de responsabilité individuelle quant à leur cheminement thérapeutique. Ces normes sociales sont véhiculées par des logiques d’intervention telles que l’empowerment, le rétablissement, et la participation des patientes dans des instances systémiques de l’institution. En d’autres mots, les patientes doivent « s’activer » plus que jamais. C’est précisément sur cette injonction que s’est penchée cette thèse, par le biais d’une ethnographie menée auprès de deux terrains de recherche et inspirée par les travaux de Goffman (1961) sur la carrière morale et Foucault (1975) sur les normes sociales. Le premier terrain, une unité de soins aigus en santé mentale, montre par le biais d’une cartographie de l’espace disciplinaire que l’autonomie à laquelle doivent aspirer les patientes est balisée par des exigences normatives de docilité, d’obéissance et de « collaboration » avec l’équipe traitante. Le second terrain, un comité consultatif de « clientes » d’une institution de santé mentale de troisième ligne, montre que les patientes peuvent maintenant jouer un rôle au sein des politiques de l’institution et investir une « carrière » plus valorisée de patiente. Cependant, celles-ci demeurent parfois reléguées à leur statut de « patiente », leur autonomie se voyant balisée par les objectifs institutionnels. Le comité doit plutôt agir en tant que « relais » de l’institution, notamment par la construction d’un récit d’aveu qui promeut l’image d’une patiente « idéale ». Bref, cette thèse trace les contours de deux figures de la patiente se situant sur un même continuum (activation individuelle et activation collective). Finalement, ce travail montre la prédominance encore aujourd’hui des disciplines, malgré l’omniprésence de discours soi-disant émancipateurs. En fin d’analyse, des pistes de réflexion, d’intervention et de recherche sont proposées afin de mieux répondre aux besoins des personnes ayant un vécu en santé mentale et de limiter les effets potentiellement néfastes des interventions de la relation d’aide.

This thesis will revisit Michel Foucault's original arguments on the ‘urban problem’ and the concomitant question of circulation, which I contend has been disassociated from more general renderings of his concept of governmentality. Throughout the 1970s, and particularly during his lectures at the Collège de France, Foucault would regularly return to the problem of urban circulation; how it has been conceived, calculated and distributed. Foucault would ponder the ways that material infrastructures have canalised people and resources, and naturalised their complex coexistence, in the interests of urban economic restructuring and state aggrandisement. Here, the ‘question of water’ was not only incidental to Foucault’s analytics of government but absolutely integral. Indeed, according to Foucault, whether flowing through rivers, canals, pipes, pumps, sewers or fountains, or stagnating in swamps, marshes and ditches, water has required the especial attention of town planners attempting to optimise the contentious process of urbanisation. Using Singapore as a case study, I will consider how the circulation of water has been administered under the three technologies of power identified by Foucault, with the greater emphasis put on discipline and security. The overarching argument will be that the modern state was consolidated and subsequently decentralised through the material configuration of drainage infrastructure, reservoirs and distribution systems, where governmental programmes have been co-produced with the technological networks of water circulation. Although disciplinary techniques had initially been found effective in terms of pollution control and flood alleviation, counterproductive consequences of concrete modernism quickly emerged requiring a greater uptake of security mechanisms, where government would be increasingly exercised through practices of exposure rather than enclosure. Mosquitoes were now thriving in the subterranean network of drains, valuable land was being wastefully converted into dormant storm canals, whilst people had become socially and emotionally disconnected from water. Released and revalorised, water now serves as a mobile technology of government which can penetrate and pervade the urban form and the everyday life of its inhabitants, centrifugally unleashing the potency of water flows and human desire whilst facilitating Singapore’s transformation into a global city. With its methodological nominalism and commitment to concrete practices, I argue that once reoriented around the urban problem, Foucault’s analytics can advance environmental politics debates by demonstrating that government is a mundanely material process orchestrated through the everyday infrastructure of water management. In so doing, I also shift the emphasis from the urbanisation of nature to the naturalisation of the urban, of circulation and the art of government itself.

This thesis examines some of the recent literature on school improvement: namely, teacher effectiveness research, school effectiveness research, and four of the commissioned reports on education that were published in the United States during 1983. The analysis relies on a number of central concepts from the social theory of Michel Foucault, in particular his notions of power/knowledge and discipline. It is argued that these bodies of educational research are in themselves either inadequate or inappropriately employed in policy discussions, and that as a result the manipulation of students and teachers seems reasonable and necessary. It is further argued that the teaching practices and educational policies called for in this research are likely to produce unintended, and undesirable consequences which are completely at odds with the stated goals of school improvement. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

This paper investigates the role of tattoo removal in postmodernity. Specifically, I suggest tattoo removal is a technology of self in which the tattooed person can attain absolution from a "sinful" tattoo. This paper explores the construction of the confessional act in two parts: the construction of the confessing subject and the construction of the medical clinic as the confessor's listener. Using the texts medical offices place on the internet to advertise their services, I investigate the text's interpellation of subjects desiring tattoo removal. I then examine the construction of the clinic's status in the confessional act. Websites and brochures on gang tattoo removal provide a dialogue in which the clinic negotiates and attains its powerful position in the confessional act. The paper concludes by investigating the implications of the tattoo remnant, the material effects of the technology of self, and the benefits of studying the body-skin in rhetoric.

Orientador: Regina Maria de Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Xavier_EveliseCristinaCouto_M.pdf: 347381 bytes, checksum: 2bd2ec0e8734efe4001a22983571ee9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Mestrado

Orientador: Arley Ramos Moreno / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T15:39:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martinez_HoracioLujan_D.pdf: 23445620 bytes, checksum: 20127062f01b8aae105438482fa91f74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Esta tese pretende, primeiro: reconstruir argumentativamente as considerações éticas de Wittgenstein e, segundo: salientar as relações que estas considerações possuem com as noções de linguagem e subjetividade que o filósofo sustentou ao longo de sua obra. Achamos que existe uma relação muito forte entre subjetividade, ética e linguagem e que esta relação muda entre os dois períodos em que se costuma dividir o seu pensamento. Portanto, um acompanhamento das considerações éticas de Wittgenstein nos obrigará a ver como tais considerações se relacionam com a noção de filosofia que este tinha e, sobretudo, a especificar a noção de "terapia gramatical". A partir destas reflexões tentamos redefinir o caráter ético do conceito de filosofia como "terapia" / Abstract: This thesis intend at fírst: to rebuild in an arguable way the ethics considerations of Wittgenstein, and second: to point out the relations that have those considerations wíth the notions of language and subjectivity to this philosopher supported along his works. We believe that has a strong relation among subjectivity, ethics and language, and this relation changes between the two periods that have been used to separate his thought. Therefore, following up the ethical considerations of Wittgenstein it will make us to see how those considerations are related with the notion of philosophy that he had and above ali, to specify the statement of "grammatical therapy". From those reflective considerations we tried to give a new definition of ethical character by the philosophy's concept as "therapy" / Doutorado / Doutor em Filosofia

Orientador: Luzia Margareth Rago / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:14:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pelegrini_MauricioAparecido_M.pdf: 22722884 bytes, checksum: e69445ee0b8d2e8f0af87988fd62244d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Em 1978, Michel Foucault escreveu uma série de artigos jornalísticos para o periódico italiano "Corriere della Sera". Intituladas "reportagens de ideias", tinham como objetivo acompanhar o nascimento das ideias no cruzamento com os acontecimentos do tempo presente. No âmbito deste projeto, realizou duas viagens ao Irã (em setembro e novembro), onde acompanhou de perto a movimentação popular durante os eventos da Revolução Islâmica. Para compreender as raízes da oposição ao governo do xá Reza Pahlavi em seus diversos locais de manifestação, Foucault não se restringiu a conversar com os líderes revolucionários, mas entrevistou diferentes categorias de manifestantes, desde os trabalhadores organizados até os profissionais liberais e intelectualizados, passando pelos diversos níveis de organizações religiosas espalhadas pelo país, dos mulás líderes tribais aos aiatolás das grandes cidades de Qom e Teerã. O que lhe interessava era assistir ao nascimento de uma nova forma de pensar entre os iranianos, e isto só seria possível se ele estivesse lá, em meio ao fervilhar revolucionário. O conjunto de textos, que compreende também artigos, manifestos e entrevistas publicados na imprensa francesa, foi objeto de enorme polêmica, principalmente devido aos desdobramentos posteriores à revolução, com a instauração de uma ditadura teocrática de caráter persecutório às minorias e aos direitos humanos, e permaneceram até hoje pouco explorados teoricamente. Esta dissertação pretende analisar as reportagens iranianas de Foucault a partir de sua construção textual, dos conceitos introduzidos e das diversas interpretações que as cercam. Estrutura-se, assim, em três eixos: o primeiro tem o objetivo de recuperar a trama conceitual interna às reportagens; o segundo, analisar as críticas recebidas e seu contexto teórico; o terceiro, apresentar a espiritualidade política como principal inovação introduzida no corpus teórico foucaultiano. Pretende-se destacar, ainda, ressonâncias dos textos iranianos em outras questões elaboradas por Foucault / Abstract: In 1978 Michel Foucault wrote a series of news articles for the Italian newspaper "Corriere della Sera". Called "journalism of ideas", the articles had the purpose of following the birth of ideas upon its crossing with present times¿ events. Within the scope of this project, he made two trips to Iran (in September and November), where he followed up close the popular movement during the events of the Islamic Revolution. In order to grasp the roots of the opposition to the Shah Reza Pahlavi government in its several places of manifestation, Foucault did not restrain himself to talking to revolutionary leaders but rather also interviewed different categories of protestors, from organized workers to independent and intellectualized professionals, going through the several level of religious organizations spread out through the country, from mullah tribal leaders to Ayatollahs of the large cities of Qom and Tehran. Foucault was interested in witnessing the birth of a new form of thinking among Iranians and it would only be possible if he would be there present, amidst the revolutionary effervescence. The set of texts, which comprises also articles, manifestos and interviews published by the French press was object of great polemic, mainly due to the unfolding of events following the revolution, with the instauration of a theocratic dictatorship having a persecutory nature against minorities and human rights, and remaining until nowadays not much theoretically explored. This dissertation has the purpose of analyzing the Iranian reportages by Foucault from its textual construction, of concepts introduced and several interpretations surrounding them. Therefore, this paper is structured in three axis, the first having the purpose of retrieving the internal conceptual scheme of the reportages; the second being the analysis of criticism received and its theoretical context; the third being to present the political spirituality as the main innovation introduced to Foucault¿s theoretical framework. It is intended to emphasize yet the resonances of the Iranian texts in other issues elaborated by Foucault / Mestrado / Historia Cultural / Mestre em História

Le contrôle non destructif (CND) de pièces pour des applications dans l'industrie a mené au besoin de modèles rapides et précises. Tels modèles servent au développement des méthodes d'inspection, à l'optimisation des capteurs utilisés aux essais, à l'évaluation des courbes de Probabilité de Detection (POD) ainsi qu'à la caractérisation de défauts. Cette thèse se focalise au CND par Courants de Foucault (CF) de pièces cylindriques avec des discontinuités selon z et contenant un défaut fin. Un modèle pour l'inspection de telles pièces a été développé afin de traiter des applications comme l'inspection des pièces alésées trouvées en aéronautique et des tubes des générateurs de vapeur utilisés dans l'industrie nucléaire. Ce modèle est basé sur une formulation d'équation intégrale. Plus précisément, la variation de l'impédance du capteur, dit signal CF, est calculée à partir d'une équation intégrale sur la surface du défaut. La formulation suivie est basée sur la méthode d'intégration surfacique (SIM). Cette formulation nécessite, d'un côté, le calcul du champ électrique en absence du défaut et, de l'autre côté, l'expression d'une fonction de Green qui correspond à la géométrie de la pièce sans défaut. Les deux problèmes électromagnétiques sont résolus en utilisant la méthode Truncation Region Eigenfunction Expansion (TREE). La méthode TREE est un outil performant pour la résolution des problèmes électromagnétiques qui prend en compte la décroissance rapide de l'intensité du champ afin de tronquer le domaine d'intérêt à une distance, où le champ est négligeable.Le modèle est validé en comparant le signal CF calculé avec des résultats obtenues par une approche combinant la méthode d'intégration volumique (VIM) et SIM, dite l'approche VIM-SIM (implémentée dans la plateforme CIVA) ainsi qu'avec le modèle d'éléments finis (FEM). Nous avons traité trois configurations différentes : un demi-espace conducteur alésé avec un défaut fin, une plaque conductrice avec un alésage et un défaut, et un tube semi-infini avec un défaut fin à la proximité de son bord. La comparaison des résultats montre un très bon accord entre les trois modèles. Le temps de calcul avec le modèle SIM est considérablement inférieur aux temps de calcul des autres modèles. En outre, le modèle SIM donne la possibilité d'effectuer le balayage du capteur dans le tube ou l'alésage dans le cas des pièces alésées. / Nondestructive Testing (NDT) of parts for industrial applications such as in nuclear and aeronautical industry has led to the need for fast and precise models. Such models are useful for the development of the inspection methods, the optimisation of probes, the evaluation of the Probability of Detection (POD) curves or for the flaw characterisation.This PhD thesis focuses on the eddy-current NDT of layered cylindrical pieces with discontinuities in the z direction and containing a narrow crack. A model for the inspection of such pieces is developed in order to be applied on the inspection of fastener holes met in aeronautics and of steam generator tubes in nuclear sector.The model is based on an integral equation formalism. More precisely, for the calculation of the impedance change one needs to solve an integral equation over the surface of the narrow crack, which is represented by a surface electric dipole distribution. This is the method known as surface integration method (SIM). This formulation requires, on the one hand, the calculation of the electric field in the absence of the flaw, the so-called primary field, and, on the other hand, the Green's function expression corresponding to the geometry of the flawless piece. Both electromagnetic problems are solved by means of the Truncation Region Eigenfunction Expansion (TREE) method. The TREE method is a powerful tool for the solution of electromagnetic problems which uses the rapid decrease of the field in order to truncate the region of interest at a distance where the field is negligible.The model is validated by comparing the results of the coil impedance variation with those obtained by an approach that combines the volume integral method (VIM) with SIM, known as VIM-SIM method, implemented in the commercial software CIVA and the finite element method (FEM) implementation in COMSOL software. Three different configurations have treated. The more general geometry of a conducting half-space with a borehole, a conducting plate with a borehole and a crack and a conducting semi-infinite tube with a crack near the edge. The results of the three models show good agreement between them. The computational time of the SIM model is significantly lower compared to previous models. Furthermore, another advantage of the SIM model is that it provides the possibility of a scan inside the borehole.