Optical fibre communication using the Nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT) is one of the potential solutions to tackle the so-called capacity crunch problem in long-haul optical fibre networks. The NFT transforms the nonlinear propagation of temporal signal, governed by the nonlinear Schr ̈odinger equation (NLSE), into simple linear evolutions of continuous and discrete spectra in the so-called nonlinear spectral domain. These spectra and the corresponding nonlinear spectral domain, defined by the NFT, are the generalized counterparts of the linear spectrum and frequency domain defined by the ordinary Fourier transform. Using the NFT, the optical fibre channel is effectively linearised, and the basic idea is to utilize degrees of freedom in the nonlinear spectral domain for data transmission. However, many aspects of this concept require rigorous investigation due to complexity and infancy of the approach. In this thesis, the aim is to provide a comprehensive investigation of data transmission over mainly the continues spectrum (CS) and partly over of the discrete spectrum (DS) of nonlinear optical fibres. First, an optical fibre communication system is defined, in which solely the CS carries the information. A noise model in the nonlinear spectral domain is derived for such a system by asymptotic analysis as well as extensive simulations for different scenarios of practical interest. It is demonstrated that the noise added to the signal in CS is severely signal-dependent such that the effective signalling space is limited. The variance normalizing transform (VNT) is used to mathematically verify the limits of signalling spaces and also estimate the channel capacity. The numerical results predict a remarkable capacity for signalling only on the CS (e.g., 6 bits/symbol for a 2000-km link), yet it is demonstrated that the capacity saturates at high power. Next, the broadening effect of chromatic dispersion is analysed, and it is confirmed that some system parameters, such as symbol rate in the nonlinear spectral domain, can be optimized so that the required temporal guard interval between the subsequently transmitted data packets is minimized, and thus the effective data rate is significantly enhanced. Furthermore, three modified signalling techniques are proposed and analysed based on the particular statistics of the noise added to the CS. All proposed methods display improved performance in terms of error rate and reach distance. For instance, using one of the proposed techniques and optimized parameters, a 7100-km distance can be reached by signalling on the CS at a rate of 9.6 Gbps. Furthermore, the impact of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is examined for the first time, as an inevitable impairment in long-haul optical fibre links. By semi-analytical and numerical investigation, it is demonstrated that the PMD affects the CS by causing signal-dependent phase shift and noise-like errors. It is also verified that the noise is still the dominant cause of performance degradation, yet the effect of PMD should not be neglected in the analysis of NFT-based systems. Finally, the capacity of soliton communication with amplitude modulation (part of the degrees of freedom of DS) is also estimated using VNT. For the first time, the practical constraints, such as the restricted signalling space due to limited bandwidth, are included in this capacity analysis. Furthermore, the achievable data rates are estimated by considering an appropriately defined guard time between soliton pulses. Moreover, the possibility of transmitting data on DS accompanied by an independent CS signalling is also validated, which confirms the potentials of the NFT approach for combating the capacity crunch.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_lfcs_dr_sjc.pdf: 1285800 bytes, checksum: e974f0ebe5242c6acaeec015aadb3843 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A queilite actínica (QA) é uma lesão considerada potencialmente cancerizável, localizada principalmente em lábio inferior e causada pela exposição crônica à radiação UV. A Espectroscopia FT-IR fornece informações moleculares através de fenômenos ópticos observado pela vibração de suas moléculas. Tem sido empregada em estudos biológicos para a caracterização de alterações neoplásicas. No entanto, são escassos os estudos que envolvam processos potencialmente cancerizáveis. Objetivou-se avaliar QAs através da espectroscopia micro FT-IR com relação aos seus aspectos moleculares para região de fingerprint (900-1800 cm-1) e altos números de onda (2800-3600 cm-1), e ainda verificar a análise dos componentes principais (PCA) e regressão logística binária (RLB) como modelo de diagnóstico. Foram avaliadas 14 amostras de QA e 14 amostras de mucosas normal (MN), obtendo-se 5 espectros por amostra, totalizando 140 espectros avaliados (70 de cada grupo). Os resultados demonstrados pela análise dos componentes principais revelaram pelo gráfico de scree plot que os dez primeiros PCs deveriam ser utilizados na análise. As maiores variações observadas pelo gráfico de loading plot relacionaram-se aos modos vibracionais do colágeno, ácidos nucléicos, lipídios e água confinada. O modelo de regressão logística binária mostrou 80,6% de pares concordantes para região de fingerprint e 81,7% de pares concordantes para a região de altos números de onda. Concluiu-se que a espectroscopia micro FT-IR provê características moleculares importantes das 19 amostras de QA, evidenciadas tanto na região de fingerprint como na de altos números de onda. / Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a potentially precancerous lesion, located primarily in lower lip caused by chronic exposure to UV radiation. The FT-IR spectroscopy provides molecular information through optical properties observed by the vibration of its molecules. This technique has been used in biological studies for characterization of neoplastic tissues. However, there are few studies involving potentially cancerous processes. This study aimed to evaluate molecular changes on AC through micro FT-IR spectroscopy in fingerprint (900-1800 cm-1) and high wave numbers (2800-3600 cm- 1) region, and also to verify the principal components analysis (PCA) and binary logistic regression (BLR) as a model of diagnosis. We evaluated 14 samples of AC and 14 samples of normal mucosa (NM), resulting in 5 spectra per sample, totalling 140 spectra analyzed (70 from each group). The results demonstrated by PCA revealed by scree plot graph showed that the first ten principal components (PCs) should be used in the analysis. The largest variations observed by loading graph plot related to the vibrational modes of collagen, nucleic acids, lipids and confined water. The BLR model showed 80.6% of concordant pairs for the fingerprint region and 81.7% of concordant pairs of high wave numbers region. It was concluded that the micro FT-IR spectroscopy provides important molecular features of AC samples, evidenced both in the fingerprint and in the highwave numbers region.

One of the basic questions in harmonic analysis is to study the decay properties of the Fourier transform of measures or distributions supported on thin sets in Rn. When the support is a smooth enough manifold, an almost complete picture is available. One of the early results in this direction is the following: Let f in Cc∞(dσ), where dσ is the surface measure on the sphere Sn-1 Rn.Then the modulus of the Fourier transform of fdσ is bounded above by (1+|x|)(n-1)/2. Also fdσ in Lp(Rn) for all p > 2n/(n-1) . This result can be extended to compactly supported measure on (n-1)-dimensional manifolds with appropriate assumptions on the curvature. Similar results are known for measures supported in lower dimensional manifolds in Rn under appropriate curvature conditions. However, the picture for fractal measures is far from complete. This thesis is a contribution to the study of asymptotic properties of the Fourier transform of measures supported in sets of fractal dimension 0 < α < n for p ≤ 2n/α. In 2004, Agranovsky and Narayanan proved that if μ is a measure supported in a C1-manifold of dimension d < n, then the Fourier transform of μ is not in Lp(Rn) for 1 ≤ p ≤ 2n/d. We prove that the Fourier transform of a measure μ supported in a set E of fractal dimension α does not belong to Lp(Rn) for p≤ 2n/α. As an application we obtain Wiener-Tauberian type theorems on Rn and M(2). We also study Lp-asymptotics of the Fourier transform of fractal measures μ under appropriate conditions and give quantitative versions of the above statement by obtaining lower and upper bounds for the following limsup L∞ L-k∫|x|≤L|(fdµ)^(x)|pdx

Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da metodologia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (IVTF) na identificação de adulteração em leite cru. O objetivo no primeiro estudo foio de desenvolver calibração para identificação de adulteração através da comparação do espectro de leite adulterado com um espectro de referência para leite cru. Para construção do espectro referência foram coletadas 800 amostras de diferentes fazendas localizadas na região de estudo no período de agosto de 2009 a março de 2010. Através da análise de componentes principais, foram desenvolvidas oito calibrações com diferentes números de fatores (componentes principais). Para validação das diferentes calibrações, foram coletadas outras 100 amostras da mesma região de estudo. As amostras foram adulteradas com três diferentes adulterantes geralmente utilizados na adulteração do leite cru sendo eles: bicarbonato de sódio (BS), citrato de sódio (CS) e soro de queijo (SO). Para cada adulterante foram utilizadas três diferentes concentrações (BS: 0,05, 0,10 e 0,25 %; CS: 0,025, 0,050 e 0,075% e SO: 5, 10 e 20%). Para avaliação do desempenho das calibrações foram calculadas a especificidade e a sensibilidade para cada adulterante e respectivas concentrações. A especificidade foi de 92,9% na calibração com 12 fatores. Já a sensibilidade variou em função do adulterante, concentração e número de fatores. Todas as amostras adulteradas com bicarbonato foram identificadas corretamente com modelos de 10 fatores e na concentração mais baixa (0,05%). Já para o citrato, somente amostras com concentração de 0,075% foram identificadas em 93,9% dos casos para o modelo de 18 fatores. Amostras adulteradas com soro, mesmo na concentração mais alta (20%) puderam ser identificadas em menos de 47,1% dos casos, talvez pelo tratamento espectral realizado pelo software ASM em que parte do espectro não é considerado na construção das calibrações. A comparação espectral mostrou-se uma técnica interessante para identificação de leite adulterado e que também poderia antecipar a descoberta de novos adulterantes. Já no segundo estudo o objetivo foi desenvolver calibrações para determinação da concentração dos adulterantes bicarbonato de sódio, citrato de sódio e soro de queijo. Para desenvolvimento das calibrações foram utilizadas as amostras adulteradas do primeiro estudo e, para validação, foram coletadas outras 60 amostras que foram novamente adulteradas. O desempenho de cada calibração foi avaliado através da acurácia (Se), limite de detecção (LD) e coeficiente de determinação (R2). Todas as calibrações apresentaram R2 superior a 0,91 com LD de 0,015%, 0,017% e 3,9% para BS, CS e SO, respectivamente. Já a acurácia foi de 0,005%, 0,009 % e 2,26% para BS, CS e SO, respectivamente. Através dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, conclui-se que a metodologia de IVTF pode ser utilizada para determinação da concentração de bicarbonato de sódio, citrato de sódio e soro de queijo em leite cru. Associada à equipamentos automatizados, é uma opção viável no monitoramento destes adulterantes, tendo o baixo custo operacional e alto desempenho analítico como características adicionais. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of the methodology of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) in identifying adulteration in raw milk. The objective of the first study was to develop scales to identify contamination by comparing the spectrum of adulterated milk with a reference spectrum for raw milk. To build the reference spectrum, 800 samples were collected from different farms located in the study area from August 2009 to March 2010. Through the analysis of principal components, eight scales with different numbers of factors (principal components) were developed. To validate the different calibrations, other 100 samples were collected from the same region of study. The samples were adulterated with three different adulterants commonly used in the adulteration of raw milk: sodium bicarbonate (SB), sodium citrate (SC) and whey (W). Each adulterant was used at three different concentrations (SB: 0.05, 0.10 and 0.25%; SC: 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075% and W: 5, 10 and 20%). To evaluate the performance of the calibrations, the specificity and sensitivity for each adulterant and its concentration were calculated. The specificity was 92.9% in the calibration with 12 factors. Sensitivity varied according to the adulterant, concentration and number of factors. All samples adulterated with bicarbonate were accurately identified in the 10-factor model and at the lowest concentration (0.05%). As for citrate, only samples at a concentration of 0.075% were identified in 93.9% of cases for the 18-factor model. Samples adulterated with whey, even at the highest concentration (20%) were identified in less than 47.1% of cases, which maybe attributed to the fact that part of the spectrum is not consideredin the spectral processing performed by ASM software. The spectral comparison proved to be an interesting technique for the identification of adulterated milk and that could also be used to discover new adulterants. In the second study, the aim was to develop calibrations for determining the concentration of sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and whey used as raw milk adulterants. To develop the calibrations, adulterated samples of the first study were used and, for validation, other 60 samples were collected and adulterated. The performance of each calibration was evaluated regarding accuracy (Se), detection limit (DL) and determination coefficient (R2). All calibrations presented R2 higher than 0.91 with DL of 0.015%, 0.017% and 3.9% for SB, SC and W, respectively. Accuracy was 0.005%, 0.009% and 2.26% for SB, SC and W, respectively. Results show that the FTIR methodology can be used for determining the concentration of sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and whey in raw milk. Associated with automated equipment, it is a feasible option for monitoring these adulterants, presenting low operational costs and high analytical performance as additional features.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-03-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sarabiaquiroz_am_me_arafo.pdf: 3560698 bytes, checksum: f88f8b3c667a0f2fcd2dd88014f22ffb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo avaliou a conversão da polimerização de resinas compostas expostas à luz halógena e LED. Foram realizados corpos de prova e divididos em 64 grupos experimentais, onde variaram o tipo de luz (halógena e LED) utilizada, tempo de exposição à luz (20 e 40 segundos), profundidade do corpo de prova (1,2,3,e 4mm) e tempo de avaliação após a irradiação (0, 24,48 e 168 horas após a irradiação), cada grupo tinha cinco repetições. Os corpos de resina foram cortados e armazenados em ambiente seco e escuro. Foram confeccionadas pastilhas com 5mg de KBr e 50æg de pó de resina e os picos de absorbância foram registrados com o espectrômetro de infravermelho (FTIR). Os valores de conversão foram determinados na proporção das áreas obtidas com Microcal Origin 6.0 de C=O (pico em 1720) / C=C (pico em 1638). Os resultados da conversão foram analisados estatisticamente com os testes de ANOVA e Tukey. Obtendo-se, os seguintes resultados: A luz Halógena dá melhores resultados de polimerização que o LED, 40 segundos de exposição a luz dá melhores resultados de conversão, independente do tipo de luz, a menor profundidade o valor de conversão é melhor as 168 horas, que as observadas as 24 e 0 horas. Concluindo-se, que a conversão de polimerização das resinas compostas está influenciada pela fonte de luz, tempo de exposição à luz, profundidade do corpo de prova e tempo de avaliação. / The purpose of this study was to determine the polymerization conversion of the resin-composites exposed to halogen light and LED. Five specimens were made for each of the 64 groups, varying type of light (halogen and LED), time of exposure (40 and 20 seconds) deepness of the specimen (1, 2, 3 and 4mm) and time of the evaluation (0, 24, 48 and 168 hours after light irradiation) .The specimens were stored in a dry and dark area and were pulverized into a fine powder with a mortar and a pestle. Fifty æg of powder were mixed with approximately 5mg of potassium bromide, and the absorbance peaks were recorded by FTIR. The value of conversion was determined from the ratio of areas obtained with Microcal Origin 6.0 of C=O (peak at 1720) /C=C (peak at 1638). The results were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. The results observed were the following: i) halogen light gives better polymerization results than LED light, ii) 40 seconds to light exposure give s better results of conversion, iii) as less deepness , more is the conversion (with both types of light) , iv) With 168 hours of observation, the polymerization is better than with 0 or 24 hours of observation. Conclusion: polymerization conversion of the resin composites is influenced by the type of light, time of exposure to light, deepness of the specimen and time of observation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T12:16:48Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T12:16:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-03-17T10:45:40Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-17T10:45:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade / Banca: Welingtom Dinelli / Banca: Camilo Anauate Netto / Resumo: O presente estudo avaliou a conversão da polimerização de resinas compostas expostas à luz halógena e LED. Foram realizados corpos de prova e divididos em 64 grupos experimentais, onde variaram o tipo de luz (halógena e LED) utilizada, tempo de exposição à luz (20 e 40 segundos), profundidade do corpo de prova (1,2,3,e 4mm) e tempo de avaliação após a irradiação (0, 24,48 e 168 horas após a irradiação), cada grupo tinha cinco repetições. Os corpos de resina foram cortados e armazenados em ambiente seco e escuro. Foram confeccionadas pastilhas com 5mg de KBr e 50æg de pó de resina e os picos de absorbância foram registrados com o espectrômetro de infravermelho (FTIR). Os valores de conversão foram determinados na proporção das áreas obtidas com Microcal Origin 6.0 de C=O (pico em 1720) / C=C (pico em 1638). Os resultados da conversão foram analisados estatisticamente com os testes de ANOVA e Tukey. Obtendo-se, os seguintes resultados: A luz Halógena dá melhores resultados de polimerização que o LED, 40 segundos de exposição a luz dá melhores resultados de conversão, independente do tipo de luz, a menor profundidade o valor de conversão é melhor as 168 horas, que as observadas as 24 e 0 horas. Concluindo-se, que a conversão de polimerização das resinas compostas está influenciada pela fonte de luz, tempo de exposição à luz, profundidade do corpo de prova e tempo de avaliação. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the polymerization conversion of the resin-composites exposed to halogen light and LED. Five specimens were made for each of the 64 groups, varying type of light (halogen and LED), time of exposure (40 and 20 seconds) deepness of the specimen (1, 2, 3 and 4mm) and time of the evaluation (0, 24, 48 and 168 hours after light irradiation) .The specimens were stored in a dry and dark area and were pulverized into a fine powder with a mortar and a pestle. Fifty æg of powder were mixed with approximately 5mg of potassium bromide, and the absorbance peaks were recorded by FTIR. The value of conversion was determined from the ratio of areas obtained with Microcal Origin 6.0 of C=O (peak at 1720) /C=C (peak at 1638). The results were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. The results observed were the following: i) halogen light gives better polymerization results than LED light, ii) 40 seconds to light exposure give s better results of conversion, iii) as less deepness , more is the conversion (with both types of light) , iv) With 168 hours of observation, the polymerization is better than with 0 or 24 hours of observation. Conclusion: polymerization conversion of the resin composites is influenced by the type of light, time of exposure to light, deepness of the specimen and time of observation. / Mestre