This Master’s thesis seeks to develop a better understanding of how Indigenous voices can be included in water governance. As a starting point, social learning theory, collaborative governance and Indigenous and Canadian relations were carefully studied. Despite the large body of research on collaborative governance with First Nations and on social learning in water governance, little is known specifically about social learning processes in colonial contexts. Using grounded theory and Indigenous methodologies, this research investigates how the current approach to implementing the Province’s legal constitutional, “duty to consult” affects social learning processes and the inclusion of Indigenous people in water governance. Findings indicate that the laws and policies that have been created based on the Crown’s interpretation of Treaty 8, an agreement signed between the Fort Nelson First Nation and Canada in 1899. This duty to consult constrains social learning, as it does not allow for the flexibility needed for a reframing process that might bring the actors to a common understanding of Treaty 8, the treaty relationship and its application as such today, as a basis for future collaboration. Without reframing processes, the consultation process is perceived by the Fort Nelson First Nation, a Treaty 8 nation, to lack legitimacy and neutral facilitation. Subsequently, consultation is seen as a checkbox that must be completed, but fails to include First Nations’ knowledge, interests and concerns about impacts from development and appropriate accommodation. This research also investigates a new governance arrangement emerging in northeast BC, which changes the way Fort Nelson First Nation voices are included in decision-making. Processes of nation building and capacity building contribute to Fort Nelson First Nation’s New Approach to governance. The New Approach sees changes to the sites of authority, revenue and norms and beliefs, resulting in a governance innovation that circumvents the provincial government’s role in governance by creating a closer working relationship between industry and the Fort Nelson First Nation. The results are development planning and decisions that better reflect the Fort Nelson First Nation’s concerns and interests in the near future. / Graduate

The authors bring us a general approximation of the regulatory model related to hydrocarbon exploration and production activities in Spain. In this sense, the analysis is focused in the increased use of the hydraulic fracturing technique, better known as «fracking». In particular, the authors analyze the case of the refusal of some Spanish Autonomous Communities regarding the implementation of this technique and how the Central Government has faced that opposition. / Los autores nos brindan una aproximación general al modelo regulatorio de las actividades de exploración y producción de hidrocarburos en España. En ese sentido, centran su análisis en el uso, cada vez más extendido, de la técnica de la fractura hidráulica, más conocida como fracking. En particular, analizan el caso de la negativa de algunas Comunidades Autónomas españolas respecto a la implementación de esta técnica y cómo ha afrontado el Gobierno Central dicha oposición.

Submitted by Daniele Santos (danielesantos.htl@gmail.com) on 2017-02-21T20:23:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabian Mendoza.pdf: 3529133 bytes, checksum: 2010ee0bb9ce59c892c1ef4fdbd02a8e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-02-23T16:36:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabian Mendoza.pdf: 3529133 bytes, checksum: 2010ee0bb9ce59c892c1ef4fdbd02a8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T13:05:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabian Mendoza.pdf: 3529133 bytes, checksum: 2010ee0bb9ce59c892c1ef4fdbd02a8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-09 / The oil and gas exploration and production industry normally has three major actors, the first one being the governments, who dictate the 'game' rules and provide the framework for attracting investors to this sector. The second one consists of operators, large companies and joint ventures between experienced operators and investment funds who are seeking attractive returns on investments, and the third actor is service companies who provide all services required to extract oil and gas from the subsurface and send them to refineries. The oil and gas service market moves according to international oil prices. High prices mean more exploration, which in turn mean more investment and opportunities for service companies. After more than five marvelous years of a boom in oil prices, a contraction is severely affecting the oil and gas industry. An option for international or multinational oil and gas service companies is to diversify their geographic areas of influence and expand their presence in countries where oil and gas investors are moving resources, especially in countries where oil and gas represent a significant percentage of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government rules are more flexible, which increases the possibility to maximize returns. The purpose of this paper is to understand if it is possible to introduce a specific service from a Chinese oil and gas service company in Colombia under the current economic situation: hydraulic fracturing services for unconventional resources. By using data from previous studies that estimate the unconventional resources potential in Colombia, current and potential customers, service and price benchmarking, some market positioning strategies as well a risk mitigation plan that could reduce exposure, it will be possible to ascertain whether it applies to this new service or not, and if possible, to determine what barriers could this company face to obtain its goal.

O fraturamento hidráulico é uma das técnicas de estimulação mais utilizadas pela indústria petrolífera. Esta técnica permite o aumento de produtividade de poços com baixo custo. Essa técnica consiste em induzir a propagação de fissuras nas rochas por meio de uma pressão externa. Assim, modelos para a simulação da propagação de fissuras em tais condições tornam-se de grande importância. O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribuição ao estudo da propagação de fissuras durante o fraturamento hidráulico. Um modelo numérico baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos será apresentado. Teorias da mecânica da fratura elástico linear são aplicadas e a propagação de fissuras durante o faturamento hidráulico é modelada, tendo como processador das análises a ferramenta numérica FRANC 2D. Os resultados obtidos pelo modelo numérico são comparados com respostas apresentadas na literatura. Boa concordância é observada entre os resultados. Em especial, para os valores da pressão de quebra e o raio de reorientação. / Fracking is one of the most used stimulation techniques by the oil and gas industry. This technique allows the increase of productivity of wells with low cost. Consists in inducing the propagation of cracks in the rocks by means of an external pressure. Thus, models for simulating the propagation of cracks in such conditions become of great importance. This work presents a contribution to the study of the propagation of cracks during the fracking. A numerical model based on the Finite Element Method will be presented. Theories of linear elastic fracture mechanics are applied and the propagation of cracks during hydraulic billing is modeled, with the FRANC 2D numerical tool as the analysis processor. The results obtained by the numerical model are compared with answers presented in the literature. Good agreement is observed among the results. In particular, for the values of the breakdown pressure and the reorientation radius.

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The process of natural gas recovery by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, known as fracking, is a major scientific advance in unconventional energy development. Attention has largely been focused on its economic advantages and potential negative environmental repercussions, while less consideration given to its social dimensions. The purpose of this study was to explore the social consequences of fracking for communities in the Appalachian Basin's Marcellus shale. Research questions focused on the role of stakeholders and the resource needs of localities in shaping public policy. This study was guided by the tenets of the Boomtown theory along with key issues in fracking research such as environmental impacts, water resources, public health and safety, economics, and ethical concerns. An embedded case study research design was employed, using a purposive sample of 8 economic and policy subject matter experts from the 3 most prolific drilling counties in Pennsylvania. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using open and axial coding with cross-case comparison. Results suggested that positive economic social consequences of fracking involved sustainability in providing generational and employment stability. Negative consequences, such as traffic, damaged infrastructure, and housing shortages, were temporary and manageable. Logistical and demographic information were valuable resources for community leadership, and stakeholders favored autonomy in decision making. The implications for social change include informing policy makers how to prepare the local workforce to be adaptable, establish sufficient infrastructure to support change, and educate communities to leverage opportunity in advance of new industry.

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