Souvent diagnostiqué à un stade avancé, le cancer du pancréas (CP) est un cancer particulièrement létal pour lequel il n’y a, à ce jour, que très peu de possibilités de traitement et de diagnostic anticipé. L’identification de facteurs de risque modifiables pourrait fournir des données épidémiologiques nécessaires au soutien de la mise en place de mesures préventives. Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier l’étiologie du CP en évaluant le rôle de la consommation d’alcool et du mode de vie dans l’étude prospective européenne sur le cancer et la nutrition (EPIC), cohorte multicentrique de plus de 500,000 sujets provenant de 10 pays européens. La consommation d’alcool a d’abord été évaluée en regard du risque de CP. Les rôles des différents types d’alcools ainsi que du tabagisme dans la relation entre l’alcool et le CP ont été examinés. Cette évaluation a montré qu’une consommation d’alcool élevée était associée à une augmentation du risque de CP. Ensuite, la relation entre le Healthy Lifestyle Index, un indicateur combinant le passé tabagique, la consommation d’alcool, l’alimentation, l’anthropométrie et l’activité physique, et le risque de CP a été étudiée. Pour quantifier l’impact de l’amélioration de ces facteurs, des fractions de CP attribuables ont été estimées en considérant des scénarios hypothétiques où les participants adopteraient des modes de vie plus sains. L’adhérence à des habitudes saines était fortement et inversement associée au risque de CP. Ces travaux ont apporté des connaissances informatives sur l’étiologie du CP, et soutiennent le développement de mesures de santé publique promouvant la prévention du CP par l’adoption de modes de vie sains / Commonly diagnosed at late stage, pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly fatal cancer with limited opportunities for early detection and effective treatment. The identification of modifiable risk factors may offer relevant scientific evidence for PC prevention. This doctoral research program investigated PC etiology through a comprehensive examination of the role of alcohol consumption and other lifestyle determinants in the occurrence of PC within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study, a multi-center cohort involving more than 500,000 participants from 10 European countries. Alcohol intake was evaluated with respect to the risk of PC. The role of different alcoholic beverages and potential effect modification by smoking habits on PC risk were also examined. Findings from this evaluation provided epidemiological evidence that large intakes of alcohol were associated with an increased risk of PC.The association between the healthy lifestyle index, a score combining information on smoking history, alcohol intake, diet, obesity, and physical activity and the risk of PC was examined. To quantify the impact of modifying several lifestyle factors, population attributable fractions were estimated assuming counterfactual scenarios whereby study participants hypothetically moved towards healthier behaviors. Adherence to healthy lifestyle habits was strongly inversely related to PC. This comprehensive evaluation provides informative insights on the etiology of PC and supports the development and implementation of public health guidelines to promote individuals’ adoption of healthy lifestyle habits for PC prevention

A climatology of thermodynamic phase of precipitating cloud is presented derived from global—land and ocean—, retrievals from Cloudsat, CALIPSO, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. Like precipitation rate, precipitation frequency is dominated by warm rain, defined as rain produced via the liquid phase only, over the tropical oceans outside the Intertropical Convergence Zone and by cold rain, produced via the ice phase, over the midlatitude oceans and continents. Warm rain is very infrequent over the continents, with significant warm rain found only in onshore flow in the tropics, and over India, China, and Indochina. Comparison of the properties of precipitating and nonprecipitating warm clouds shows that the scarcity of warm rain over land can be explained by smaller effective radii in continental clouds that delay the onset of precipitation. The results highlight the importance of ice-phase processes for the global hydrological cycle and may lead to an improved parameterization of precipitation in general circulation models.

L'objet principal de cette thèse est l'étude de la dimension conforme Ahlfors régulière d'un espace métrique. C'est un invariant numérique par quasisymétrie, introduit par P. Pansu, permettant la classification à quasi-isométrie près des espaces homogènes de courbure négative. Elle joue actuellement un rôle important en théorie géométrique des groupes et en dynamique conforme. A partir d'une suite de recouvrements d'un espace métrique compact on construit des distances de dimension contrôlée appartenant à la jauge conforme (Ahlfors régulière). On peut ainsi caractériser toutes les métriques de la jauge à homéomorphismes bi-Lipschitz près. On montre comment calculer la dimension conforme AR à partir de modules combinatoires en considérant un exposant critique. Comme conséquence de cette égalité on obtient un critère général de dimension un. Les conditions sont données en termes de points de coupure locale.On donne par ailleurs des applications de ces résultats aux bords des groupes hyperboliques et aux ensembles de Julia des fractions rationnelles semihyperboliques. / In this thesis we study the Ahlfors regular conformal dimension of a metric space. This is a quasisymmetric numerical invariant, introduced by P. Pansu, which was used to classify negatively curved homogeneous spaces up to quasi-isometries. It plays nowadays an important role in geometric group theory and in conformal dynamics.Using a sequence of finite coverings of a compact metric space, we construct distances in the (Ahlfors regular) conformal gauge of controlled dimension. We obtain in this way a combinatorial characterization (up to bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms) of all the metrics of the gauge.We show how to compute the conformal dimension (AR) using the critical exponent associated to the combinatorial modulus. As a consequence of this equality we obtain a general criterion ensuring dimension one. The conditions are stated in terms of local cut points.Finally, we give applications of these results to the boundaries of Gromov hyperbolic groups and to the Julia sets of semi-hyperbolic rational maps.

Nós estudaremos o comportamento de difeomorfismos do círculo, tanto do ponto de vista combinatório quanto do ponto de vista topológico e da teoria da medida, seguindo os trabalhos de Michael Herman. A cada homeomorfismo do círculo podemos associar um número real positivo, denominado número de rotação. Mostraremos que existe um conjunto de números irracionais de medida de Lebesgue total na reta tal que, se f é um difeomorfismo do círculo de classe \'C POT. r \' que preserva a orientação, com r maior ou igual a 3 e com número de rotação nesse conjunto, então f é pelo menos \'C POT. r - 2\' -conjugada a uma translação irracional. Além disso, mostraremos que dado um caminho \'f IND. t\' de classe \'C POT. 1\' definido em um intervalo [a;b] no conjunto dos difeomorfismos do círculo de classe \'C POT. r\' que preservam a orientação, com r maior ou igual a 3, o conjunto dos parâmetros em que \'f IND. t\' é \'C POT. r - 2\' -conjugada a uma translação irracional tem medida de Lebesgue positiva, desde que os números de rotação em \'f IND. a\' e \'f IND. b\' sejam distintos / We will study the generic behavior of circle diffeomorphisms, in the combinatorial, topological and measure-theoretical sense, following the work of Michael Herman. To each order preserving homeomorphism of the circle we can associate a positive real number, called rotation number, which is invariant under conjugacy. We will show that there is a set of irrational numbers with full Lebesgue measure on R such that, if f is a circle diffeomorphism of class \'C POT. r\', with r greater or equal 3 and with rotation number in that set, then f is at least \'C POT. r - 2\' -conjugated to an irrational translation. Moreover, we will show that if ft is a \'C POT. 1\' -path defined on a interval [a;b] over the set of the circle diffeomorphisms orientation preserving, with r \'> or =\' 3, then the set of parameters where \'f IND. t\' is \'C POT. r - 2\' -conjugated to a irrational translation has positive Lebesgue measure, since the rotation numbers of \'f IND. a\' and \'f IND. b\' are distinct

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 olibone_d_me_botfca.pdf: 1683753 bytes, checksum: 5c5c8a0ed8fedbc075537b5f3dd89dfc (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / No presente trabalho foram estudados os efeitos de épocas e doses combinadas de fontes de fosfatos na variabilidade vertical de frações de fósforo no solo em semeadura direta. Em maio de 2003, o triticale foi semeado, em Latossolo Vermelho-distroférrico, em semeadura direta, aplicando-se 3 tratamentos: 1) sem aplicação de fósforo; 2) aplicação de 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 total de fosfato solúvel (superfosfato triplo) e; 3) 80 kg ha-1de P2O5 de fosfato natural reativo (fosfato natural Arad). A aplicação do P, para ambas as fontes, foi realizada a lanço na superfície antes da semeadura do triticale. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. A partir do mês de agosto de 2003, após a colheita do triticale, foi semeado o milheto, objetivando elevar a cobertura de palha no solo. No florescimento, o milheto foi dessecado com o uso de herbicida, permanecendo os resíduos sobre o solo. No mês de novembro, após o dessecamento do milheto, foi instalada a cultura da soja em semeadura direta, espaçada 0,45m entre linhas, quando foram estabelecidos os tratamentos com combinações de fontes de fosfato solúvel e fosfato natural aplicado no sulco de semeadura, totalizando 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 total, constando de: 0% de fosfato solúvel (FS) e 100% de fosfato natural (FN), 20% de FS e 80% de FN, 40% de FS e 60% de FN, 60% de FS e 40% de FN, 80% de FS e 20% de FN e 100% de FS e 0% de FN. O delineamento experimental foi o de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, onde as fontes de P aplicadas no triticale foram as parcelas e as combinações de FS e FN, foram as subparcelas. Antecedendo a semeadura da soja, coletou-se amostra de solos para as determinações de fósforo orgânico e frações do inorgânico, as quais também foram realizadas após a colheita da soja... / This work was designed to study the effects of time of application and rates of a mixture of phosphates on P fractions distribution in the soil profile. In May, 2003, triticale was planted on a Distroferric Dark Red Latossol, in no-till, with three treatments: 1) without P; 2) application of 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5 of total as triple superphosphate; and; 3) application of 80 kg ha-1de P2O5 of total as Natural phosphate (ARAD). Both Phosphorus sources were applied on the soil surface, before planting triticale. The experimental design in this plase was a complete randomized block with 4 replictes. After triticale was harvested, pear millet was planted. At flowering, pearl millet was desiccated with an herbicide and plant residues were left on the soil surface. In November, after millet was killed, soybean was planted in no-till, in rows 0.45 m apart, when the treatments using P source combinations were applied, totaling 80 kg ha-1 as: 0% of Superphosphate (SP) and 100 % of Natural phosphate (NP); 20% of SP and 80 % of NP, 40 % of SP and 60 % of NP, 60 % of SP and 40 % of NP, 80% of SP and 20 % of NP and 100 % of SP and 0 % of NP. The experimental design was a subplot, considering P treatments to triticale as plots and soybean treatments as subplots. Soil samples were taken right before soybean planting and after soybean harvest, and organic and inorganic P fractions were determined... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ruth Ferreira Santos-Galduróz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, 2014. / No processo do desenvolvimento cognitivo, os estímulos fornecidos ajudam na construção do conhecimento, e cada vez mais se tem pesquisado os efeitos da música sobre esse processo. Apesar da música se basear em proporções matemáticas, poucos trabalhos buscam a sua relação com a aquisição de conceitos matemáticos. O presente estudo realizou uma pesquisa experimental, num modelo longitudinal, com o objetivo de verificar a contribuição da iniciação musical para o desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivas, sobretudo em frações. A amostra constituiu de 61 crianças entre cinco e seis anos de idade, recém ingressas nas escolas municipais de uma cidade da Grande São Paulo. Após a aprovação do responsável, através do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido ¿ TCLE, foram aplicados testes cognitivos (Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia, teste visuoespacial, teste de memória, teste de escrita de palavras e números, e teste de fração e geometria) e escalas - (Escala de stress infantil ¿ ESI). Em seguida, as crianças foram divididas em dois grupos: 30 crianças formaram o grupo controle e 31 crianças o grupo experimental. O grupo experimental, passou por intervenção musical, duas vezes por semana, com duração de 50 minutos cada sessão, por um período de quatro meses; já o grupo controle, durante o mesmo período, continuaram a receber a estimulação prevista em suas atividades curriculares. Após o fim da intervenção musical, ambos os grupos foram reavaliados para comparação do desempenho em dois momentos (pré e pós-intervenção musical). A análise dos dados foi realizada através do programa SPSS 20 e Statistica 10, adotando um nível de significância de 95% (p<0,05) para as análises. Os resultados mostraram haver diferença significativa nos testes de fração (p=0,01), visuoespacial (p<0,01), memória I (p=0,04), memória II (p=0,01) e psicomotor (p=0,03). Estes resultados sugerem que a instrução musical contribuiu para uma melhora no desempenho de tarefas relacionadas ao cálculo de fração, juntamente com o desenvolvimento de habilidade na memória, visuoespacial e psicomotora. / During the processes of cognitive development, the stimuli provided helps building your knowledge and more and more has been researched on the effects of music on this process. Though the music is based on mathematical proportions, very few works seek their relation to the acquisition of mathematical concepts. This study conducted an experimental study, a longitudinal model, with the objective of verifying the contribution of musical initiation for the development of cognitive abilities, especially in fractions. The sample consisted of 61 children between five and six years old, newly joined in municipal schools at the city of São Paulo. After parents or legal guardians approval through the Term of Consent - Informed Consent, cognitive tests were applied (Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, visual spatial test, memory tests I and II, writing words and numbers test and fraction and geometry test) and scales - (Infant Stress Scale - ISS). Then the children were divided into two groups: 30 children formed the control group and 31 children formed the experimental group 31. The experimental group underwent musical intervention twice a week lasting 50 minutes each session for a period of four months, whereas the control group during the same period continued to receive stimulation provided by their school activities. After the end of the musical intervention, both groups were evaluated for performance comparison (pre and post-intervention musical). Data analysis was performed by using the following programs: SPSS 20 and Statistica 10, adopting a significance level of 95% (p<0.05). The results showed a significant difference in the tests, fraction (p=0.01), visuospatial (p<0.01), memory I ( p=0,04), memory II (p=0.01) and psychomotor (p=0.03). These results suggests that musical training contributed to an improvement in performance for tasks related to fraction calculation, along with the development of skill in short-term memory, visual spatial and psychomotor.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Virgínia Cardia Cardoso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa De Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2015. / O presente trabalho consiste na análise de um projeto para o ensino de frações. O referencial teórico adotado foi a Teoria das Inteligências Múltiplas de Howard Gardner, que assume a ideia de que a inteligência humana seria multifacetada, totalizando um espectro formado por oito inteligências: corporal-cinestésica, espacial, interpessoal, intrapessoal, lógico-matemática, linguística, musical e naturalista. Serão relatados os principais pontos da teoria de Gardner, dentre eles, a importância de uma educação que considere as individualidades cognitivas dos educandos, a concepção de inteligência baseada na capacidade de resolver problemas e a abordagem dos conteúdos escolares por meio de cinco pontos de entrada: narrativo, fundamental, por uma abordagem estética, lógico-quantitativo e experimental. Com base nos pressupostos educacionais da teoria e no levantamento das problemáticas relacionadas ao ensino de frações, apresentaremos o projeto de ensino elaborado pela autora deste trabalho e o seu desenvolvimento em uma escola da rede pública municipal de São Paulo, em uma pesquisa-ação com a observação participante de uma turma do quinto ano do ensino fundamental que buscou verificar que contribuições emergiriam das práticas adotadas para a compreensão de tópicos relacionados aos números racionais em sua forma fracionária. Os resultados mostraram que a abordagem utilizada possibilitou avanços na aprendizagem dos alunos nos conteúdos matemáticos trabalhados, em um contexto educacional que teve em suas finalidades propiciar o estímulo e o desenvolvimento de suas inteligências. / This work is the analysis of a project for teaching fractions. The theoretical framework adopted was the Theory of Multiple Intelligences of Howard Gardner, who takes the view that human intelligence would be multifaceted, totaling a spectrum made up of eight intelligences: bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, logical-mathematical, linguistic, Music and naturalist. The main points will be reported in Gardner's theory, including the importance of an education that consider the cognitive legend of the students, the concept of intelligence-based problem-solving skills and the approach of school subjects through five entry points: narrative, critical, for an aesthetic approach, logical-quantitative and experimental. Based on the assumptions of educational theory and survey of issues related to teaching fractions, we will present the educational project developed by the author of this work and its development in a municipal public school of São Paulo, in an action research with participant observation of a group of fifth grade of elementary school who sought to verify that emerge contributions of practices for understanding topics related to rational numbers in its fractional form. The results showed that the approach has enabled advances in student learning in mathematical contents worked in an educational context he had in his purposes provide the stimulation and the development of their intelligence.

Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / To meet growing demand for goods and services of modern society there is an increase in industrial activity, is highlighting the versatility of steel for use of its products. Meanwhile, as well as all human activity there is the generation of waste that may contain contaminants, among these heavy metals, which are arranged in an inappropriate manner pose a risk to humans and other living organisms. In soil heavy metals can exist in different chemical forms, presented each of them a degree of availability, and the total content of an indication of soil contamination. The phytoremediation is a technique of bioremediation, which uses the cultivation of plants to remediate contaminated soil and water, either by the extraction (phytoextraction) or stabilization (phytostabilization) of the contaminant in the environment. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the culture of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., the distribution of chemical fractions of zinc and cadmium in the soil, in three of pH values, after contamination with industrial waste containing high levels of these elements, and their possible influence germination and development of the plant. It was conducted in a completely randomized experiment 2x2x3 factorial system, in a sample of Bt horizon of a Argisol Yellow, contaminated and not contaminated with residue from Cia Mercantile and Industrial Ing?, with and without cultivation of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., and receiving the application of three doses of CaCO3. The soil used was collected in the municipality of Pinheiral - RJ, being part of the sample contaminated with waste (66.67 g kg-1) to raise the level pseudo-Zn total of the values above 1500 mg kg-1. The sample was contaminated and not contaminated divided into three groups each received a different dose of CaCO3 (0.00, 0,75; 1,5 mg kg-1). After being incubated for 40 days to 80% of the field capacity, there were planted three Seedpieces of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., genotype Cameroon, in each unit cultivated. At 18 days after planting and germination were evaluated at the average height of the seedlings. At 135 days after planting were collected to shoot and root plants. The substrates were sampled after hatching and at the end of the experiment. In substrates was determined the pH in water and, for the treatments that received waste, the levels of Zn and Cd in the following fractions: soluble (F1), exchangeable (F2), precipitated (F3), absorbed more strongly (F4) and residual (F5). The extractors used to determine the fractions were: deionized water, MgCl2, acetic acid, DTPA and aqua regia. The results showed that the germination and development of Pennisetum purpurem Schum. were limited by the content of Cd and mainly in fractions of Zn more bioavailable (F1, F2). The levels of Zn in the soluble fraction (F1) exceeding 125 mg kg-1, caused a reduction in the germination and the initial development of culture. The cultivation of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. promoted reduction of soil pH of all treatments, and favored the solubility of Zn of contaminated substrates. Leaf contents of Zn greater than 1380 mg kg-1 caused sharp reduction in growth and phytotoxicity symptoms. The Pennisetum purpureum Schum did not show a behavior as plants hyperaccumulative of Zn and Cd, but they showed Zn accumulation and they were efficient in the remediation of Zn and Cd. / Para atender a demanda crescente por bens e servi?os da sociedade moderna houve um incremento da atividade industrial, se destacando a siderurgia pela versatilidade de emprego dos seus produtos. Entretanto, assim como toda atividade humana h? a gera??o de res?duos que podem conter contaminantes, dentre estes os metais pesados, que se dispostos de forma inadequada representam um risco a o homem e outros organismos vivos. Em solos os metais pesados podem existir em diferentes formas qu?micas, apresentando cada uma delas um grau de disponibilidade, sendo o teor total um indicativo de contamina??o do solo. A fitorremedia??o ? uma t?cnica da bioremedia??o, que utiliza o cultivo de plantas para remediar solos e ?guas contaminadas, seja pela extra??o (fitoextra??o) ou estabiliza??o (fitoestabiliza??o) do contaminante no ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cultivo de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., na distribui??o das fra??es qu?micas de zinco e c?dmio no solo, em tr?s valores de pH, ap?s a contamina??o com res?duo industrial contendo altos teores destes elementos, e a sua poss?vel influ?ncia na germina??o e desenvolvimento da planta. Foi conduzido um experimento inteiramente casualizado no sistema fatorial 2x2x3, em amostra de horizonte Bt de um Argissolo Amarelo, contaminado e n?o contaminado, com res?duo da Cia Mercantil e Industrial Ing?, com e sem cultivo de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., e recebendo a aplica??o de tr?s doses de CaCO3. O solo utilizado foi coletado no munic?pio de Pinheiral ? RJ, sendo parte da amostra contaminada com res?duo (66,67 g kg-1), para elevar o teor pseudo-total de Zn a valores superiores a 1500 mg kg-1. A amostra contaminada e n?o contaminada foi dividida em tr?s grupos cada um recebeu uma dose diferente de CaCO3 (0,00; 0,75; 1,5 mg kg-1). Posteriormente sendo incubadas por 40 dias a 80% da capacidade de campo. Ap?s a incuba??o foram plantados tr?s toletes de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., gen?tipo Cameroon, em cada unidade cultivada. Aos 18 dias ap?s o plantio foram avaliadas a germina??o e a altura m?dia das pl?ntulas. Aos 135 dias ap?s o plantio foram coletadas a parte a?rea e raiz das plantas. Os substratos foram amostrados ap?s a incuba??o e no final do experimento. Nestes substratos foi determinado o pH em ?gua e, para os tratamentos que receberam res?duo, os teores de Zn e Cd nas seguintes fra??es: sol?vel (F1), troc?vel (F2), precipitada (F3), adsorvida mais fortemente (F4) e residual (F5). Os extratores utilizados para a determina??o das fra??es foram: ?gua deionizada, MgCl2, ?cido ac?tico, DTPA e ?gua r?gia. Os resultados mostraram que a germina??o e o desenvolvimento de Pennisetum purpurem Schum. foram limitados pelo teor de Cd e principalmente de Zn nas fra??es mais biodispon?veis (F1 e F2). Os teores de Zn na fra??o sol?vel (F1) superiores a 125 mg kg-1, provocaram redu??o na germina??o e no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura. O cultivo de Pennisetum purpureum Schum. promoveu redu??o do pH do solo de todos os tratamentos, tendo favorecido a solubilidade de Zn dos substratos contaminados. Teores foliares de Zn superiores a 1380 mg kg-1 provocaram acentuada redu??o no crescimento e sintomas de fitotoxidez. O Pennisetum purpureum Schum. n?o se comportou como hiperacumulador de Zn e Cd, mas apresentou acumula??o de Zn e efici?ncia na remedia??o de Zn e Cd.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a composição e as características físico-químicas (pH, acidez, estabilidade ao álcool, sólidos totais, gordura, lactose, teor de extrato seco desengordurado e proteína total), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e as frações de caseína (&alpha;-S1, &alpha;-S2, &beta; e &kappa;) dos leites identificados como leite instável não ácido (LINA) e de leites estáveis à prova de álcool a 78% (v/v). A amostragem contemplou todas as propriedades leiteiras fornecedoras de leite de um laticínio localizado no município de Casa Branca - Estado de São Paulo, nos meses de março, maio, julho e setembro de 2007. Considerou-se, como critério de identificação de LINA, a amostra de leite de conjunto de cada propriedade que apresentasse instabilidade à prova do álcool a 72% (v/v) e acidez inferior a 18ºD. Do total de amostras instáveis ao teste do álcool a 72% (v/v), 64,77% foram identificadas como LINA. A freqüência de amostras de LINA variou de acordo com o mês de amostragem, indicando uma possível influência sazonal sobre a ocorrência deste problema nos rebanhos analisados. No mês de julho, a incidência de LINA foi maior, coincidindo com o período seco, quando a disponibilidade e a qualidade das forragens são reduzidas. No mês de setembro, época de chuvas em que ocorre maior oferta de forragens de melhor qualidade, a incidência de LINA diminuiu. Em julho, houve um aumento significativo nos níveis de gordura, lactose e CCS, observando-se, porém, uma diminuição significativa nas concentrações de proteína bruta nas amostras. Neste mês, notou-se também uma menor concentração de &kappa;-caseína no LINA, embora as diferenças entre as caseínas &alpha;-S1, &alpha;-S2, &beta; e &kappa; do LINA e do leite estável não tenham sido significativas nos meses de amostragem. Os resultados evidenciaram que a ocorrência de LINA é freqüente nos rebanhos leiteiros da região estudada, o que pode acarretar perdas significativas à indústria de laticínios e aos produtores devido ao descarte do leite. / The aim of this study was to determinate the composition and the physical-chemical characteristics (pH, acidity, alcohol stability, total solids, fat, lactose, non fat solids and total protein), somatic cells counts (SCC) and casein fractions (&alpha;-S1, &alpha;-S2, &beta; and &kappa;) of unstable non-acid and stable milks at the alcohol test at 78% (v/v). Samples were collected from all the dairy farms that provide milk to a dairy plant located in Casa Branca - São Paulo State. Sampling procedures were done on March, May, July and September 2007. Milk samples from each dairy farm presenting instability to alcohol test at 72% (v/v) and acidity less than 18ºD were considered as unstable non-acid milk. From the total of unstable samples to alcohol test at 72% (v/v), 64.77% were identified as unstable non-acid milk. The frequency of unstable non-acid milk samples varied according the month of sampling, hence indicating a possible seasonal influence on the occurrence of this problem in the dairy herds studied. On July, the incidence of unstable non-acid milk was higher, coinciding with the dry season, when the quality and availability of forage are reduced. On September, at rainfall season, when the availability and quality of forage are better, the incidence of unstable non-acid milk decreased. There was a significant increase in the levels of fat, lactose and SSC in samples collected on July, although a significant decrease was observed in the concentrations of total protein. In this month, a lower concentration of &kappa;-casein was also noted in unstable non-acid milks. However, the differences between the &alpha;-S1, &alpha;-S2, &beta; and &kappa; casein of unstable non-acid milk and stable milk were not significant in all sampling months. Results showed that the occurrence of unstable non-acid milk is common in dairy herds in the studied area, which can cause significant losses to the dairy industry and dairy farms due to the discharging of milk.

The aim of this thesis is to compare mathematical themes in standard study programs for primary education in three different countries. Such research will provide information on the educational programs in the Czech Republic, the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation. Another aim of the thesis is to compare the second-level textbooks of the primary schools of the studied countries on a certain topic of the educational area Mathematics and its Applications.