Previous research on framing has proved its strong effects on the social perception and political preferences of individuals. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore how Saudi women's issues have been framed in a sample of United States and Saudi newspapers. Saudi Vision 2030 is the post-oil plan for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that was announced on April 25, 2016. The sample of this thesis was 300 news stories from eight newspapers. The U.S. newspapers were the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, and the Los Angeles Times. The Saudi newspapers were Al Riyadh, Okaz, Al Jazirah, and Al Watan. This thesis explores how these issues have been covered before and after Saudi Vision 2030 by answering five basic questions. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the news stories. For the quantitative analysis, five pre-defined generic frames from Semetko and Valkenburg were adopted: conflict frame, human interest frame, morality frame, economic consequences frame, and responsibility frame. An inductive approach to find the new frames was used for the qualitative analysis. Moreover, this thesis looked at how U.S. and Saudi newspapers have visually framed Saudi women through an analysis of the types of images used in the news stories related to Saudi women's issues. The main finding suggests that within the used frames in the newspapers, the U.S. newspapers focused more on the human-interest frame, while the Saudi newspapers mostly used the economic frame. Furthermore, the types of issues covered are discussed.

Die Analyse der georgischen und russländischen Deutungsmuster zum Kaukasus-Konflikt 2008 soll zusammen mit einer Analyse der deutschen, US-amerikanischen und britischen Berichterstattung über den Konflikt offenlegen, ob und wie sich die beiden Konfliktparteien mit ihrer jeweiligen Sicht der Dinge in der massenmedialen Darstellung des Konflikts durchgesetzt haben. Dafür bietet der Konflikt besonders gute Bedingungen: Die diametralen außenpolitischen Interessen der beiden Parteien bei NATO und EU sind gute Voraussetzungen, um Deutungsmuster der Konfliktparteien abzugrenzen und zuzuordnen. Die schlechte Informationslage zu Beginn der Auseinandersetzungen hat die Abhängigkeit der Medien von den Informationen der Konfliktparteien erhöht.:1 Einleitung I Forschungsstand 2 Public Diplomacy 2.1 Ursprung und Einordnung der Public Diplomacy 2.2 Theoretische Ansätze 2.3 Strukturierung des Feldes 2.4 Ausgewählte Studien zur Public Diplomacy 2.5 Zusammenfassung 3 Auslandsberichterstattung 3.1 Internationale und demokratietheoretische Relevanz 3.2 Einflussfaktoren 3.3 Strukturen der Auslandsberichterstattung 3.4 Außenpolitische Relevanz 3.5 Zusammenfassung 4 Kriegsberichterstattung 4.1 Theoretische Ansätze 4.2 Untersuchung von Informationsstrategien 4.3 Journalistische Selbstreflexion 4.4 Zusammenfassung 5 Rollenselbstverständnis von Journalist*innen 5.1 Selbstverständnis im Ländervergleich 5.2 Auslandskorrespondent*innen 5.3 Embedded Journalists 5.4 Zusammenfassung 6 Länderstereotype 6.1 Stereotype in Wahrnehmung und Berichterstattung 6.2 Russlandstereotype 6.3 Zusammenfassung 7 Framing 7.1 Theoretische Ansätze 7.2 Methodische Ansätze 7.3 Strategisches Framing 7.4 Frames in Auslands- und Kriegsberichterstattung 7.5 Medienframe-Wirkung 7.6 Zusammenfassung 8 Zusammenfassung des Forschungsstandes II Kaukasus-Konflikt 2008 9 Georgien 9.1 Historischer Hintergrund 9.2 Das unabhängige Georgien vor dem Krieg 10 Bedeutungswandel der Region 10.1 Russische Interessen 10.2 Westorientierung Georgiens 11 Internationale Dimensionen 11.1 Rolle der USA 11.2 Rolle der EU 12 Entwicklung des Konfliktes 13 Eskalation des Konfliktes - eine Chronik 14 Bericht des Europäischen Rates 14.1 Hintergrund und Zielsetzung des Berichtes 14.2 Ergebnisse der Mission 14.2.1 Rekonstruktion der Ereignisse 14.2.2 Juristische Bewertung der Ereignisse III Schlussfolgerungen 15 Public Diplomacy 16 Regierungsposition als Einflussfaktor 17 Mediensysteme als Einflussfaktor 18 Kulturelle Kongruenz als Einflussfaktor 19 Kriegsberichterstattung IV Untersuchung 20 Methode 21 Forschungsdesign 21.1 Beispiele für die Operationalisierung von Frame-Elementen 21.2 Operationalisierung der Sinn-Einheiten 21.3 Statements 21.4 Berichterstattung 21.5 Herleitung der Deutungsmuster 22 Untersuchung 22.1 Zeitraum 22.2 Untersuchte Statements 22.3 Untersuchte Medien 22.4 Grundgesamtheit 22.5 Kodierung der Statements und der Berichterstattung 22.6 Herleitung der Deutungsmuster V Ergebnisse 23 Kommunikation der Konfliktparteien 23.1 Umfang der Kommunikation 23.2 Themen der Kommunikation 24 Deutungsmuster der Konfliktparteien 24.1 Georgische Deutungsmuster 24.2 Russische Deutungsmuster 25 Zusammenfassung 26 Berichterstattung zum Konflikt 26.1 Umfang der Berichterstattung 26.2 Struktur der Berichterstattung 26.3 Autor*innen und Themen in der Berichterstattung 27 Deutungsmuster der Berichterstattung 27.1 Deutungsmuster zu militärischen Maßnahmen 27.1.1 Militärische Maßnahmen im Bericht der IIFFMCG 27.1.2 Fazit 27.2 Deutungsmuster zur Durchsetzung nationaler Interessen 27.2.1 Durchsetzung nationaler Interessen im Bericht der IIFFMCG 27.2.2 Fazit 27.3 Deutungsmuster zur internationalen Konfliktlösung 27.3.1 internationale Konfliktlösung im Bericht der IIFFMCG 27.3.2 Fazit 28 Zusammenfassung VI Fazit 29 Framing 30 Einflussfaktoren 30.1 Regierungsposition 30.2 Mediensysteme 30.3 Kulturelle Kongruenz 31 Zusammenfassung 32 Ausblick VII Anhang 33 Abbildungen 34 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 35 Codebuch 35.1 Statements 35.2 Berichterstattung

In line with the rules applying to all directors of a company, accountants also have the fiduciary duty to act ethically in all their decision-making. However, the widely-publicised cases of accounting fraud and misrepresentation of financial information is eroding public confidence in accountants. In order to address the topic of the role of uncertainty and loss framing in ethical decision-making by accountants, the researcher decided to apply a quantitative experimental research design in this study to collect primary data. This research design comprised three experimental groups, amounting to a total sample size of 167 accountants. The primary research was supported by secondary research, which included key literature on behavioural economics, prospect theory, various ethical decision-making frameworks, and the ethical positioning questionnaire. The present study revealed that situations framed negatively on the actions and behaviour of accountants, and where there was a perceived likelihood of a financial loss, there was a greater likelihood among accountants to consider unethical decision-making. Conversely, uncertain situations were unlikely to induce unethical decision-making. The study also explored the personal moral philosophy construct of taxonomy to determine if it can differentiate the extent of ethical behaviour between absolutists and situationists. Although the study established that there were some differences between the ethical behaviour of those found among absolutists and those identified among situationists, the results were not conclusive enough to clearly differentiate their ethical behaviour. However, the key contribution of this research is that it identified which framed decisions are more likely to result in unethical decisions being made by accountants and which framed situations are not likely to result in unethical decision-making. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

In this essay the framing of the politics of the two prime minister candidates Magdalena Andersson and Ulf Kristersson have been analyzed. This during two interviews broadcasted before the election 2022 on public service channel 1 (SVT 1) in a program called Election 2022: The Hearing (Val 2022: Utfrågningen). The study has looked at several different types of framing including thematic, episodic and gameframing to be able to analyze how the politics are portrayed. The study has also acknowledged the importance of the power relations that take place between interviewee and journalist in a political interview. Also how the role of the journalist acting as a program manager affects the framing of the politics. The conclusion is that politics are framed in all kinds of framing analyzed. But there are differences between how Andersson and Kristersson´s politics are framed through the analyzed frames. The program managers had different strategies to confront the politicians depending on who they interviewed.

The Russian Federation’s presence on the global stage of the Olympic Games has been linked with considerable controversy from 2014 onwards. The nation’s use of international sport for promoting its image, state-sponsored doping, and Russia’s illegal occupations of Ukraine staged in close time proximity with the Games are all controversies which have taken their toll on the country’s image, both within and beyond the context of sport. Using a news framing theory and analysis, this thesis examines how RT, a state-sponsored media outlet that operates in alignment with the Russian state, counters these image-affecting controversies through its framings of Russia at the Winter Olympics between 2014 and 2022. This research finds that, while RT has consistently functioned to defend and potentially improve Russia’s image, its framing tactics have shifted substantially over time, and vary significantly depending on the controversy addressed. RT’s articles linked with Russia’s use of sport to promote its image used a wide variety of frames to highlight the impact of Russia’s athletes, justify the funding of the Sochi Olympics, and accuse Western media of “Russia-bashing”. Articles related to Russian doping shifted over time from framing Russian athletes as powerless victims of sport governing body decisions to highlighting supposed Western interference in sport. Articles linked with Russia’s illegal occupation of Ukraine increased substantially in 2022, and most often framed the issue by focusing on the moral values associated with athletes from the two nations. This thesis found that RT’s controversy-linked content increased in publication frequency over time, which along with the above shifts in framing, showcase the increasingly aggressive politicisation of RT’s Olympic sport coverage, which lacks exploration in prior scholarly research.

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This study investigated the historical coverage of foreign issues in U.S. newspapers. The study mainly focused on four primary areas: coverage of wars, leaders, human rights, and economic issues in foreign countries. I qualitatively analyzed data to find if there are any other common topics discussed during the time frame. Then, these topics were analyzed by applying the framing theory to news stories about Saudi Arabia, used as a case study from September 1923 to December 2023. The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) and the New York Times (NYT) were investigated and representative of two distinct newspaper orientations, which are conservative and liberal ideological orientations. Finally, sentiment analysis was used to find the dominant tone for each frame. This study found that the topics discussed were leaders, wars, human rights, economics, sports, Islamic culture, terrorism, education, and natural phenomena. In the NYT, the focus of topics was on leaders, economics, and wars; in the WSJ, the focus was on leaders, economics, and Islamic culture. In terms of applied frames, NYT mostly applied responsibility, cooperation, and consequences frames, while WSJ mostly applied consequences and cooperation frames. The sentiment analysis of data showed that NYT mostly used negative tones, while WSJ mostly used positive tones. This study provided a comprehensive view of the coverage of U.S. newspapers from past to present, leading to predicting a model for each newspaper to understand how these newspapers were covering Saudi issues in the past, explaining the present, and formulating future expectations.