This dissertation examines the intersections of urban redevelopment and sexual politics in San Francisco from the first calls for a comprehensive land-use plan in the early 1940s to the highpoint of landscape destruction in the mid 1960s. During the war years, city leaders and prominent citizens compiled and prioritized a list of postwar planning projects that included improvements to the mass transit system, redevelopment of the downtown waterfront, and expansion of the city’s tourism and convention facilities. The footprint of these projects necessitated the destruction of significant elements of the built environment, including cable car lines, low rent hotels, industrial zones, and nighttime entertainment districts. After the war, civic leaders, elected officials, business interests and newspaper publishers attempted to rally support for these projects and searched for new ways to assert control over the urban landscape. San Franciscans, however, resisted significant components of the post-war civic improvement program by mobilizing against plans to replace cable cars with buses, by voting down schemes to redevelop the waterfront, and by blocking efforts to expand the freeway network. In this larger context, gays and lesbians in San Francisco in the early 1960s organized as a response to displacement from the low-rent hotel and bar districts on the edge of an expanding downtown. Specific examples of the loss of gay social spaces due to redevelopment pressures include the destruction of a popular gay bar to make way for a new airline bus terminal; the acquisition and razing of several businesses on the waterfront that hosted a thriving gay subculture; and the closure of a gay-oriented movie house after it aroused the ire of neighborhood activists in the Haight Ashbury district. This dissertation builds on previous work that examines the cultural politics of urban landscape change, as well as literature on the formation of urban sexuality-base subcultures to argue that the material transformation of urban space played a fundamental role in the emergence of contemporary notions of sexual difference. / text

This study argues that Francisco I. Madero, a Spiritist and the thirty-third President of Mexico, understood his political action as the earthly component of spiritual struggle. In Madero's correspondence, "spirit writings," and pseudonymous Spiritist publications, we find a prescriptive Spiritist vision, in which democracy represents a triumph of human's "higher nature" over the "base, selfish passions" of Porfirio Díaz and his regime. This prescriptive vision is both characteristic of Kardecist Spiritism, the transnational metaphysical movement influential in the Americas since the mid-nineteenth century, and the outward expression of an inner struggle, in which self-discipline, charity, and hard work are thought to calm one's "animal passions," and in so doing attract "higher spirits" that aid in spiritual development. While reserved in the public presentation of his religiosity, the documentary evidence suggests that for Madero, the democratic struggle had "transcendental" significance. Analyzing his published work alongside his personal and political biography in the period between 1900-1911, this study briefly considers this prescriptive Spiritist vision and the ways it inflected Madero's political action and accommodated changing political circumstance. / text

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1948 as a response to the atrocities of the Second World War. This analysis seeks to trace the influence of three Spanish masters of the 16th century, Las Casas, Vitoria and Suárez on the rights language and theory presented in the UDHR. Particular attention is given to the debates surrounding the Amerindians and the Spanish Conquest of the Americas, as well as burgeoning discussions of international relations in the emerging modern age. These debates provided the context in which the three theorists developed their understanding of rights and how the rule of the natural law was to be understood in the modern age. While the vision of the UDHR still remains to be achieved, the influence of the three masters is clearly recognized and much credit is due them for laying the foundation of modern human rights theory. / text

The main thesis of this dissertation is that final causes are beings of reason (‘entia rationis’) in the philosophy of Francisco Suárez (1547-1617). The rejection of final causes is often seen as one of the hallmarks of Early Modern philosophy, marking the transition from an earlier Aristotelian tradition. However, in this dissertation it is shown that final causes had a problematic position already within the Aristotelian tradition. Although other examples of this can be found, this dissertation centers around the thinking of the philosopher and theologian Francisco Suárez and his treatment of final causes in his Disputationes Metaphysicae from 1597. Suárez counts final causes as one of the four kinds of causes, in line with the Aristotelian tradition. However, what these are and how they cause is, at closer inspection, not at all clear, as Suárez shapes his notion of final causation against the background of a definition of causation where efficient causation is the principal kind of causation. Due to this basic view on causes, he is faced with a host of problems when it comes to “salvaging” final causes. Though at first sight seemingly real, in a final analysis final causes are shown to belong to the class of “beings of reason,” ‘entia rationis,’ which are not real beings at all. However, it is also argued that this does not in itself preclude counting final causes as causes; something can really be a cause without being real. Chapter one presents Suárez’ general view on causes and causation. Chapter two presents his view on final causation. Chapter three examines the close link between final causation and moral psychology. Chapter four relates the question of final causation to God’s concurrence with the world. Finally, chapter five argues for the thesis that final causes are beings of reason.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Oct. 30, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 65).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [481]-500).

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política, Florianópolis, 2010 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T03:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 285012.pdf: 2922654 bytes, checksum: bd72f345c6afcb62428bd8a63efcc14d (MD5) / Esta dissertação trata do modo de vida alusivo aos pescadores artesanais, em particular, os do Bairro Bela Vista, em São Francisco do Sul. Parte da condição segundo a qual a formação do bairro e da pesca artesanal de subsistência foi configurada assim que o porto inicia as suas obras de ampliação no início do século XX. Na origem da constituição portuária as atividades dos #trapiches#, do comércio localizado, dos limitados investimentos, estabeleciam uma relação com os pescadores ainda restrita. Esta relação intensifica-se, na medida em que o porto se moderniza, alterando as suas características técnicas, expandindo o seu processo de trabalho, criando várias profissões e novas atividades. Apreender estas questões é pressupor, sobretudo, que o desenvolvimento capitalista engendra elementos contraditórios que permitem ao pescador artesanal superar a sua dependência às leis da natureza e à atividade de subsistência da pesca. Para esta empreitada, utilizamos o método dialético marxista de apreensão da realidade social. Esperamos, com isso, ter a compreensão dos nexos, relações e mediações da pesca com a sociedade moderna. Apreender, também, que o desenvolvimento das forças produtivas sociais engendra elementos para um mundo superior ao precedente. / This is a thesis on the life style allusive to artisan fishermen, particularly those in the Bela Vista Area, in São Francisco do Sul. The starting point consists of the conditions according to which the Area and artisan fishing for subsistence were set in the early 20th century when construction work to expand the harbor started. In its origins the settlement and constitution of the harbor, the activities that took place on the #piers#, local trade and limited investments established a restricted relationship with the fishermen. This relationship is intensified as the harbor becomes more modern, altering the technical features and expanding the work process, creating several new professional activities. Grasping these issues is above all presupposing that capitalistic development engenders contradicting elements that allow the artisan fishermen to overcome their dependency on natural laws and on subsistence fishing. For this purpose, Marx#s dialectical method was applied in grasping social reality. We therefore expect to have an understanding of the connection, relationship and mediation between fishing and modern society. It is also an attempt to grasp the concept that the development of social productive forces engenders a superior world compared to the preceding one.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-graduação em Urbanismo, História e Arquitetura da Cidade / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T14:11:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 248033.pdf: 250619792 bytes, checksum: e696c37c72e1ae6dd0f3517830d7c6c2 (MD5) / O presente estudo relaciona a paisagem e o patrimônio do Centro Histórico de São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, e tem por objetivo compreender a paisagem atual do lugar como resultante do processo de preservação desencadeado em 1981 com a preservação municipal e em 1987 com a federal. Para tanto, se pretende conhecer o patrimônio que se estabeleceu com o tombamento, as justificativas que permitiram a escolha deste como um exemplar da cultura nacional e os elementos que compõe ma estrutura morfológica do lugar. O texto foi elaborado em três partes principais: a discussão dos conceitos paisagem e do patrimônio; a contextualização histórica da área; e os fatos que tornam o Centro Histórico de São Francisco do Sul digno de cuidados municipais e federais. Busca-se, assim, conhecer as variáveis morfológicas que são a base do conjunto e que caracterizam sua feição atual. A paisagem foi analisada sob duas escalas diferentes e complementares: a do todo grande conjunto e a do pequeno conjunto. Percebe-se que a escala do todo é a predominante nas preocupações quanto à preservação, e que existe um ponto fixo de observação da imagem/paisagem do conjunto nesta escala, considerada clássica, a partir do mar. O desenho da poligonal de tombamento, em razão de suas características formais, parece ratificar esta imagem. Assim, os elementos estruturais que não têm relação direta com a paisagem tornam-se menos relevantes para a preservação do bem tombado. Os considerados como os mais importantes para o conjunto são aqueles que têm participação direta na chamada fachada marítima da cidade e que são possíveis de serem apreciados à distância, os estruturadores do tecido urbano. Assim, os elementos da linguagem arquitetônica, perceptíveis na escala do pequeno conjunto edificado, não o são na configuração da paisagem. O efeito do tombamento se manifesta sobre a escala do todo, sendo possível compreender que, de acordo com o que se pretendia conservar em São Francisco do Sul, as ações empreendidas pelos órgãos de preservação, IPHAN e Prefeitura Municipal, cumprem com propriedade o papel que lhes foi atribuído. O que se mostra necessário rever são os conceitos que justificam o tombamento e que definem as ações que se efetivam sobre o que deve ser preservado. Conclui-se que o patrimônio que se estabelece determina a paisagem que se constrói.

Viceroy Francisco de Toledo (1569-81) both reviled and admired the Incas. Surprisingly, he identified exactly the same aspects of their rule to praise and to condemn. To supply a legal justification for the Spanish conquest of Tawantinsuyu, Toledo and his advisers set out to prove that the Incas met the definition of tyranny in Castilian law, as explained by Aristotle and codified in the Siete Partidas. Tyranny was defined by specific elements: state surveillance and control, a climate of fear, the destruction of civil society, social leveling, and a monopoly by the state over its subjects’ time, labor, and property. But even while condemning the Inca regime for these methods, Toledo came to believe that these methods had enabled the Incas to rule well and to create a prosperous society in the Andes. The viceroy self-consciously emulated the same aspects of Inca rule that he invoked to prove that they were tyrants. / El virrey Francisco de Toledo (1569-1581) denostaba y admiraba a los incas al mismo tiempo. Sorprendentemente, alababa y condenaba a la vez diversos aspectos que él identificó en el gobierno de aquellos. Para dar una justificación legal de la conquista española del Tawantinsuyu, Toledo y sus asesores se propusieron demostrar que las prácticas políticas de los incas encajaban con la definición de la tiranía en el derecho castellano, que se basaba en las ideas de Aristóteles y que estaba recogida en las Siete partidas. La tiranía fue definida por elementos específicos: un estado de vigilancia y control, un clima de miedo, la destrucción de la sociedad civil, la nivelación social y el monopolio del Estado sobre el tiempo, el trabajo y la propiedad de sus súbditos. Pero incluso mientras condenaba al Tawantinsuyu por dichas prácticas, Toledo llegó a creer que ellas habían permitido a los incas gobernar bien y crear una sociedad próspera en los Andes. El virrey, conscientemente, emuló los mismos aspectos del régimen del Tawantinsuyu que él invocaba para demostrar que los incas habían sido unos tiranos.