Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 406-412). Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Illinois University. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-50).

This thesis is a study of free people of colour during the era of emancipation in Barbados, with a particular focus on their relationships with and attitudes towards slaves. It examines the period between the 1816 slave rebellion and the 1854 cholera epidemic, encompassing the apprenticeship period of 1834-1838. The thesis argues that differences of class, political ideology, gender and the specific nature of their relationships with slaves determined emancipation's impact on free people of colour. At the same time, the thesis illustrates that pre-emancipation free people of colour as a group remained economically and politically marginal after emancipation, much as they had been during slavery. Reforms to the island's slave laws during the 1820s and early 1830s undermined the legal distinction between free people of colour and slaves. The abolitionism debate and increasing racial tension in the island led free non-whites to challenge openly the principle of racial subordination for the first time. After 1834, elite free people of colour forged a sense of "race consciousness", and adopted emancipation as the key to their battle against racial inequality, asserting themselves as the legitimate protectors of ex-slaves' interests. However class differences and disagreements over emancipation policy led to political factionalism among people of colour. The absence of fundamental change in the distribution of land and wealth after emancipation left most pre-1834 free people of colour and ex-slaves with little hope of political enfranchisement or socio-economic betterment. By the early 1850s, many came to see emigration as the solution to their difficulties. This thesis is the first study of pre-1834 free people of colour in post-emancipation Barbados, and one of few to examine both the periods of slavery and postemancipation. By focussing on the intricate relations between free people of colour and slaves/ex-slaves, this thesis shows how emancipation transformed many aspects of social relations in Barbados ― particularly with regard to race, class, labour and gender.

The true nineteenth-century story of the Underground Railroad begins in the South and is spread North by free blacks, escaping southern slaves, and displaced, white, anti-slavery Protestant evangelicals. This study examines the role of free blacks, escaping slaves, and white Protestant evangelicals influenced by tenants of Kentucky’s Second Great Awakening who were inspired, directly or indirectly, to aid in African American community building. The impact of Kentucky’s Great Revival resulted in creation and expansion of systems of escape commonly referred to as the “Underground Railroad” which led to self-emancipation among enslaved African Americans, the establishment of free black settlements in the South, North, within Kentucky borderlands, and the Mid- West, and resulting in the eventual outbreak of a Civil War. An examination of slave narratives, escaping slave ads, the history of American religious societies, as well as examination of denominational doctrines, policies, public views, and actions regarding American slavery confirmed the impact of Kentucky’s 1797 Great Revival on freeing slaves, creating black church congregations, establishment of antislavery churches, and benevolent societies throughout Kentucky and the Mid-West. These newly formed churches and societies spread the gospel of black freedom beyond Kentucky into Western Territories particularly Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. The spread of an evangelical religious message and the violent displacement of white and black antislavery advocates had the unintended consequence of aiding freedom seeking slaves in the formation of independent, black settlements and religious societies, not only in Kentucky but also in the North and West. This work acknowledges the central role Kentucky played in providing two of the three acknowledged and well-documented national Underground Railroad escape corridors which successfully ran through eastern Kentucky’s Appalachian Mountains and within the core of the state’s Western and Central Bluegrass Regions.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-25T14:07:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 priscillasamanthabarbosaverona.pdf: 1709471 bytes, checksum: 6f01e7cc5dfd274278c979bc9ed10fbb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-25T16:34:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 priscillasamanthabarbosaverona.pdf: 1709471 bytes, checksum: 6f01e7cc5dfd274278c979bc9ed10fbb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-25T16:34:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 priscillasamanthabarbosaverona.pdf: 1709471 bytes, checksum: 6f01e7cc5dfd274278c979bc9ed10fbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T16:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 priscillasamanthabarbosaverona.pdf: 1709471 bytes, checksum: 6f01e7cc5dfd274278c979bc9ed10fbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O estudo concentra-se na primeira metade do século XIX, momento inicial do processo de construção das bases do Estado-Nação. Buscamos lançar olhares sobre o Termo de Mariana na intenção de compreender em que medida o processo de escolarização dos negros livres e libertos ocorrido naquele contexto, se relacionou com a experiência da cidadania que se construía no contexto brasileiro durante o Império. A instrução pública enquanto um direito civil, e a experiência dos livres e libertos com a instrução nos levou a forjar interpretações sobre a natureza do Estado-Nação que se pretendia formar. A existência da igualdade civil, que surge a partir de 1824 com a Constituição, na medida em que se incorpora em uma sociedade marcada pelo escravismo e por fortes tensões de cunho racial, ao invés de gerar maior igualdade social, acabou se constituindo, de maneira sui generis, em fator de contribuição a uma maior complexidade das hierarquias sociais. Estas eram, em grande medida, provenientes de uma necessidade fundamental dos segmentos sociais atingidos pela questão racial, qual seja, a de se afastar do estigma da escravidão, recorrendo a condição de membros da sociedade civil. Nesse âmbito, o acesso `a instrução na sociedade imperial por negros contribuíram não somente com a legitimação, mas especialmente com a complexificação das hierarquias sociais na sociedade, sempre buscando se afastar do estigma da escravidão. / The study focuses on the first half of the nineteenth century, the initial stage of the process of building the foundations of the nation state. We seek to cast eyes on the Mariana term in an attempt to understand to what extent the process of schooling of free blacks and freed occurred in that context, was related to the experience of citizenship was being built in the Brazilian context during the Empire. Public education as a civil right, and the experience of free and freed through education led us to forge interpretations of the nature of the nation-state that was intended to form. The existence of civil equality, which comes from 1824 with the Constitution, in that it is incorporated in a society marked by slavery and by strong tensions of racial nature, rather than generate greater social equality, eventually constituting, so sui generis, in contributing factor to greater complexity of social hierarchies. These were, largely, from a fundamental need of social groups affected by the racial question, namely, to get away from the stigma of slavery, using capacity as members of civil society. In this context, access `training in imperial society by blacks contributed not only to the legitimacy but especially with the complexity of social hierarchies in society, always looking to get away from the stigma of slavery.

Bibliography: pages 79-84. / This essay examines how the Cape government thought and felt about certain prominent Muslims, exiled from present day Indonesia to that colony, in the period 1652 to 1806. It has both descriptive and analytic functions. Descriptively, it seeks to find out what these thoughts and feelings were. Analytically, it seeks to explain why they came about. The essay contends that the way in which the exiles were perceived can only be understood by locating them in the wider Cape social, economic and political context. Accordingly, it describes elements of this context such as the Dutch colonial rationale, the Cape social structure, its culture and pertinent legal practices. Against this background, it then describes these perceptions. The description is general and specific. It examines perceptions of exiles in general by a study of the social class to which they belonged, namely the free blacks. It particularly focuses on the demography, the legal status and the economic position of this class. The final chapter of the essay is ties empirical backbone, being a specific and detailed examination of what the Cape government thought and felt about prominent individual exiles. As far as possible, it elicits all the evidence concerning these exiles, pertinent to the topic at hand, that is available in the prevailing historical literature. This essay's central thesis is that the exiles were peripheral to the concerns of the Cape government. Perceptions of individual exiles were nuanced and encompassed various attitudes, but at the core the exiles were not seen as important to their vital interests. The class to which the exiles belonged, the free blacks, were always at the demographic, legal, and economic margins of Cape society. The essay contends that the reason the exiles were peripheral in government perceptions was because of the general marginality of Muslims in the Cape context. They lacked numbers, and their role as a religious constituency was undermined by a society that subsumed such a constituency under various other concerns. The thesis is a departure from other studies on Cape Muslim history which this essay contends, tend to emphasise the "differentness" and centrality of the Muslim contribution.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O presente estudo analisa a presenÃa de famÃlias negras, pardas, e homens de bens pecuniÃrios no processo de ocupaÃÃo do sertÃo do AcaraÃ, a formaÃÃo da sociedade sertaneja cujo povoamento estava inserido dentro de uma lÃgica mercantil da expansÃo das fronteiras agropastoril. Nesta sociedade colonial, diversos sesmeiros portadores de âdefeitos mecÃnicosâ e de cor, como os membros da famÃlia Coelho e Dias de Carvalho tornaram-se senhores de cabedais por mercÃs e negros como Josà Monteiro de Melo, cuja riqueza foi fruto de seu trabalho. TambÃm discutimos sobre a cor dos negros no sertÃo, como foram organizados e classificados. Suas experiÃncias nos possibilitaram pensar na formaÃÃo da famÃlia, no aumento da parentela, na estabilidade familiar, mecanismo importante de mobilidade nas diversas alianÃas construÃdas pelo parentesco ritual ou fictÃcio. Procuramos analisar a mobilidade social e econÃmica de negros escravos, libertos e livres; sobre as diversas estratÃgias utilizadas pelos cativos para conseguirem suas alforrias e sobre as relaÃÃes que estes forros forjaram para sobreviverem como trabalhadores pobres livres, bem como, a respeito da relaÃÃo entre escravos, libertos e proprietÃrios, envolvendo conflitos e negociaÃÃes. / The present study analyzes the presence of black families, Browns, and men of monetary assets in the process of occupation of the sertÃo do AcaraÃ, the formation of the country society whose settlement was inserted within a logical expansion of the agricultural frontier merchant. In this colonial society, various sesmeiros people with "mechanical defect" and of color, such as members of the family rabbit and Dias de Carvalho became Lords of uppers for mercy and blacks as Josà Monteiro de Melo, whose wealth was the result of his work. We also discussed about the black color in the backcountry, as were organized and sorted. Their experiences have enabled us thinking on family formation, increased kin, stability, important mechanism of family mobility in several alliances built by kinship or ritual. We seek to examine the social and economic mobility of black slaves, Freedmen and free; about the various strategies used by captives to their alforrias and about the relationships that these forged liners to survive as working poor free as well, regarding the relationship between slaves, Freedmen and owners, involving conflicts and negotiations.

The Melungeons are a group of indeterminable origin living in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Southeastern Tennessee and Southwestern Virginia. This thesis describes characteristics of these tri-racial isolates and gives theories as to their mysterious origins. Being darker skinned, the Melungeons were pushed into more mountainous regions by European colonists in the early 1700’s. While multiple hypotheses exist as to the origin of the Melungeon people, there is no single theory that is accepted by all scholars. Dr. Brent Kennedy’s The Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People, served as a catalyst for my Melungeon research. Kennedy is my cousin, and his book provided facts behind the family stories I recalled from childhood. It also linked me to other famous Melungeons such as Brandy Jack Mullins and Mahala Mullins. Although there are an abundance of stories and facts about my Melungeon heritage, there is also much history that has been lost. This thesis traces my Melungeon roots, following the family stories of N.B. Kennedy, Brandy Jack Mullins, Mahala Mullins, and Kenneth Kennedy. In order to fully understand these people and their stories, I not only researched their history, but I also visited the areas where they lived and died. In this manner, I was able to gain a better understanding my own family as well as the history of the Melungeons. A person’s past is pieced together through oral history, written records, fading pictures, and personal artifacts. Along with these methods, we as writers and researchers add a bit of our own thought and imagination to fill in the gaps of a person’s life. In this manner, personal mythology is created. This thesis ends with an example of one fictionalized story from my family surrounding the death of my uncle, Kenneth Kennedy.

The Second Seminole War in Florida, 1835-1842, was a time of disruption and upheaval for all of those unfortunate enough to occupy the territory of Florida during the seven years of this protracted battle over Seminole removal to the West. Illicit trade was a major factor which enabled the Seminoles to resist removal for such an extended period. Illicit trade requires outside assistance. Documentary evidence suggests that such assistance was rendered by Spanish fishermen, English and American wreckers, slaves, free blacks, Native Americans and white American settlers. This thesis examines the evidence for plunder and illicit trade, and the possible outlets for various classes of plunder. Evidence is examined within a political economy theoretical framework. An archaeological research design is also developed to aid in identifying and recognizing war camps and war caches in the archaeological record.

SOUZA, Raimundo Nonato Rodrigues de. Minha riqueza é fruto do meu trabalho: negros de cabedais no Sertão do Acaraú (1709-1822). 2015. 223f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-20T13:09:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rnrsouza.pdf: 2593539 bytes, checksum: fdf52bdb278f7fe29104692265ce35db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-20T13:11:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rnrsouza.pdf: 2593539 bytes, checksum: fdf52bdb278f7fe29104692265ce35db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-20T13:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rnrsouza.pdf: 2593539 bytes, checksum: fdf52bdb278f7fe29104692265ce35db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The present study analyzes the presence of black families, Browns, and men of monetary assets in the process of occupation of the sertão do Acaraú, the formation of the country society whose settlement was inserted within a logical expansion of the agricultural frontier merchant. In this colonial society, various sesmeiros people with "mechanical defect" and of color, such as members of the family rabbit and Dias de Carvalho became Lords of uppers for mercy and blacks as José Monteiro de Melo, whose wealth was the result of his work. We also discussed about the black color in the backcountry, as were organized and sorted. Their experiences have enabled us thinking on family formation, increased kin, stability, important mechanism of family mobility in several alliances built by kinship or ritual. We seek to examine the social and economic mobility of black slaves, Freedmen and free; about the various strategies used by captives to their alforrias and about the relationships that these forged liners to survive as working poor free as well, regarding the relationship between slaves, Freedmen and owners, involving conflicts and negotiations. / O presente estudo analisa a presença de famílias negras, pardas, e homens de bens pecuniários no processo de ocupação do sertão do Acaraú, a formação da sociedade sertaneja cujo povoamento estava inserido dentro de uma lógica mercantil da expansão das fronteiras agropastoril. Nesta sociedade colonial, diversos sesmeiros portadores de “defeitos mecânicos” e de cor, como os membros da família Coelho e Dias de Carvalho tornaram-se senhores de cabedais por mercês e negros como José Monteiro de Melo, cuja riqueza foi fruto de seu trabalho. Também discutimos sobre a cor dos negros no sertão, como foram organizados e classificados. Suas experiências nos possibilitaram pensar na formação da família, no aumento da parentela, na estabilidade familiar, mecanismo importante de mobilidade nas diversas alianças construídas pelo parentesco ritual ou fictício. Procuramos analisar a mobilidade social e econômica de negros escravos, libertos e livres; sobre as diversas estratégias utilizadas pelos cativos para conseguirem suas alforrias e sobre as relações que estes forros forjaram para sobreviverem como trabalhadores pobres livres, bem como, a respeito da relação entre escravos, libertos e proprietários, envolvendo conflitos e negociações.