El propósito de la investigación ha sido desarrollar las metodologías correspondientes a la valoración de organizaciones empresariales de tipo financiero, debido a que no existe un método definido para valorar a este tipo de instituciones. En el mercado existe una gran variedad de métodos de valoración, algunos de ellos no libres de dificultades en su aplicación práctica. Sin embargo, hay métodos que pueden ser adecuados para valorar a las entidades del sistema financiero, como el Flujo de caja para el accionista (Free Cash Flow Equity), que representa el valor de las acciones; y el Método de flujo de dividendos descontados (DDM por sus siglas en inglés: Dividen Discount Model), que es el precio de la acción de una compañía en función de los dividendos que va a repartir en el futuro; también se analiza el método de descuento de flujos, que literalmente es una de las metodologías menos complicadas; y, finalmente el método de Valorización de Utilidades Retenidas. Estos métodos de valoración permiten al inversionista estimar el valor; y, de esa manera, tomar una adecuada decisión de inversión. / The purpose of the research is to develop the methodologies corresponding to the valuation of business organizations of a financial type, because there is no established method for valuing this type of institutions. In the market there is a wide variety of valuation methods, some of them not free of difficulties in their practical application. However, there are methods that may be suitable for valuing the entities of the financial system, such as the Free Cash Flow Equity, which represents the value of the shares; and the Discounted Dividend Flow Method (DDM), which is the price of a company's stock based on the dividends it will distribute in the future; The flow discount method is also analyzed, which is literally one of the least complicated methodologies; and, finally, the method of Valorization of Retained Utilities. These valuation methods allow the investor to estimate the value; and, in that way, make an appropriate investment decision. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

The master’s thesis deals with the subjective value of stock company IFE-CR, a.s. via selected revenue method. Value estimation will be made to 31. December 2013. The teoretical part explains the main concepts and describes the methodological approaches, related to the company value estimation. Theoretical basis of literature search are developed and applied to specific businness entity in practical part. This part introduces the evaluated company, includes the results of the strategic and financial analysis and in the final stage also the suggestion of value estimation.

Purpose:This thesis is examining two of the most common valuation methods put into practice on firms of different sizes in order to see if the market capitalization has any impact on said valuations. Relevance: Despite the widespread use of the intrinsic valuation methods both in academia and the professional world the amount of coverage concerning real life usage and analysis seems to be somewhat lacking. The numerous studies that cover the pros and cons of different valuation models and their supposed accuracy towards current stock prices. The studies rarely try to analyze whether or not the invisible hand of the market treats the firms differently depending on the market capitalization. Method: In this thesis the Free Cash Flow to Equity and Dividend Discount Model have been applied to 10 different firms of different sizes. The 10 firms were from a market capitalization perspective viewed as  5 “large”  and 5 “small”. For comparison matter, for each of the “large”  firms there was one corresponding “small” firm that operates in a similar line of business. The future growth projections were based on historical data and for the discount rate the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was used. Conclusion: The two valuation models showed remarkably similar results, even when applied to firms of greatly different market capitalizations. Within the constraints and delimitations of this thesis, the conclusion is that according to Free Cash Flow to Equity model and Dividend Discount Model models the market does not value the firms differently with regards to market capitalization. In fact the divergencies in terms of absolute numbers of the valuations as a whole only show a 1% percentage unit difference in the Dividend Discount Model and a 2% percentage unit of difference in the Free Cash Flow to Equity model between the large and small cap segments.

Share repurchases reached a decade-high level in 2019, just as US equity indices reached a historical zenith, a move in tandem that supports more than merely a correlative relation. However, this relationship moves beyond that of just a close tandem move in indices alongside share repurchases, but to the behavior of firms which began to leverage themselves in order to promote the evermore profitable strategy of large buyback programs. Those repurchases indicate an idiosyncratic and procyclical leveraging that, while much smaller in scope and less combustible by lack of derivative amplification, led to the gorging on unsustainable debt described by Hyman Minsky and experienced in the Great Financial Crisis in the banking industry. In this case, the 'Minsky moment' that may have inevitably popped the self-promotion bubble came in the form of the 'black swan' event of the coronavirus outbreak. This paper aims to historically frame the issues, with delimitation of the effect of buybacks from 2009 to early 2020 with scant reference to historical factors influencing the increased usage of share repurchase programs. The analysis within this historical scope will reflect empirical measures on the market-wide level of share buybacks and debt levels alongside the concurrent equity index acceleration....

I measure the influence of ESG activities on Free Cash flow to the Firm and Free Cash Flow to Equity. I find that ESG activities primarily benefit the cash flows to creditors of firms in developed markets. The ESG effect predominantly comes from the excess spending of the firm on communicating how it integrates the economic (financial), social and environmental dimensions into its day-to-day decision-making processes. For developed market firms, the additional factor of excess spending on conditions for the workforce plays a role in boosting Free Cash Flow to the Firm.

In this article, the author is trying (1) to know more about the Internet industry, theoretically and practically, (2) to know the strengths and weaknesses of Internet companies with different business models, and the criteria that can be used to tell a winner from a would-be loser, and (3) to arrive fundamental approaches that could be used or that would be suitable to the valuation of a given Internet stock. They are mainly because the law of increasing return, first mover advantage, brand name advantage and model consolidation that make the competitiveness of leading Internet companies increase continually, and make it harder and harder to survive for new entrants. The author compares different valuation models including dividend discount model, discount free cash flow method, adjusted discount free cash flow method, EVA method, P/S, P/B, P/E multiples, and other non-financial multiples such as page view multiples and unique visitor multiples. Among them, the adjusted discount free cash flow method is the most suitable model to the valuation of Yahoo! and other leading portals that already report positive earnings or can be sure to make money in the near future. Other valuation models cannot be used to the valuation of portals.

This thesis examined the predictive power of different strategies for future stock returns. The analysis was conducted using a data sample of 3976 firms traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and NASDAQ during a 29 year time horizon, from July 1986 to June 2015. Predictive powers of different strategies were also tested during three sub-periods and during bull and bear markets using both long-only and long/short portfolios to check whether the predictive power is robust. It was found that the FCF yield is a better indicator of future stock returns than the gross profitability. The difference between average monthly returns was significant during all tested time periods and market situations using both long-only and long/short portfolios. The newly introduced FCF profitable value strategy proved to be a better predictor of future stock returns than the profitable value strategy. The FCF profitable value strategy presents also an improvement over the FCF yield strategy. It was found that the FCF profitable value has a better predictive power for future stock returns than the FCF yield at least during some time periods or market situations. JEL Classification G11, G14, G15, G17 Keywords value investing, quality investing, gross profitability, free cash flow yield Author's e-mail...

The purpose of this thesis is to look at how the two widely used valuation approaches Free Cash Flow to Firm and Relative valuation can contribute to the explanation of market prices of shares. The study also aims to investigate if it is possible to find any significant differences between industries, while using the two valuation methods. There are a large number of models that are used to value assets and corporations, which have been used for a long time in the banking sector and similar contexts. It is widely known that a single valuation method or model which could predict a future stock price is hard to find or might even not exist. The study uses a quantitative method, in which we evaluated 36 Swedish companies, to be able to draw conclusions about the two valuation approaches. Our results suggest that the calculated prices obtained from the two methods correlate with the market price of the share, and that the result differ between different industries.

Background: In an inefficient market, the intrinsic value of an asset may not be equal to its true market value. Therefore, before engaging in a stock transaction, both the seller and the buyer would want to know the intrinsic value of the stock as neither would want to lose money during the process. An effective valuation model enabling investors to efficiently determine firm values is therefore considered to be a crucial factor. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the free cash flow to equity (FCFE) approach and the dividend discount model (DDM) on 30 Swedish companies. This to conclude if they are considered to be accurate valuation models and to determine if one of the methods gives a more accurate estimation of the companies’ share prices than the other. Additionally, the report will examine if one model is preferred for a specific sector and if a payout ratio exists where the DDM generates a particularly realistic valuation. Method: A database will be produced to estimate share prices for each company using both the FCFE approach and the DDM over five consecutive years. The accuracy of the models will be evaluated by dividing the projected share prices with their corresponding actual stock prices to calculate the percentage deviations. The smaller the percentage deviation, the more accurate is the estimated share price considered to be. Conclusion: It is evident from the findings of this thesis that the FCFE approach and the DDM produce accurate valuations for Swedish companies. It is difficult to determine that one is preferred over the other altogether, instead the FCFE approach is preferred in some cases and the DDM in others. This depends on the companies’ actual stock prices, which industry the companies operate in and the amount the companies are assumed to pay out as dividends.

The aim of my Master's Thesis is to estimate the value of the FERN company at 1st May, 2012. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first one contains the main theoretical principles, which create a basis for the evaluation of the company. In the second part I present the company beeing evaluated. Futher I focus my attention on the strategic and financial analysis, which is the fundamental basis for the determination of the final value. The following part of my thesis includes the generators of values and the forecast of them. The financial plan is constructed coming out of those generators of values. To determine the value of the company I chose the method of discounted cash flow to the equity.