I Östergötlands län fyller Östgötatrafiken en viktig samhällsroll som ansvariga för kollektivtrafiken. I länet sker över 30 miljoner resor årligen med Östgötatrafikens buss- och pendeltågstrafik. I Sverige och internationellt har det tidigare genomförts försök med nolltaxa i kollektivtrafiken, bland annat för att få fler att resa kollektivt, för att minska utsläpp och uppnå tidsbesparingar. Syftet med uppsatsen är att genomföra en samhällsekonomisk lönsamhetskalkyl för nolltaxa i kollektivtrafiken i Östergötland. Lönsamhetskalkyler bygger på välfärdsteori, där målet är att undersöka om ett projekt ökar välfärden för att slutligen användas som underlag till beslutsfattare. Arbetets lönsamhetskalkyl visar att nyttorna för samhället i första hand består av värdet av ökade resor och tidsbesparingar. Utsläpp från koldioxid och andra emissioner minskar även då fler börjar resa kollektivt. Kostnaderna i kalkylen utgörs främst av en ökad resursåtgång för att möta ett ökat resande. Totalt är nettonuvärdet negativt med cirka 0,5 miljoner kronor, vilket indikerar att projektet inte är lönsamt för samhället. Eventuellt är nettonuvärdet mer negativt beroende på om en omdiskuterad snedvridningseffekt även inkluderas i beräkningen. Vidare är nettonuvärdet avhängigt ett antagande om viss beläggningsgrad i busstrafiken under högtrafik, varför vidare undersökning kring den faktiska beläggningsgraden är av intresse.

En hållbar utveckling består av en balans mellan social, ekologisk och ekonomisk hållbarhet. Inom transportsektorn omfattar det ett samspel mellan jämställdhet, jämlikhet och trafiksäkerhet, minskad klimatpåverkan och ett systemet som utvecklas på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt. Att införa avgiftsfri kollektivtrafik är en metod som flera kommuner och städer har provat för att nå målet om en hållbar utveckling. Syftet med den här studien är att utvärdera resultaten av olika sådana projekt och hitta vilka framgångsfaktorerna har varit. Resultatet har blivit övervägande positivt med följderna att det kollektiva resandet ökade stort. Många orter och städer runt om i världen har idag avgiftsfri kollektivtrafik, men många har också återgått till vanlig taxa. Främsta orsaken har varit svårigheten att finansiera systemet. Kommuner och städer har olika geografiska, strukturella, ekonomiska och politiska förutsättningar, vilket är anledningen till varför resultaten blivit så varierande. Bland framgångsfaktorerna som har identifierats utmärker sig möjligheterna att samordna olika trafikslag, ett bra samarbete mellan ansvariga myndigheter och ett politiskt engagemang. Orter där en betydande andel av befolkningen reste rabatterat tidigare har haft lättare att finansiera ett helt avgiftsfritt system. De ökade kostnaderna i kombination med förlorade biljettintäkter har för många varit en svår ekvation att lösa.

The municipalities in Sweden must confront with constantly evolving challenges for a sustainable society. One of these challenges is the vital transportation system which enables the society to function properly. However, it is important to recognize that the transportation system itself presents various factors that require careful consideration. Fare-free public transport has properties that have the potential to address many of the problems the society are facing today. This study aims to examine the characteristics and advantages of the fare-free public transport system and assess its alignment with Umeå municipality's sustainability objectives in transportation and urban planning. To achieve this, a document study is conducted to identify Umeå municipality's sustainability goals, while a literature review is done to assess the impacts of implementing a fare-free public transport system. By combining the findings, the paper aims to provide insights into the research objective. The findings suggest that the viability of fare-free public transport depends on the extent to which planners and policymakers are willing to compromise on different dimensions of sustainability. Fare-free public transport can address the social dimension of sustainability goals in Umeå municipality but falls short in achieving the ecological and economical dimensions.

Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée aux politiques de transport public gratuit, à travers des données empiriques tirées d'une analyse géographique globale de la FFPT et de programmes particuliers de FFPT à Tallinn (Estonie), Aubagne (France) et Chengdu (Chine). Le travail empirique et les réflexions qui y sont menées résultent d’un intérêt pour les « alternatives » urbaines et d’une réflexion sur la façon dont les celles-ci pourraient être identifiées et étudiées dans le domaine de transports urbains. Reconnaissant la domination des perspectives dites « néoclassiques » et « durables » sur le transport urbain, la thèse propose de remettre en cause cette domination en intégrant une dimension explicitement urbaine dans l'analyse des politiques des transports. L'objectif principal de la recherche est donc de renforcer le lien entre les traditions critiques de la théorie urbaine et la géographie des transports en analysant et en démontrant comment les politiques des transports sont également des politiques urbaines. Elle développe ainsi un cadre inspiré du concept de « droit à la ville » d’Henri Lefebvre. Cela permet d'étudier comment les politiques de transports sont étayées par des questions de gouvernance, de coalitions et de régimes urbains ;quels intérêts et acteurs elle représentent ;comment elles sont au centre de l’entre-preneurialisme urbain ainsi que des résistances aux logiques entrepreneuriales ;quel rôle elle jouent dans la compétitivité territoriale ;comment elle peuvent être explorées à travers des questions liées à la participation des travailleurs et des citoyens, en soulignant le rôle de ses travailleurs et utilisateurs. Dans ce sens, le « droit à la ville » est proposé comme une grille d’analyse critique à travers laquelle la réalité des transports urbains peut être vue, analysée et, de manière volontairement normative, modifiée. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The decrease of car emission levels has stagnated in the latter years in Stockholm, Sweden. Since the city’s publictransit system is highly developed via its large access to areas located in the city’s outskirts, it could serve as a tool topartially replace the city's car traffic and reduce emissions. This study therefore aims to examine expected travelbehavior changes from a fare-free public transport system and investigate potential limitations when increasing thepublic transport travel degree in Stockholm. The theoretical background consists of the mode choice theory thatdissects the reasons behind travel habits, and the zero-price effect which explains the effects from abolishing priceswhen purchasing a service product. The methodological approach was conducted through a random probabilitysurvey conducted in a face-to-face mix mode survey interviews in outdoor environments and via computer-assistedtelephone interviewing. The data was then analyzed through MS Excel and SPSS to extract patterns and correlations.The results thereafter implicated preferences from the survey participants implying their desire to primarily reduce orabolish the public transport fares, which would lead to significant travel habits changes among the majority ofrespondents. This would result in a high number of both frequent car drivers and frequent public transit commutersthat would commute more by public transit and drive less.

This research intends to illuminate the concept and application of the public policy named fare -free public transport (FFPT), using the cases of Avesta and Tallinn and analysing future applicability of it in the cases of Luxembourg and Uppsala city. The analysis explores the fare-free public transport policy and the theory of sustainable transport. The study presents the different benefits of the policy and its limitations, and how the FFPT is connected to sustainable transport and sustainable development theories and application. Through a case study analysis based in literature review, the analysis of both cities wants to elucidate the application of the FFPT as one important policy tool within cities both for the environment and for the people, and how the policy can develop in the future. Considering this, the presented research also opens the possibility of expansion of the policy to other cities and countries.

In Germany, many universities have student tickets that are bargained for between student representatives and public transport companies, approved by referendum, and mandatory for all students. They allow the use of public transport at no additional cost. I analyze such a scenario in a theoretical model as an example of a flat-rate ticket for public transport which is implemented by majority decision. The mandatory character of the ticket reduces transaction costs like marketing and ticket inspection, reducing the ticket price and thus the students’ commuting expenses. However, there is a countervailing effect. Students face and rationally expect zero marginal monetary commuting costs, so that new students choose a place of residence which is relatively far from the university. This in turn raises the equilibrium ticket price. It may even be the case that students would be better off if such a ticket had never existed. Nonetheless, they always vote for it in referenda, because accepting the high price is optimal given their place of residence. After laying out the model, I analyze an optimal policy, which consists, for example, of subsidizing student dorms at an efficient distance to the city center.

Submitted by Marco Antonio Pepe (marco.pepe@gvmail.br) on 2017-05-26T04:33:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Passe_Livre_Estudantil_Pepe.pdf: 402294 bytes, checksum: 57d034dff614ac46e86a3e06e9296732 (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Bom dia Marco, Por favor verificar o e-mail que lhe mandei com o modelo. Da forma que o trabalho aqui foi submetido, não será possivel aprovar. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição. Att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2017-05-26T11:47:17Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marco Antonio Pepe (marco.pepe@gvmail.br) on 2017-05-26T17:21:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Passe_Livre_Estudantil_Pepe.pdf: 402294 bytes, checksum: 57d034dff614ac46e86a3e06e9296732 (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde. Marco, Por favor verificar o e-mail que acabei de lhe enviar.. ( modelo ) Sem as alterações, não poderei aceitar. Lembrando que seu prazo esta expirando. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição, Att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2017-05-26T17:33:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marco Antonio Pepe (marco.pepe@gvmail.br) on 2017-05-26T19:14:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PEPE_passe_livre_estudantil.pdf: 966081 bytes, checksum: 4317c08616c9751a65a26993a5f35a2d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-05-26T19:16:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PEPE_passe_livre_estudantil.pdf: 966081 bytes, checksum: 4317c08616c9751a65a26993a5f35a2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T19:29:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PEPE_passe_livre_estudantil.pdf: 966081 bytes, checksum: 4317c08616c9751a65a26993a5f35a2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-22 / Como efeito da universalização do ensino fundamental pós 1988, o Brasil deve ter acesso à educação garantido às crianças situadas no coorte etário adequado à série. No entanto, supor que o acesso à educação é problema já resolvido pode acabar por desconsiderar importantes obstáculos impostos ao estrato menos favorecido da população. E dentre eles, o alto custo do transporte público. Por esse motivo foi criado o programa Passe Livre Estudantil, com vistas a reduzir os índices de absenteísmo dentre os alunos de famílias de mais baixa renda. Resultados apurados por meio da aplicação de modelos de regressão múltipla e descontinuada, porém, mostram que a política não tem efeitos significantes na melhoria da frequência escolar. Entretanto, há resultados positivos associados à assimetria informacional, como a busca de escolas de melhor IDEB e a possibilidade de utilização de modais adequados ao trajeto do estudante. Para perseguir o objetivo prioritário da política, de redução do absenteísmo, proposições mais efetivas, como a alocação de mais recursos nas escolas situadas em áreas mais periféricas, o preenchimento das lacunas de cadastro em programas de transferência condicionada de renda como o Bolsa Família ou ainda o incremento dos valores pagos pelo programa às famílias, podem constituir-se como mecanismos eficazes no suprimento de necessidades mais prioritárias e dos custos referentes ao transporte, mais relevante para os estratos mais pobres. / As a result of the universalization of the middle school post 1988, Brazil’s due to guarantee access to education for every child ranging from age 6 to 14 years. However, the assumption that access to education is a done issue is likely to overlook important obstacles placed before the least favored stratum of the population; among these, the high cost of public transportation. For this reason, the Passe Livre Estudantil (Student Free-Pass) was created, set to reduce absenteeism rates among students of lower income families. Yet, results obtained by means of multiple and discontinuity design regression models indicate the policy has no significant effects towards attendance increase. Withal, there are positive results associated to information asymmetry, exemplified by the search of schools with higher IDEB (Basic Education Development Index) and the possibility of adoption of adequate transport modals to students’ route. To pursue the policy’s primary goal, the reduction of absenteeism, more effective propositions, such as the provision of additional resources to schools in vulnerable areas, the improvement of the register to conditional cash transfer policies, like Bolsa Família (Family Allowance), or even an increase to the endowments conceded to families, could represent more efficient mechanisms of relief to the primary needs and main costs with regards to transportation, even more relevant to those in the poorer stratums.