<p>As discussed in the factor-price equalization theorem, prices, and thus wages, tend to equalize as a result of trade between two countries. The focus of this thesis is to perform a time series regression in order to evaluate whether wage convergence has taken place between Mexico and the United Sates of America due to the establishment of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. The authors of this thesis conclude that wage convergence did take place between the two countries in question, since the slopes found using the regression are mostly positive, indicating an increasing real wage ratio between Mexico and the United States of America.</p>

In 2000 “the European Union and South Africa Free Trade Agreement” was established with the aim to gradually increase the amount of duty-free agricultural and industrial products to each market. The aim of this paper is to investigate if South Africa benefits from the EU-SA Free Trade Agreement and also what impacts this agreement has on South Africa’s trade with Southern Africa and the rest of the world. The result from the study indicates that South Africa benefits from the agreement in terms of improve trade. The result also shows that South Africa’s trade with some Southern African countries has been negative effected by the agreement but it is difficult to state if this is caused by the agreement or not. The rest of the world has not been negatively affected by the agreement.

xiii, 103 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / NAFTA has had a significant impact on production, exchange, and labor throughout North America. An area significantly transformed by NAFTA is the maquiladora production region in northern Mexico. While once predominantly a female space of labor, we now see more male workers employed by industrial units there than in the past. This thesis interrogates what has happened to the women workers of the maquiladoras. In what ways have NAFTA, global economic restructuring, and the resultant legal atmosphere affected women's daily lives and employment opportunities? What strategies of resistance have these women developed to contend with the new economic landscape? I argue that women are adapting by moving away from the U.S.- Mexico border to work in garment industries and resisting the economic and social pressures resulting from globalization by engaging in subtle protests within in the maquiladoras, opting to participate in the informal economy, and utilizing community groups to facilitate social change. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Anita M. Weiss, Chair; Professor Ibrahim Gassama; Professor Marcela Mendoza

Considering the obstacles to the conclusion of the Doha Round of international trade negotiations, bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) are the new trend emerging in international relations. Hence, the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and China intend to negotiate such an agreement in order to promote trade and investment between their markets. However, SACU is an organisation with a colonial legacy that continues to debilitate the economies of its weaker member states. Discrepancies in its administration and operation threaten the integrity of the customs union, especially when third parties are involved. This study assesses the politics of trade in the Southern African Customs Union, and the prospect of a FTA with the People’s Republic of China. It explores the quantity and quality of trade between the parties, as well as the role of the state in encouraging economic diplomacy. The dissertation draws on the experiences of other developing countries that have signed FTAs with stronger economies, in order to provide policy recommendations that will steer sustainable trade relations between SACU and China that will be aligned to SACU’s development agenda. The study concludes that a FTA will stimulate a restructuring of SACU’s trade partners, without creating a significant increase in production or employment. Furthermore, the cost competitiveness of Chinese imports will cripple the respective SACU industries, cause unemployment and negate prospects of new industrialisation in certain sectors of the economy. SACU’s strategy for trade liberalisation should be incremental and sector specific. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

This master thesis is focused on the Transtlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and its possible impact on the EU and the US. The aim is to examine the economic and geopolitical implications that could come out of this deal. Closer look on this issue should bring a complex overview on the most discussed trade agreement in international relationship in the 21st century. Comparative approach will be used for detail analysis. Thesis deals with the comparison with current state of bilateral trade between EU and US. In more details TTIP negotiations are being described in this thesis as well its basic concept, advantages and disadvantages for both parties and impacts on Europe and US markets.

EU-Ukraine trade relations are important for both parties: for the EU it is a new market with huge land and labor potential, for Ukraine it is a short-term perspective to modernize it's economy. For now the trade and investment relations are not developed as they can be, in this work we analyze the current trade and investment flows between EU and Ukraine, determine the key partners and industries. In order to bring the relations to the new level, we analyze the possible impact of Free Trade Agreement on the both sides in general and more specifically regarding key industries. The result is the recommendation to continue EU-Ukraine integration, especially in terms of economical cooperation.

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo determinar los factores más relacionados con las exportaciones de pisco a España bajo el marco del TLC con la Unión Europea durante el periodo de 2012 a 2018. Para ello, se ha dividido en cinco capítulos: marco teórico, plan de investigación, metodología de trabajo, desarrollo y aplicación, análisis de los resultados, y consideraciones finales y recomendaciones. En primer lugar, se detalla la literatura que sostiene los fundamentos aplicados en el trabajo, constituyendo los antecedentes epistemológicos, las bases teóricas y un marco conceptual, cuya pretensión es contextualizar la manera en que se abordará el tema del estudio. En segundo lugar, se plantea el eje del plan de investigación delimitando los problemas, el general y los específicos, justificando la elección del tema y acotando los límites a los que este se vio sometido. Adicionalmente, se establecen las hipótesis y los objetivos del trabajo. En tercer lugar, se precisa la metodología de trabajo, es decir, los procedimientos aplicados para el desarrollo de la investigación, así como la obtención de la muestra. En cuarto lugar, el capítulo N° 4 como el desarrollo y la aplicación, se explican las herramientas manejadas para llevar a cabo lo proyectado en el capítulo anterior. En quinto lugar, se analiza los resultados, exponiendo el material obtenido de la investigación y verificando si las hipótesis planteadas inicialmente son válidas o no. Finalmente, en sexto lugar, se describen las consideraciones finales y recomendaciones productos del análisis realizado, contrastando el escenario inicial con los resultados obtenidos. / The aim of this research is to determine the factors that are related to pisco exports to Spain within the framework of the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union during the period 2012 to 2018. For it, the thesis is divided into five chapters: theoretical framework, research plan, work methodology, development and application, analysis of results, and conclusions and recommendations. First of all, chapter N° 1 details the literature that supports the foundations applied in the work, constituting the epistemological background, the theoretical bases and a conceptual framework, whose purpose is to contextualize the way in which the topic of the study will be approached. Then, chapter N° 2 presents the axis of the research plan delimiting the problems, the general and the specific ones, justifying the choice of the subject and delimiting the limits to which it was imposed. Additionally, the hypotheses and objectives of the work are established. Subsequently, chapter N° 3 specifies the methodology, explaining the procedures applied for the development of the research, as well as obtaining the sample. Furthermore, chapter N° 4 describe the tools used to carry out the projections in the previous chapter are explained. Moreover, chapter N° 5 will analyze the results, exposing the material obtained from the research and verifying if the hypotheses initially proposed are valid or not. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations resulting from the carried-out analysis are described, contrasting the initial scenario with the results obtained. / Tesis

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los factores que influyeron en el incremento de las exportaciones de uvas frescas de la región de Ica bajo el TLC Perú-China del periodo 2008-2019. Donde se investigó, como esta integración comercial benefició al Perú para generar una mayor exportación en sus productos agropecuarios, en este caso la uva. En el primer capítulo, se presentan los antecedentes; bases teóricas de internacionalización, negociación internacional, factores determinantes de empresas exportadoras y la descripción de la uva. En el segundo capítulo, se muestra el análisis del contexto de la investigación y se plantea el problema, los objetivos y las hipótesis. En el tercer capítulo, se describe la metodología, la cual es mixta, también se menciona los perfiles de empresas exportadoras de uvas y se encuentra la relación entre las variables de cada factor. Para ello, se entrevistó a empresas exportadoras de uvas de Ica. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta la aplicación, estructura y análisis de las encuentras elaboradas a expertos y especialistas en comercio internacional y en exportación de uvas. Así mismo, se analizan los resultados obtenidos del SPSS. En el quinto capítulo, se validan las hipótesis planteadas para esta investigación. Finalmente, en el sexo capítulo, se describe las conclusiones y recomendaciones de los resultados elaborados en este estudio. / This research aims to analyze the factors that influenced the increase in exports of fresh grapes from the Ica region under the Peru-China FTA of 2008-2019. Where it was investigated, how this commercial integration benefited Peru to generate a greater export in its agricultural products, in this case the grape. In the first chapter, the background is presented; theoretical bases of internationalization, international negotiation, determining factors of the exporting companies and the description of the grape. In the second chapter, the analysis of the research context is shown and the problem, objectives and hypotheses are presented. In the third chapter, the methodology is described, which is mixed, the profiles of the grape exporting companies are also mentioned and the relationship between the variables of each factor is found. To do this, Ica grape exporting companies were interviewed. In the fourth chapter, its application, structure and analysis are presented to experts and specialists in international trade and export of grapes. Likewise, the results obtained from the SPSS are analyzed. In the fifth chapter, the hypotheses proposed for this investigation are validated. Finally, in the sex chapter, the conclusions and recommendations of the results elaborated in this study are described. / Tesis

This thesis examines whether there is an effect of the Mercosur free trade agreement on export and import between member countries. The study uses an extended gravity model framework on a panel data between the years 1975 to 2017 for 34 countries, including the member countries. Two different regressions were run using OLS and country fixed effect. A Linder effect was also added to the regressions to further understand the impact on trade. The results show a significantly positive effect of the FTA on imports. The FTA yielded insignificant and significantly negative result for OLS and FEM respectively on exports.

Problem: Japan är en av Sveriges största exportmarknader med 127 miljoner konsumenter och en intressant marknad för svenska företag. Den japanska marknaden innehar många hinder och utmaningar och har tidigare varit restriktiv mot utländska företag. Svenska små och medelstora företag har oftast mindre kapital och resurser än stora företag vilket kan påverka deras val av etableringsstrategier samt vilka hinder och utmaningar de stöter på. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka etableringsstrategier som svenska företag kan använda för att göra affärer i Japan. Metod: I denna studie har det använts en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med totalt sex informanter. Intervjuerna har genomförts med tre företag som har verksamhet i Japan. De övriga tre intervjuer var med en universitetslektor samt statliga/halvstatliga organisationer. Slutsatser: Hinder som framkommit är icke tariffära barriärer som komplicerade administrativa procedurer, lagar och regler, förståelse av den japanska affärsmiljön samt de höga konsumentkraven. Utmaningar som framkommit är det japanska språket, höga operationskostnader, konkurrensintensiteten (främst på B2B-marknaden) samt långsiktiga relationer och förtroende som tar lång tid att bygga upp. Ursprung och nätverk är något som bör tas hänsyn till då de kan underlätta etableringen på den japanska marknaden. Svenskt ursprung är något som uppskattas i Japan och nätverk kan bidra till att lokala kunskaper och erfarenheter tas vara på. Etableringsstrategier som svenska företag kan använda sig av i Japan är direkt eller kooperativ export samt etablering genom intermediate modes som exempelvis joint venture och mellanhand. Dessa etableringsstrategier respekterar värden som förtroende och långsiktiga relationer vilket är essentiellt för att göra affärer i Japan. / Problem: Japan is one of Sweden’s largest export markets with 127 million consumers and an interesting market for Swedish companies. The Japanese market has many obstacles and challenges and has previously been restrictive to foreign companies. Swedish SMEs usually have less capital and resources than large companies which can affect their choice of establishment strategies as well as the obstacles and challenges they encounter. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the entry strategies that Swedish companies can use to do business in Japan. Methodology: In this study, a qualitative method was used in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of six informants. The interviews were conducted with three companies operating in Japan. The other three interviews were with a university lecturer and state / semi-governmental organizations. Conclusions: Obstacles that emerged in this study are non-tariff barriers such as complicated administrative procedures and laws and regulations, understanding of the Japanese business environment and high consumer demands. Challenges that have emerged are the Japanese language, high operational costs, the intensity of competition (mainly in the B2B-market), as well as long-term relationships and trust that take a long time to build. Origin and networks are something that should be taken into account as they can facilitate the entry in the Japanese market. Swedish origin is something that is appreciated in Japan and networks can help to utilize local knowledge and experience. Entry strategies that Swedish companies can use in Japan are direct or cooperative exports and intermediate modes such as joint venture. These entry strategies respect values such as trust and long-term relationships, which are essential for doing business in Japan.