M.Sc. / The water quality in the Vaal River system has deteriorated due to increasing industrial, mining and agricultural activities in the Vaal Dam and Vaal River Barrage catchment areas. This study was undertaken to determine the water quality in the Vaal Dam, and three localities within the Vaal River Barrage reservoir (i.e. the Riviera Aquatic Club, Abrahamsrust Pleasure Resort and at the Barrage structure). The objectives of this study, was to determine the fish population species composition, evaluate the general health of the selected fish species and obtain site specific metal bioaccumulation data for each locality. Suggestions and proposals for future monitoring and management of these waterbodies were also made. Metereological information on the Vaal River Barrage area was supplied by Rand Water, as well as physical and chemical data of fixed localities, sampled fortnightly (January 1997 to September 1998). In addition, water samples were collected at the Vaal Dam and the three Vaal River Barrage localities mentioned above, during February, May, August and November 1997. These samples were analysed by the Chemistry Department of the Rand Afrikaans University in accordance with standard methods. The chemical and physical characteristics and metal concentrations (aluminium, cadmium, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, strontium and zinc) of these separate sets of data were then compared with Rand Water's Raw Water Quality Criteria. The aluminium, ammonia, chromium, copper, dissolved organic carbon, fluoride, iron, lead, manganese, nitrate, sulphate, total hardness and turbidity variables did not comply with the recommended guideline values. No guideline levels for strontium are available, however. Sedimentation, turbidity, salination and eutrophication within the Vaal River system play an important role in the bioaccumulation of metals by benthic organisms. Metals that adsorb to sediment particles, through various processes, are generally more persistent and less mobile than those in the overlying water and pose a severe long-lasting threat to the aquatic environment. Generally, the highest metal concentrations (AI, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) in the sediment samples collected at the four localities and seasons, were found in the finer sediment classes (class D). The Riviera Aquatic Club locality had the highest overall concentrations of the metals analysed. The adult fish communities within the Vaal Dam and Vaal River Barrage were assessed, as it is believed that the fish community structure is indicative of environmental conditions. Adult Labeo capensis, Labeo umbratus, Cyprinus carpio, Clarias gariepinus, Barbus aeneus and Micropterus sa/moides, were collected (using gill nets) to determine the adult fish community composition and age. When compared with a study conducted by Mulder (1971), it is clear that Labeo capensis has remained the most abundant species within the system, but that Barbus aeneus has now been replaced by Labeo umbratus as the second most abundant species. Furthermore, age determination tables (Mulder, 1971) were used to classify the fish population between the ages of 2 and 7 years. This indicates a healthy, dynamic community structure where recruitment is taking place. The Health Assessment Index (HAl) was used to determine the general health of the two fish species selected for metal analysis (i.e. Labeo capensis and Labeo umbratus). Except for moderate to severe gill damage recorded, no damage to external variables, were of concern. However, both Labeo capensis and Labeo umbratus had high percentages (89% and 93%, respecii tively) of abnormal livers. Using the Plascon Colour Chart (Watson, personal communication), these livers were classified as ranging from tan to "coffee with cream" in colour. High haematocrit and plasma protein levels were observed and could be due to environmental stress, while the White Blood Cell Counts were within normal ranges. Generally speaking, only mild to moderate parasite infections were observed and probably do not pose a serious health threat to the fish host. Total HAl values for Labeo capensis indicate that this this fish population was in relatively good health, but too few Labeo umbratus individuals were collected to make accurate assumptions about this population. Metal analysis (AI, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) was carried out on the tissues and organs (skin, muscle, gill filaments, gill arches, liver, hindgut content, gonads and vertebrae) of Labeo capensis and Labeo umbratus, collected during the study period. Only aluminium, iron and strontium are discussed. Aluminium concentrations were relatively high at all of the localities, but as pH values were mostly alkaline, aluminium is rendered biologically unavailable and as for iron, was mostly accumulated in the non-edible portion and viscera of the fish. Strontium accumulates in bony tissues due to its similarity with calcium, but is not essential for bone formation. The human health risks of these metals in the edible portion of the fish still have to be refined and communicated to the general public of South Africa. In conclusion, this baseline study has determined the metal concentrations in the aquatic environment (due to anthropogenic activities) that may be accumulated by fish and may affect the adult fish community structures and their general health.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Zoology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The present study was carried out in the Kwena Dam, with the aim of determining selected water quality parameters, parasite diversity and condition factor (K) of Clarias gariepinus (sharptooth catfish), Cyprinus carpio (common carp) and Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia). This study was conducted in autumn (April 2016), winter (July 2016), spring (October 2016) and summer (February 2017). The present study was the first to investigate the parasite composition of these three fish species in the Kwena Dam. A total number of 26 Clarias gariepinus, 21 Cyprinus carpio and 57 O. mossambicus specimens were collected using gill nets of different mesh sizes (30 mm – 120 mm). Each fish was weighed, measured and euthanised by severing the spinal cord. Mucus smears from the skin, fins and gills were examined for ectoparasites using a stereo-microscope. The fish were then dissected and all organs examined for endoparasites. All parasites were fixed and preserved according to standard methods for each parasite group. In situ water parameters were determined using a handheld multi-parameter instrument for each sampling season. In addition, water samples were collected seasonally and sent to an accredited laboratory where they were analysed for selected metals and nutrients. Water quality parameters and the presence of metals in water are of importance in determining the water quality of an aquatic environment. Most water quality parameters were within the Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) for aquatic ecosystems. Aluminium, selenium and zinc had concentrations above the TWQR for aquatic ecosystems. Nutrient concentrations were within the TQWR during all sampling seasons. The water quality did not differ significantly between seasons during the present study. Four parasite groups were reported infecting Cyprinus carpio and these included Monogenea (Dactylogyrus extensus and Dactylogyrus minutus), Digenea (Diplostomum sp.), Cestoda (Atractolytocestus huronensis), Branchiura (Argulus japonicus) and Copepoda (Neoergasilus japonicus). Parasites collected from Clarias gariepinus belonged to four groups, namely Protozoa (Trypanosoma sp.), Monogenea (Quadriacanthus sp. and Gyrodactylus sp.), Nematoda (Paracamallanus cyathopharynx and Contracaecum sp.) and Branchiura (Dolops ranarum). Parasites collected from O. mossambicus belonged to five groups, namely Monogenea (Cichlidogyrus halli, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, Cichlidogyrus tilapiae and Enterogyrus conoratus), Nematoda (Contracaecum sp.), Cestoda (Neogryporhynchus sp.), Acanthocephala (Acanthogyrus tilapiae) and Branchiura (Dolops ranarum). iv The number of parasite species for the four seasons were as follows: summer (13) > autumn and winter (12) > spring (11). From the Shannon-Wiener index results, O. mossambicus had a higher parasite diversity than Clarias gariepinus and Cyprinus carpio. The Parasite Index (IP) and Inverted Parasite Index (IPI) of the three fish species indicated that the water from the dam is not polluted. The condition factor (K) for all fish species indicated that fish collected from the dam during all sampling seasons were in a good condition and parasite load had little effect on K for all fish species. The use of PI and IPI in conjunction with the fish K can be regarded as a useful tool in freshwater and fish health monitoring. The present results report new geographical records of the parasites of Clarias gariepinus, Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis mossambicus. Since no parasitological research was done before the present study at the Kwena Dam, the results of the present study form baseline data for future parasitology studies and can consequently be useful in the management and conservation of the Kwena Dam. / DSI–NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem Health) of the University of Limpopo and the Limpopo Department of Economic Development and Tourism (LEDET)

Orientador: Ricardo Cardoso Benine / Resumo: Moenkhausia representa um dos gêneros mais diversos em Characidae, atualmente com mais de 90 espécies válidas amplamente distribuídas nas bacias hidrográficas da América do Sul. O gênero é caracterizado por uma combinação de caracteres não exclusivos: linha lateral completa, cinco dentes na série interna do pré-maxilar e escamas cobrindo a base da nadadeira caudal. Considerando o grande número de espécies de Moenkhausia e que a maioria delas possui descrições pouco detalhadas, em adição às incertezas sobre suas relações filogenéticas, salienta-se a necessidade de estudos que busquem resolver essas questões. Análises recentes de grupos menores dentro do gênero têm aumentado o entendimento das espécies de Moenkhausia e, consequentemente, suas relações com outros caracídeos. Um desses grupos, denominado aqui de Moenkhausia collettii, é caracterizado por espécies que compartilham a presença de uma faixa escura horizontal no olho e uma faixa escura na base da nadadeira anal. Esse colorido também é utilizado para diagnosticar um outro grupo de espécies não-congêneres “Hemigrammus lunatus”, composto por H. barrigonae, H. changae, H. lunatus, H. machadoi e H. ulreyi. Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou a revisão taxonômica das espécies do grupo Moenkhausia collettii, bem como propor uma hipótese filogenética compreensiva para o grupo. Para a revisão taxonômica, foi empregada a análise de morfometria linear, a partir de 21 dados morfométricos e 16 merísticos. Com o exame de extensivo m... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Moenkhausia represents one of the most diverse genus of Characidae, currently with more than 90 valid species widely distributed in the hydrographic basins of South America. This genus is characterized by a combination of non-exclusive characters: complete lateral line, five teeth in the internal series of the premaxillary, and scales covering the base of the caudal fin. Considering the large number of species of Moenkhausia and that most of them have poorly detailed descriptions, in addition to the uncertainties among its phylogenetic relationships of these genus highlight the necessity of this study. Recent analyses of smaller groups within the genus has increased the knowledge of the identity of Moenkhausia species and, consequently, their relationship with the other characids. One of these groups, called here as Moenkhausia collettii, is characterized by species with horizontal dark band in the eye and a dark band at the base of the anal fin. This color is also diagnostic of the non-congeneric group “Hemigrammus lunatus”, composed by H. barrigonae, H. changae, H. lunatus, H. machadoi and H. ulreyi. This study aimed the taxonomic revision of the species of Moenkhausia collettii group, as well to propose a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for the group. For the taxonomic revision was used linear morphometry analysis, based on 21 morphometric and 16 meristic data. The examination of extensive material deposited in Brazilian and foreign ichthyological collections enable ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Ammonia excretion from the freshwater fish gill is thought to occur mainly via passive diffusion of NH3 aided by a favourable plasma-to-water ammonia gradient sustained by a pH gradient formed by an acidified gill boundary layer. Rhesus (Rh) proteins are the newest members of the ammonia transporter superfamily. In this thesis research, ten rainbow trout Rh cDNA sequences were cloned and characterized. Rhcg2 mRNA and H+-ATPase mRNA and activity levels were upregulated in the trout gill pavement cells in response to experimentally elevated plasma ammonia, concurrent with enhanced ammonia excretion. Controversially, Rh proteins are thought to transport C02. However, Rh mRNA levels in most tissues of hypercapnia-exposed trout remained stable suggesting that trout Rh proteins likely do not conduct C02. Xenopus oocytes expressing trout Rh proteins facilitated the bi-directional transport of methylamine, an ammonia analogue. Methylamine transport was inhibited by ammonia and sensitive to a pH gradient and the concentration of the protonated species. Use of the scanning ion electrode technique (SIET) indicated that trout Rh proteins have an ammonia affinity within the physiological range, which is greater than that for methylamine, and they transport ammonia more rapidly than methylamine. A model of ammonia excretion in the trout gill pavement cell is proposed wherein ammonia enters via basolateral Rhbg and exits via apical Rhcg2, binding to these channels as NH4+ but transiting as NH3. In the gill boundary layer, NH3 combines with an H+ ion released from H+-ATPase and/or Na+/H+ exchange, forming NH4+. As low-affinity, high-capacity ammonia transporters, Rh proteins in the trout gill would exploit the favourable pH gradient formed by the acidic boundary layer to facilitate rapid ammonia efflux when plasma ammonia levels are elevated. Basal plasma ammonia levels are likely maintained by simple passive NH3 diffusion with a smaller role for Rh proteins under these conditions. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Lethal toxicity values (96 h LC50; mg Cd/L) for the test species were similar: Lepomis cyanellus, 11.52; Notropis lutrensis, 6.62; Pimephales promelus, 3.58. However the effects of cadmium concentration and exposure time on temperature tolerance varied between species. Neither cadmium concentration nor exposure time had a significant effect on the CTM of green sunfish. Both cadmium concentration and exposure time had a significant effect on the CTMs of red shiners and fathead minnows. By day 10 mean CTMs were 2.3 t- 4.5 C (red shiners) and 4.2 to 5.7 C (fathead minnows) lower than control CTM. These results suggest a potential problem in cadmium contaminated systems for high environmental temperatures to stress or kill fish.

No description available.

Stream fish assemblages exist within stream networks defined by the size and proximity of connected streams (i.e., stream network topology). The spatial position of sites within stream networks may therefore regulate opportunities for fish dispersal to access distant resources or colonize "new" habitats. Such inter-stream dispersal dynamics will influence local fish assemblage structure and the vulnerability of local assemblages to anthropogenic stressors. In this dissertation, I explored the effects of stream network topology on fish assemblage structure in the mid-Atlantic highlands, USA and tested the hypothesis that dispersal would affect the sensitivity of fish-based environmental quality assessments (i.e., bioassessments). In chapter 1, I evaluated the effects of stream networks by comparing fish assemblages between sites with and without large downstream confluences (>3rd order) in western Virginia, USA (i.e., mainstem tributaries and headwater tributaries, respectively). I found that local species richness was higher in mainstem tributaries than headwater tributaries and that these effects could not be explained by variation in local environmental habitat conditions. In chapter 2, I developed and applied a continuous model of stream network topology to explore the effects of downstream size and proximity on local fish assemblage structure within the mid-Atlantic highlands. I found that fish assemblage structure (i.e., Bray-Curtis distances in species abundance) was significantly related to variation in stream network topology up to approximately 9 fluvial km from sites. Chapters 3 and 4 explored the implications of inter-stream dispersal for fish bioassessments. In Chapter 3, I identified 10 fish metrics that corresponded predictably to environmental stressors in the mid-Atlantic highlands. However, headwater tributary assemblages showed stronger relations to local environmental quality than mainstem tributaries, consistent with the hypothesis of riverine dispersal. In Chapter 4, I compared the effects of stream network topology on fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Fish metrics were influenced by the size and proximity of connected streams but benthic macroinvertebrate metrics were not. This finding suggests that stream fishes may complement benthic macroinvertebrate bioassessments by indicating environmental conditions at larger spatial grains. / Ph. D.

Os elevados custos atribuídos à nutrição na piscicultura ligam a eficiência alimentar ao sucesso da atividade e à redução do impacto ao meio ambiente. Estudos sobre a nutrição e determinação de exigências nutricionais em aminoácidos são, portanto, ferramentas importantes para a consolidação da piscicultura comercial racional e com viabilidade econômica. A determinação da exigência em lisina para o "black bass" Micropterus salmoides foi feita em ensaio de dose-resposta e os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de três modelos estatísticos: regressão polinomial, regressão segmentada e modelagem matemática específica, para estimar a utilização e exigência dos aminoácidos. Foi utilizada a relação A/E = [(aminoácido essencial ÷ total de aminoácidos essenciais + cistina + tirosina) x 1.000], para estimar as exigências nutricionais dos demais aminoácidos essenciais em relação à lisina determinada no experimento dose-resposta. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por lotes de 25 alevinos de black bass (1,29 ± 0,03 g; 4,35 ± 0,17 cm) condicionados a aceitar ração seca, alojados em gaiolas de PVC atóxico (abertura de malha 5 mm) com capacidade de 60 L e instaladas em caixas de polipropileno com capacidade de 1.000 L, com troca parcial de água num sistema fechado de recirculação e aeração. Os tratamentos correspondiam aos níveis crescentes de lisina: 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5% na dieta n=4), num delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado (DIA). O modelo estatístico da regressão segmentada foi o modelo mais apropriado para determinação da exigência dietética de lisina para os alevinos de black bass em experimento dose-resposta. A exigência dietética em lisina para peso final, ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico foi de 2,1% da dieta ou 4,9% da proteína dietética. A exigência dietética de 1,69% de lisina na dieta ou 3,9% de lisina na proteína condicionou o melhor índice de conversão alimentar. O uso do perfil de aminoácidos corporais do black bass foi adequado como referência para estimar as exigências nutricionais de aminoácidos. / Adequate nutrition of fish stocks interconnects fish feeding efficiency, profitability and mitigation of environmental impact of fish farming. Knowledge on amino acids requirement of farmed fish boosts rationalization and profitability of fish farming systems. This study compares estimation of amino acids requirements of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides from data of lysine dose-response trials, analyzed through different statistical models: polynomial regression, broken-line analysis and specific mathematical modeling. Amino acids requirements were estimated through the A/E relationship [A/E = (essential amino acid ÷ total essential amino acids + cystine + tyrosine) x 1.000]. Groups of 25, feed-conditioned largemouth bass fingerlings (1.29 ± 0.03 g; 4.35 ± 0.17 cm), were stocked in 60-L cages (5 mm mesh) placed in 1,000-L plastic, indoor tanks, closed circulation system, and fed diets containing 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, or 3.5% lysine, in a totally randomized experimental design trial (n = 4). The broken-line analysis method yielded more reliable and precise estimations of lysine requirements - 2.1% of diet or 4.9% dietetic protein - for final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate. Best feed conversion ratio was attained with 1.69% lysine in the diet or 4.9% lysine in dietetic protein. Body amino acids profile was an adequate reference for estimation of largemouth bass amino acids requirements.

Submitted by Vanessa Nunes (vnunes@unisinos.br) on 2015-03-17T15:44:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 000013CC.pdf: 3069356 bytes, checksum: 1eb2032506601da5a056c92ff6514b27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-17T15:44:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000013CC.pdf: 3069356 bytes, checksum: 1eb2032506601da5a056c92ff6514b27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Milton Valente / A família Loricariidae compreende o maior número de espécies descritas de cascudinhos com aproximadamente 872 espécies válidas, sendo a maior família da ictiofauna mundial. A subfamília Hypoptopomatinae composta por 20 gêneros e 136 espécies é reconhecida como monofilética. Entretanto, a monofilia do gênero Parotocinclus, (Lehmann, 2006) vem sendo contestada. Estudos filogenéticos afirmam que Parotocinclus ocupa uma posição mais basal dentro tribo Otothyrini. Em uma hipótese mais recente da filogenia da subfamília, não foi encontrado suporte para apoiar o monofiletismo da tribo Otothyrini, e Parotocinclus foi reconhecido como um gênero agrupando um complexo de espécies altamente polifilético. Atualmente, Parotocinclus agrupa 28 espécies válidas. Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877) (espécie tipo do gênero) é encontrada nos rios costeiros desde Santa Catarina até o Espírito Santo. Caracteriza-se pela presença de placas ósseas, cintura peitoral exposta suportando odontódeos, nadadeira adiposa presente e nadadeira dorsal e peitoral um pouco avermelhada. Apresenta dimorfismo sexual, machos com papila genital visível e uma projeção de pele na base do espinho na nadadeira pélvica. O esqueleto de P. maculicauda apresenta alto grau de fusão e redução de tamanho em muitas estruturas ósseas. A análise de caracteres externos e internos e, sua comparação entre as diferentes espécies de Loricariideos, assim como a configuração dos ossos e músculos associados à cintura peitoral e ao crânio, são considerados no levantamento de caracteres morfológicos informativos a diferentes níveis dentro da família Loricariidae. / The family Loricariidae comprises the largest number of described species of catfishes with approximately 872 valid species , the largest family of world fish fauna. The Hypoptopomatinae subfamily comprises 20 genera and 136 species are recognized as monophyletic . However , the monophyly of the genus Parotocinclus, is being challenged . Phylogenetic studies claim that Parotocinclus occupies a more basal position within Otothyrini tribe. In a more recent hypothesis of the phylogeny of the subfamily, was not found support for the monophyly of Otothyrini tribe and Parotocinclus was recognized as a genera gathering a complex of highly polyphyletic species. Currently , Parotocinclus joins 28 valid species. Parotocinclus maculicauda (type species of the genus) is found in coastal rivers from Santa Catarina to the Espirito Santo states . It is characterized by the presence of bony plates, pectoral girdle exposed supporting odontodes , the presence of adipose fin and dorsal and pectoral fins slightly reddish . Was sexually dimorphic, males with visible genital papilla, a projection of skin at the base of the spine in the pelvic fin. The skeleton of P. maculicauda presents a high degree of mergers and downsizing in many bony structures. The analysis of external and internal characters and their comparison between different loricaiid species, as well as the configuration of the bones and associated pectoral girdle and skull muscles, are considered in the survey of morphological information at different levels within the family Loricariidae.m

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monica.pdf: 608033 bytes, checksum: 3fa66bc7ae8660b874f2062bab1562d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-04 / Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is a naturally occurring fish in the Amazon basin, stands out for its remarkable potential to contribute to the regional economy and its wide acceptance in the consumer market. However, one of the contributory factors to reduce the potential for consumption and export is due, in many cases, lack of infrastructure, improper handling since harvest until storage and the inadequate storage directly influencing the raw material quality, resulting the lifetime decreasing for its consumption and marketing. This study aimed to determine the proximate composition and cuts yield of in natura cultivated tambaqui; to determine the influence of frozen storage time on the cuts (rib, tenderloin and flitch) quality through sensory, physicochemical and microbiological analyses during 180 days of frozen storage at -25°C in plastic polyethylene; and the cut type x shelf-life relation. The sensory evaluation of the physical characteristics showed that the quality of analyzed tambaqui cuts remained excellent throughout the experiment. The pH determination, the Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N) and the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), as well as the microbiological analyses have proved as good indices for freshness evaluation along storage time. Thus, the results allowed concluding that the cut rib was more susceptible to oxidation due to its high fat content, which limits its shelf-life. However, the tambaqui cuts remained appropriate for consumption during 180 days of frozen storage at -25°C in plastic polyethylene, in conditions of correct handling and using good hygiene practices between harvest and storage. / O tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), peixe de ocorrência natural da bacia amazônica, destaca-se pelo seu notável potencial de contribuição para economia regional e grande aceitação no mercado consumidor. No entanto, um dos fatores contribuintes para redução de seu potencial para consumo e exportação se deve, em muitos casos, a ausência de infraestrutura, manipulação incorreta entre a colheita e armazenamento e estocagem inadequada influenciando diretamente na qualidade da matéria-prima, acarretando diminuição do tempo de vida útil para o seu consumo e comercialização. O objetivo do presente trabalho é determinar a composição centesimal e rendimento dos cortes de tambaqui de cultivo in natura; determinar a influência do tempo de congelamento na qualidade dos cortes (costela, lombinho e posta) por meio de análises sensoriais, físico-químicas e microbiológicas, estocadas durante 180 dias a -25oC e a relação tipo de corte x vida útil. A avaliação sensorial mostrou que os cortes de tambaqui analisados permaneceram com qualidade excelente durante todo o experimento. A determinação do pH, do Nitrogênio das Bases Voláteis Totais (N-BVT) e Substâncias Reativas ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), assim como os resultados das análises microbiológicas se revelaram como bons índices de avaliação do frescor ao longo do tempo de estocagem. Deste modo, os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o corte de costela mostrou-se mais susceptível a oxidação decorrente de seu alto teor lipídico, o que limita o seu tempo de vida útil. No entanto, os cortes de tambaqui mantiveram-se adequados para o consumo durante o período analisado em embalagem plástica de polietileno, em condições de manipulação correta e com uso de boas práticas de higiene entre a colheita e o armazenamento.